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Fulltext Social Stigma as a Barrier to Covid-19 Responses to Community Well-Being in Bangladesh

Mahmud A, Islam MR

Int J Community Wellbeing, 2021;4(3):315-321.
PMID: 34723103 DOI: 10.1007/s42413-020-00071-w

This commentary looks at the social stigma as a barrier to Covid-19 responses to community well-being in Bangladesh. The Covid-19 in Bangladesh particular the way the people respond this has many dimensions to view from sociological perspective. The main objective of this commentary is to analysis how this response is related to social stigma. Gathering information from the recent literature, results showed that there are number of causes around such stigma that include misinformation, feeling of insecurity, fear of responsibility, administrative malfunction, and lack of trust on treatment. These causes of stigma have number of forms such as humor-prone stigma, residential stigma, organizational stigma, community-stigma, and apathetical stigma. Results also show that there are many effects of stigma such as health-risks, harassment, discrimination, life-insecurity, psychological disorder, loss of social capital and emotional capital, shattering family bond and social solidarity that work as barrier to community well-being. This commentary recommends to overcome the barriers through strengthening and decentralization of the COVID-19 medical facilities including testing, tracing, formal quarantining, and special treatment for coronavirus in coronavirus hospitals by allocating a large figure of the state budget and also by taking initiatives of public-private partnership for health management.
Fulltext Age-dependent Electroencephalographic Differences in the Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) Model of Absence Epilepsy

Islam MR, Abdullah JM

Malays J Med Sci, 2014 Dec;21(Spec Issue):34-40.
PMID: 25941461 MyJurnal

Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) are a prognostic genetic model of absence epilepsy. This model displays the electro-clinical, behavioural, and pharmacological features of absence seizures. Although GAERS share typical characteristics, including spike-and-wave discharges (SWDs) in the electroencephalography (EEG), age-dependent studies with these animals have not yet been reported. The aim of the present study is to perform a systematic comparison contrasting the SWDs of young and older GAERS, in terms of the number, duration, frequency, and waveform morphology of the discharges, as well as the pre-SWD EEG characteristics, using identical measurement and analysis techniques. The number, cumulative total duration and mean duration of SWDs were significantly higher in young GAERS (4 to 6 months) compared to older GAERS (12 to 14 months). Furthermore, the SWD spectra and average SWD waveforms indicated that a single cycle of the SWD contains more energy in faster components, such as increased spikes and higher power, in the SWDs of the young GAERS. Additionally, older GAERS showed weak amplitude spikes in SWDs and higher power pre-SWDs. These clear morphological differences in the EEGs of young and older GAERS rats should be further examined in future studies that explore new dimensions of genetic absence epilepsy.
Distribution of prosaposin mRNA in the central nervous system of the pigeon (Columba livia)

Islam MR, Abdullah JM, Atoji Y

Anat Histol Embryol, 2013 Aug;42(4):257-65.
PMID: 22994540 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12009

Bioassay and immunohistochemical studies have detected the presence of prosaposin in the central nervous system (CNS) of mammals. Here, first time, we have determined the partial cDNA sequence of pigeon prosaposin and mapped the distribution of its mRNA in the pigeon CNS. The predicted amino acid sequence of pigeon prosaposin showed 93 and 60% identity to chicken and human prosaposin, respectively. In situ hybridization, autoradiograms showed that the prosaposin mRNA expression was found in the olfactory bulb, prepiriform cortex, Wulst, mesopallium, nidopallium, hippocampal formation, thalamus, tuberis nucleus, pre-tectal nucleus, nucleus mesencephalicus lateralis, pars dorsalis, nucleus isthmi, pars parvocellularis and magnocellularis, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, optic tectum, cerebellar cortex and nuclei, vestibular nuclei and gray matter of the spinal cord. These results suggest that the cDNA sequence of pigeon prosaposin is comparable to other vertebrates, and the general distribution pattern of prosaposin mRNA resembles those are found in mammals.
Fulltext Jammer Localization Using Wireless Devices with Mitigation by Self-Configuration

Ashraf QM, Habaebi MH, Islam MR

PLoS One, 2016;11(9):e0160311.
PMID: 27583378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160311

