The trend of incorporating faba bean (Vicia faba L.) in breadmaking has been increasing, but its application is still facing technological difficulties. The objective of this study was to understand the influence of substituting the wheat flour (WF) with 10, 20, 30 and 40 % mass of whole bean flour (FBF) or 10 and 20 % mass of faba bean protein-rich fraction (FBPI) on the quality (volume, specific volume, density, colour, and texture), nutritional composition (total starch, free glucose, and protein contents), and kinetics of in vitro starch and protein digestibility (IVSD and IVPD, respectively) of the breads. Automated image analysis algorithm was developed to quantitatively estimate the changes in the crumb (i.e., air pockets) and crust (i.e., thickness) due to the use of FBF or FBPI as part of the partial substitution of wheat flour. Higher levels of both FBF and FBPI substitution were associated with breads having significant (p
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) are chronic, highly prevalent viral infections that cause significant morbidity around the world. HSV-2 is sexually transmitted and is the leading cause of genital ulcer disease (GUD). It also increases the risk of HIV acquisition, fueling the HIV epidemic. HSV-1 is typically acquired in childhood through nonsexual contact and contributes to oral and ocular disease, but it can also be sexually transmitted to cause GUD. Both HSV-1 and HSV-2 cause neonatal herpes and neurologic disease. Given the ubiquitous nature of HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections and the limited existing prevention and control measures, vaccination would be the most efficient strategy to reduce the global burden of morbidity related to HSV infection. Vaccine strategies include prophylactic vaccination, which would prevent infection among susceptible persons and would likely be given to adolescents, and therapeutic vaccinations, which would be given to people with symptomatic genital HSV-2 infection. This document discusses the vaccine value profile of both types of vaccines. This 'Vaccine Value Profile' (VVP) for HSV is intended to provide a high-level, holistic assessment of the information and data that are currently available to inform the potential public health, economic and societal value of pipeline vaccines and vaccine-like products. This VVP was developed by subject matter experts from academia, non-profit organizations, government agencies and multi-lateral organizations. All contributors have extensive expertise on various elements of the HSV VVP and collectively aimed to identify current research and knowledge gaps. The VVP was developed using only existing and publicly available information.