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Fulltext Body mass index and nutritional status of adults in two rural villages in northern malaysia

Narayan KA, Khan AR

Malays J Nutr, 2007 Mar;13(1):9-17.
PMID: 22692185 MyJurnal

There has been a change in the lifestyles of populations, including reduced physical activity and consumption of foods high in calories. Overweight and obesity are now replacing the more traditional public health concerns such as under-nutrition and infectious diseases as some of the most significant contributors to ill health. Determination of the body mass index (BMI) profile and nutritional status of adults of two rural coastal villages in Northern Malaysia was part of a community diagnosis in a community survey. Height and weight were measured and BMI calculated. Blood pressure was measured using a manual sphygmomanometer according to WHO guidelines. A standardised questionnaire was used to interview the villagers concerning their health. Out of the total population, 504 were above 20 years of age. Data was available for 441 persons for analysis. There were 210 (47.6%) males and 231 (52.4%) females. The prevalence of underweight was 9.8% (n=43), overweight 25.9% (n=114) and obesity 17% (n=75). The problem of over-nutrition was significantly higher among females, especially housewives. (p< 0.05). Those in ages 41-70 years were the majority with problems of over-nutrition (p=<0.05). More than half (52.9%; n=39) of those who were obese had hypertension (p=<0.05). Results show that a higher number of women especially housewives were obese and more than half of those obese subjects had hypertension. A more thorough nutritional profile using waist, hip and body fat measurement as well as an assessment of the dietary intake and activity regime of these villagers is needed. Interventions need to be carried out before more serious complications of obesity become rooted in this community.
Fulltext Traditional male circumcision in a rural community in Kedah, Malaysia

Khan AR, Teh SP, Narayan KA

International e-Journal of Science, Medicine & Education, 2009;3(2):19-23.
MyJurnal

Background: Circumcision though not mentioned in the Quran is believed to be a compulsory practice among the Muslims. In Malaysia, although there are several methods of circumcision available and traditional circumcision is still popular.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out in a small fishing village of Kedah to study the methods of circumcision available to the villagers. This was followed with an in-depth interview conducted with ‘Tok Mudim’, a practitioner of traditional method of circumcision.
Results: Forty three of the eligible 71 subjects participated in the study giving the response rate as 60.5%. The most common age for circumcision was 9 years old. Despite private clinics being the most common place of circumcisions, there was an increasing number of boys going to the ‘Tok Mudim’ for circumcision. A Mass Circumcision Ceremony is traditionally practiced. The ‘Tok Mudim’ described the procedure in detail and was of the opinion that the reason traditional method is still popular was because of the fear of injections and impotency among the parents. Most common complication faced by the ‘Tok Mudim’ was bleeding and infection.
Discussion and Conclusion: Till the community shifts entirely to using modern medicine, there is a need to integrate traditional practitioners into the system. Training the ‘Tok Mudim’ to use modern instruments and aseptic techniques should be considered.
Fulltext Pediatric First-Degree Burn Management With Honey and 1% Silver Sulfadiazine (Ag-SD): Comparison and Contrast

Moniruzzaman M, Khan AR, Haq MA, Naznin RA, Haque M

Cureus, 2022 Dec;14(12):e32842.
PMID: 36570107 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.32842