Communication abilities of a wireless network decrease significantly in the presence of a jammer. This paper presents a reactive technique, to detect and locate the position of a jammer using a distributed collection of wireless sensor devices. We employ the theory of autonomic computing as a framework to design the same. Upon detection of a jammer, the affected nodes self-configure their power consumption which stops unnecessary waste of battery resources. The scheme then proceeds to determine the approximate location of the jammer by analysing the location of active nodes as well as the affected nodes. This is done by employing a circular curve fitting algorithm. Results indicate a high degree of accuracy in localizing a jammer has been achieved.
Fulltext Prevalence and determinants of the gender differentials risk factors of child deaths in Bangladesh: evidence from the Bangladesh demographic and health survey, 2011

Hossain MM, Mani KK, Islam MR

PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2015 Mar;9(3):e0003616.
PMID: 25747178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003616

BACKGROUND: The number of child deaths is a potential indicator to assess the health condition of a country, and represents a major health challenge in Bangladesh. Although the country has performed exceptionally well in decreasing the mortality rate among children under five over the last few decades, mortality still remains relatively high. The main objective of this study is to identify the prevalence and determinants of the risk factors of child mortality in Bangladesh.
METHODS: The data were based on a cross-sectional study collected from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS), 2011. The women participants numbered 16,025 from seven divisions of Bangladesh - Rajshahi, Dhaka, Chittagong, Barisal, Khulna, Rangpur and Sylhet. The 𝟀2 test and logistic regression model were applied to determine the prevalence and factors associated with child deaths in Bangladesh.
RESULTS: In 2011, the prevalence of child deaths in Bangladesh for boys and girls was 13.0% and 11.6%, respectively. The results showed that birth interval and birth order were the most important factors associated with child death risks; mothers' education and socioeconomic status were also significant (males and females). The results also indicated that a higher birth order (7 & more) of child (OR=21.421 & 95%CI=16.879-27.186) with a short birth interval ≤ 2 years was more risky for child mortality, and lower birth order with longer birth interval >2 were significantly associated with child deaths. Other risk factors that affected child deaths in Bangladesh included young mothers of less than 25 years (mothers' median age (26-36 years): OR=0.670, 95%CI=0.551-0.815), women without education compared to those with secondary and higher education (OR =0 .711 & .628, 95%CI=0.606-0.833 & 0.437-0.903), mothers who perceived their child body size to be larger than average and small size (OR= 1.525 & 1.068, 95%CI=1.221-1.905 & 0.913-1.249), and mothers who delivered their child by non-caesarean (OR= 1.687, 95%CI=1.253-2.272).
CONCLUSION: Community-based educational programs or awareness programs are required to reduce the child death in Bangladesh, especially for younger women should be increase the birth interval and decrease the birth order. The government should apply the strategies to enhance the socioeconomic conditions, especially in rural areas, increase the awareness program through media and expand schooling, particularly for girls.
Fulltext Penta band single negative meta-atom absorber designed on square enclosed star-shaped modified split ring resonator for S-, C-, X- and Ku- bands microwave applications

Islam MR, Islam MT, Moniruzzaman M, Samsuzzaman M, Arshad H

Sci Rep, 2021 Apr 22;11(1):8784.
PMID: 33888759 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87958-6

This paper represents a penta band square enclosed star-shaped modified split ring resonator (SRR) based single negative meta-atom absorber (MAA) for multi-band microwave regime applications. FR-4 low-cost material has been used as a substrate to make the MAA unit cell with 0.101λ0 × 0.101λ0 of electrical size, where λ0 is the wavelength calculated at the lower resonance frequency of 3.80 GHz. There are two outer square split ring and one inner star ring shape resonator of 0.035 mm thickness of copper placed on the one side, and another side of the substrate has full copper to construct the desired unit cell. The MAA unit cell provides five absorption peaks of 97.87%, 93.65%, 92.66%, 99.95%, and 99.86% at the frequencies of 3.80, 5.65, 8.45, 10.82, and 15.92 GHz, respectively, which covers S-, C-, X-, and Ku- bands. The properties of MAA have been investigated and analyzed in the E-, H-fields and surface current. The EMR and highest Q factor of the designed MAA is 9.87 and 30.41, respectively, and it shows a single negative (SNG) property. Different types of parametric analysis have been done to show the better performance of absorption. Advanced Designed System (ADS) software has been used for equivalent circuit to verify the simulated S11 result obtained from the CST-2019 software. Experimental outcomes of the MAA unit cell have a good deal with the simulated result and measured result of the 24 × 20 array of unit cells also shown. Since the unit cell provides superior EMR, excellent Q-factor, and highest absorption so the recommended MAA can be effectively used as a penta band absorber in microwave applications, like notch filtering, sensing, reducing the unintended noise generated with the copper component of the satellite and radar antennas.
Fulltext Mathematical modeling of clinical engineering approach to evaluate the quality of patient care