Background The cardinal area of managing fire wounds is guided by adequately evaluating the burn-induced lesion's profundity and size. Superficial second-degree burns are often treated through daily reinstating with fresh sterile bandaging with appropriate topical antimicrobials to allow rapid spontaneous epithelialization. Around the world, a wide variety of substances are used to treat these wounds, from honey to synthetic biological dressings. Objective This study intended to determine honey's therapeutic potential compared with 1% silver sulfadiazine (Ag-SD) in arsenal-caused contusion medicament fulfillment. Methods A total of 70 cases were evaluated in this research work after fulfilling the required selection criteria during the study period of January 2014 to December 2014 and January 2017 to December 2017. Purposive selection criteria were adopted in the study to select research patients. The patients in Group-1 (n = 35) relied on honey as medication, while patients in Group-2 (n = 35) relied on 1% Ag-SD. Results In Group-1, exudation (68.4%) and sloughing (82.9%) were substantially reduced by Days 3 and 5 of therapeutic intervention, respectively. However, in Group-2, a reduction of exudation (17.1%) and sloughing (22.9%) occurred after Days 3 and 5 of treatment, respectively. Completion of the epithelialization process was observed among Group-1 and Group-2 cases. It was detected after Days 7 and 10 of treatment at 36.3% and 77% (Group-1) and 27% and 67% (Group-2), respectively. Around 3 ml of 1% honey was required per body surface area per dressing in Group-1. On the other hand, in Group-2, 2 gm Ag-SD was needed per body surface area per dressing. Conclusion Patients treated with honey found better clinical outcomes in managing superficial partial-thickness burns.
Financial impact of energy efficiency and energy policies aimed at power sector reforms: mediating role of financing in the power sector

Liu H, Khan AR, Aslam S, Rasheed AK, Mohsin M

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2021 Oct 27.
PMID: 34705201 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16882-z

This research examines how financial transformative power sector reforms affect energy efficiency and the economy in a sample of economies from South Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. We applied two stages of OLS, Bayesian VAR, and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methods to a panel data set from 1995 to 2018. According to empirical findings, institutional deficiency has a negative effect on electricity reforms, implying that the greater the impact of reforms on electricity performance, the higher the institutional efficiency, A collection of reform initiatives involving a variety of reform agencies will boost energy efficiency by up to 13% and per capita electricity access by 62%. Despite recent reforms and regulatory measures, the electricity sector continues to face challenges in terms of private investment and structural flaws such as energy inefficiency, significant technological and financial losses, low power quality, and outdated transmission and network infrastructure. Interestingly 13.2% increases can be found in energy efficiency after electricity reforms. Unlike previous studies, our findings reveal a conflict between the broader economic effects and the welfare impact on electricity consumers.
Fulltext Pattern of drug utilization in rural Malaysia

Hasamnis AA, Patil SS, Narayan KA, Khan AR, Mohanty BK

Ann Afr Med, 2010 Apr-Jun;9(2):106-7.
PMID: 20587935 DOI: 10.4103/1596-3519.64746
Fulltext A Systematic Literature Review of 3D Deep Learning Techniques in Computed Tomography Reconstruction

Rahman H, Khan AR, Sadiq T, Farooqi AH, Khan IU, Lim WH

Tomography, 2023 Dec 05;9(6):2158-2189.
PMID: 38133073 DOI: 10.3390/tomography9060169

Computed tomography (CT) is used in a wide range of medical imaging diagnoses. However, the reconstruction of CT images from raw projection data is inherently complex and is subject to artifacts and noise, which compromises image quality and accuracy. In order to address these challenges, deep learning developments have the potential to improve the reconstruction of computed tomography images. In this regard, our research aim is to determine the techniques that are used for 3D deep learning in CT reconstruction and to identify the training and validation datasets that are accessible. This research was performed on five databases. After a careful assessment of each record based on the objective and scope of the study, we selected 60 research articles for this review. This systematic literature review revealed that convolutional neural networks (CNNs), 3D convolutional neural networks (3D CNNs), and deep learning reconstruction (DLR) were the most suitable deep learning algorithms for CT reconstruction. Additionally, two major datasets appropriate for training and developing deep learning systems were identified: 2016 NIH-AAPM-Mayo and MSCT. These datasets are important resources for the creation and assessment of CT reconstruction models. According to the results, 3D deep learning may increase the effectiveness of CT image reconstruction, boost image quality, and lower radiation exposure. By using these deep learning approaches, CT image reconstruction may be made more precise and effective, improving patient outcomes, diagnostic accuracy, and healthcare system productivity.
Fulltext Multicriteria decision making attributes and estimation of physicochemical properties of kidney cancer drugs via topological descriptors

Husin MN, Khan AR, Awan NUH, Campena FJH, Tchier F, Hussain S

PLoS One, 2024;19(5):e0302276.
PMID: 38713692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302276

Based on topological descriptors, QSPR analysis is an incredibly helpful statistical method for examining many physical and chemical properties of compounds without demanding costly and time-consuming laboratory tests. Firstly, we discuss and provide research on kidney cancer drugs using topological indices and done partition of the edges of kidney cancer drugs which are based on the degree. Secondly, we examine the attributes of nineteen drugs casodex, eligard, mitoxanrone, rubraca, and zoladex, etc and among others, using linear QSPR model. The study in the article not only demonstrates a good correlation between TIs and physical characteristics with the QSPR model being the most suitable for predicting complexity, enthalpy, molar refractivity, and other factors and a best-fit model is attained in this study. This theoretical approach might benefit chemists and professionals in the pharmaceutical industry to forecast the characteristics of kidney cancer therapies. This leads towards new opportunities to paved the way for drug discovery and the formation of efficient and suitable treatment options in therapeutic targeting. We also employed multicriteria decision making techniques like COPRAS and PROMETHEE-II for ranking of said disease treatment drugs and physicochemical characteristics.
Fulltext Biogenic Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles from Aloe vera: Antibacterial Activity, Molecular Docking, and Photocatalytic Dye Degradation

Jabeen S, Siddiqui VU, Bala S, Mishra N, Mishra A, Lawrence R, et al.

ACS Omega, 2024 Jul 16;9(28):30190-30204.
PMID: 39035949 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10179

Green synthesis methods offer a cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach to producing nanoparticles (NPs), particularly metal-based oxides. This study explores the green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) leaf extract. The characterization revealed a unique sago-shaped morphology revealed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. Distinctive metal-oxygen bonds at 521 and 601 cm-1 were confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Furthermore, UV-visible spectroscopy revealed absorbance at 248 nm, suggesting electron transitions across energy bands and varying surface conduction electrons. The band gap value indicated the presence of quantum confinement effects, which were probably caused by the distinctive morphology and surface structure of the biogenic NPs. Additionally, molecular docking studies were carried out against key proteins of Salmonella typhi and Listeria monocytogenes, namely, listeriolysin O (PDB ID: 4CDB), internalin (InlA) (PDB ID: 1O6T), Salmonella effector protein (SopB) (PDB ID: 4DID), and YfdX (PDB ID: 6A07) using AutoDock 4.2. The results revealed binding energies against S. typhi and L. monocytogenes proteins, indicating potential interactions establishing the foundation for further in-depth understanding of the molecular basis underlying the observed antibacterial effects in vitro against S. typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and L. monocytogenes. Antibacterial activity evaluation yielded impressive results, with CuO NPs displaying significant activity against S. typhi and L. monocytogenes, exhibiting zones of inhibition values of 13 ± 0.02 and 15 ± 0.04 mm, respectively. Moreover, the CuO NPs demonstrated remarkable photocatalytic efficacy, resulting in the degradation of 77% of the methylene blue dye when exposed to UV irradiation. This study highlighted the potential of green-synthesized CuO NPs derived from A. vera with their unique morphology, interesting spectroscopic properties, and promising antibacterial and photocatalytic activities.
Comparison of constructed wetland performance coupled with aeration and tubesettler for pharmaceutical compound removal from hospital wastewater

Khan RA, Khan NA, El Morabet R, Alsubih M, Khan AR, Khan S, et al.

Environ Res, 2023 Jan 01;216(Pt 1):114437.
PMID: 36181898 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114437