Hossain MA, Ahmad M, Islam MR, David Y

Health Technol (Berl), 2020;10(2):547-561.
PMID: 32432021 DOI: 10.1007/s12553-019-00390-9

At present, the patient care delivery system (PCDS) in a hospital/medical institute/clinic is absolutely medical technology-dependent and this tendency is found to increase day by day. To ensure the quality of patient care (QPC) appropriate implementation of the patient care technology management system (PCTMS) is necessary. Unfortunately, it is found to be absent in the healthcare delivery system in most of the countries in the world. The situation is very much severe, particularly, in medium- and low-income countries like Malaysia, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, etc. The opposite scenario is found in high-income countries, specifically, in Japan where QPC has been improved significantly by adopting the clinical engineering approach (CEA) in their PCDS. Up to now, QPC is determined based on prediction as there are no mathematical ways to evaluate it properly. In this study, we for the first time, propose a mathematical model to evaluate the QPC quantitatively based on feedback control analogy taking into account of CEA in PCTMS, particularly, for clinical and surgical equipment. The model consists of three subsections: the clinical engineering department (CED), PCTMS, and health care engineering directorate (HCED). The correlation among the subsections and their performance parameters are defined and standardized. Multiple linear regression method is applied to derive the least square normal equations for each of the subsections and then the regression coefficients are solved by the standard data taken from 1000 beds hospitals of different countries. The model is applied to reveal the present status of QPC for 18 different countries including high-, middle-, and low-income countries of the world. The results obtained from the model demonstrate that the present status of QPC in Japan is 84.69% and in Pakistan, it is only 0.20%. This huge discrepancy is identified to be caused by the inclusion of CEA in PCDS of Japan. The proposed model can be applied to evaluate the QPC of a hospital/in a country and hence to take necessary steps accordingly for establishing the proposed research methodology. It is to be mentioned here that the proposed model cannot be applied to evaluate the QPC in some countries like Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, etc. due to the unavailability of data related to the model parameters.
Normobaric hyperoxia treatment prevents early alteration in dopamine level in mice striatum after fluid percussion injury: a biochemical approach

Muthuraju S, Islam MR, Pati S, Jaafar H, Abdullah JM, Yusoff KM

Int J Neurosci, 2015;125(9):686-92.
PMID: 25180987 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2014.961065

Dopamine (DA) is one of the key neurotransmitters in the striatum, which is functionally important for a variety of cognitive and motor behaviours. It is known that the striatum is vulnerable to damage from traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, a therapeutic approach has not yet been established to treat TBI. Hence, the present work aimed to evaluate the ability of Normobaric hyperoxia treatment (NBOT) to recover dopaminergic neurons following a fluid percussion injury (FPI) as a TBI experimental animal model. To examine this, mice were divided into four groups: (i) Control, (ii) Sham, (iii) FPI and (iv) FPI+NBOT. Mice were anesthetized and surgically prepared for FPI in the striatum and immediate exposure to NBOT at various time points (3, 6, 12 and 24 h). Dopamine levels were then estimated post injury by utilizing a commercially available ELISA method specific to DA. We found that DA levels were significantly reduced at 3 h, but there was no reduction at 6, 12 and 24 h in FPI groups when compared to the control and sham groups. Subjects receiving NBOT showed consistent increased DA levels at each time point when compared with Sham and FPI groups. These results suggest that FPI may alter DA levels at the early post-TBI stages but not in later stages. While DA levels increased in 6, 12 and 24 h in the FPI groups, NBOT could be used to accelerate the prevention of early dopaminergic neuronal damage following FPI injury and improve DA levels consistently.
Fulltext Chronology of Fabry-Perot interferometer fiber-optic sensors and their applications: a review