Pharmaceutical compounds being able to alter, retard, and enhance metabolism has gained attention in recent time as emerging pollutant. However, hospitals which are part of every urban landscape have yet to gain attention in terms of its hospital wastewater treatment to inhibit pharmaceutical compounds from reaching environment. Hence this study evaluated performance of constructed wetland in combination with tubesettler and aeration based on removal efficiency and ecological risk assessment (HQ). The removal efficiency of constructed wetland with plantation was higher by 31% (paracetamol), 102% (ibuprofen), 46%, (carbamazepine), 57% (lorazepam), 54% (erythromycin), 31% (ciprofloxacin) and 20% (simvastatin) against constructed wetland without plantation. Constructed wetland with aeration efficiency increased for paracetamol, ibuprofen, carbamazepine, lorazepam, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, and simvastatin removal efficiency were higher by 58%, 130%, 52%, 79%, 107%, 57%, and 29% respectively. In constructed wetland with plantation, removal efficiency was higher by 20% (paracetamol), 13% (ibuprofen), 4% (carbamazepine), 14% (lorazepam), 34% (erythromycin), 19% (ciprofloxacin) and 7% (simvastatin). High ecological risk was observed for algae, invertebrate and fish with hazard quotient values in range of 2.5-484, 10-631 and 1-78 respectively. This study concludes that if space is the limitation at hospitals aeration with constructed wetland can be adopted. If space is available, constructed wetland with tubesettler is suitable, economic and environmentally friendly option. Future research works can focus on evaluating other processes combination with constructed wetland.
Pattern of first- and second-line drug resistance among pulmonary tuberculosis retreatment cases in Pakistan

Javaid A, Hasan R, Zafar A, Chaudry MA, Qayyum S, Qadeer E, et al.

Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2017 03 01;21(3):303-308.
PMID: 28225340 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.16.0444

BACKGROUND: Drug resistance in general, and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in particular, threatens global tuberculosis (TB) control efforts. Population-based estimates of drug resistance are needed to develop strategies for controlling drug-resistant TB in Pakistan.
OBJECTIVE: To obtain population-based data on Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistance in Pakistan.
METHODS: To obtain drug resistance data, we conducted a population-based study of TB cases in all provinces of Pakistan. We performed culture and drug susceptibility testing on M. tuberculosis isolates from patients with a prior history of anti-tuberculosis treatment (retreatment cases) from all over the country.
RESULTS: Of 544 isolates from previously treated cases, 289 (53.1%) were susceptible to all first-line drugs, 255 (46.9%) were resistant to at least one anti-tuberculosis drug and 132 (24.3%) were MDR-TB. Among MDR-TB isolates, 47.0% were ofloxacin (OFX) resistant. Extensively drug-resistant TB was found in two (0.4%) isolates.
CONCLUSION: Prevalence of drug resistance in retreatment isolates was high. The alarmingly high prevalence of OFX resistance among MDR-TB isolates may threaten the success of efforts to control and treat MDR-TB.
Fulltext Burden of Diarrhea in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990-2013: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Khalil I, Colombara DV, Forouzanfar MH, Troeger C, Daoud F, Moradi-Lakeh M, et al.

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2016 Dec 07;95(6):1319-1329.
PMID: 27928080 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0339

Diarrheal diseases (DD) are leading causes of disease burden, death, and disability, especially in children in low-income settings. DD can also impact a child's potential livelihood through stunted physical growth, cognitive impairment, and other sequelae. As part of the Global Burden of Disease Study, we estimated DD burden, and the burden attributable to specific risk factors and particular etiologies, in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) between 1990 and 2013. For both sexes and all ages, we calculated disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), which are the sum of years of life lost and years lived with disability. We estimate that over 125,000 deaths (3.6% of total deaths) were due to DD in the EMR in 2013, with a greater burden of DD in low- and middle-income countries. Diarrhea deaths per 100,000 children under 5 years of age ranged from one (95% uncertainty interval [UI] = 0-1) in Bahrain and Oman to 471 (95% UI = 245-763) in Somalia. The pattern for diarrhea DALYs among those under 5 years of age closely followed that for diarrheal deaths. DALYs per 100,000 ranged from 739 (95% UI = 520-989) in Syria to 40,869 (95% UI = 21,540-65,823) in Somalia. Our results highlighted a highly inequitable burden of DD in EMR, mainly driven by the lack of access to proper resources such as water and sanitation. Our findings will guide preventive and treatment interventions which are based on evidence and which follow the ultimate goal of reducing the DD burden.

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