Islam MR, Ali MM, Lai MH, Lim KS, Ahmad H

Sensors (Basel), 2014;14(4):7451-88.
PMID: 24763250 DOI: 10.3390/s140407451

Optical fibers have been involved in the area of sensing applications for more than four decades. Moreover, interferometric optical fiber sensors have attracted broad interest for their prospective applications in sensing temperature, refractive index, strain measurement, pressure, acoustic wave, vibration, magnetic field, and voltage. During this time, numerous types of interferometers have been developed such as Fabry-Perot, Michelson, Mach-Zehnder, Sagnac Fiber, and Common-path interferometers. Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) fiber-optic sensors have been extensively investigated for their exceedingly effective, simple fabrication as well as low cost aspects. In this study, a wide variety of FPI sensors are reviewed in terms of fabrication methods, principle of operation and their sensing applications. The chronology of the development of FPI sensors and their implementation in various applications are discussed.
Public Health Services for Foreign Workers in Malaysia

Noh NA, Wahab HA, Bakar Ah SH, Islam MR

Soc Work Public Health, 2016 Aug-Sep;31(5):419-30.
PMID: 27177326 DOI: 10.1080/19371918.2015.1125321

The objective of this study was to know the status of the foreign workers' access to public health services in Malaysia based on their utilization pattern. The utilization pattern covered a number of areas, such as frequency of using health services, status of using health services, choice and types of health institutions, and cost of health treatment. The study was conducted on six government hospitals in the Klang Valley area in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Data were collected from 600 foreign patients working in the country, using an interview method with a structured questionnaire. The results showed that the foreign workers' access to public health services was very low. The findings would be an important guideline to formulate an effective health service policy for the foreign workers in Malaysia.
Fulltext Road traffic accidents in Bangladesh: Why people have poor knowledge and awareness about traffic rules?

Islam MR, Ali Khan MM, Hossain MM, C Mani KK, Min RM

Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci, 2020 06 08;10(2):70-75.
PMID: 32904453 DOI: 10.4103/IJCIIS.IJCIIS_65_19

Purpose: The study aimed to identify the characteristics of road traffic accident (RTA) and to determine the role of different socioeconomic and demographic factors on the knowledge and awareness about traffic rules among people in Bangladesh.
Study Design: This was a cross-sectional study.
Methods: To conduct this study, 700 primary data were collected from respondents who were involved in RTA by interviewing in medical college hospitals and several private clinics of Dhaka, Rajshahi, and Khulna division in Bangladesh. For the achievement of the objective, the Chi-square test, Cramer's V correlation, and the logistic regression model have been applied in this study.
Results: Traffic rules violation was identified as the second-most important reason behind RTA. Respondent's age, gender, residence, education, occupation, awareness about RTA, etc., were significantly associated with having knowledge and awareness about traffic rules. The result of multivariate analysis showed that respondent's age (<30: odds ratio [OR] = 2.019, confidence interval [CI]: 1.377-2.960); residence (rural: OR = 0.288, CI: 0.193-0.431); education (literate: OR = 5.064, CI: 3.332-7.698); and categories of victims (driver: OR = 2.731, CI: 1.676-4.450 and passenger: 1.869, CI: 1.198-2.916) were the vital predictors of having knowledge and awareness about traffic rules.
Conclusions: By imposing strict traffic act, increasing public awareness through various types of education and awareness/outreach about traffic rules-related program, especially in rural areas, by strictly prohibiting the license giving to unskilled drivers or unfit vehicles, RTA can be minimized.
Fulltext Thermal-based early breast cancer detection using inception V3, inception V4 and modified inception MV4

Al Husaini MAS, Habaebi MH, Gunawan TS, Islam MR, Elsheikh EAA, Suliman FM

Neural Comput Appl, 2021 Aug 07.
PMID: 34393379 DOI: 10.1007/s00521-021-06372-1

Breast cancer is one of the most significant causes of death for women around the world. Breast thermography supported by deep convolutional neural networks is expected to contribute significantly to early detection and facilitate treatment at an early stage. The goal of this study is to investigate the behavior of different recent deep learning methods for identifying breast disorders. To evaluate our proposal, we built classifiers based on deep convolutional neural networks modelling inception V3, inception V4, and a modified version of the latter called inception MV4. MV4 was introduced to maintain the computational cost across all layers by making the resultant number of features and the number of pixel positions equal. DMR database was used for these deep learning models in classifying thermal images of healthy and sick patients. A set of epochs 3-30 were used in conjunction with learning rates 1 × 10-3, 1 × 10-4 and 1 × 10-5, Minibatch 10 and different optimization methods. The training results showed that inception V4 and MV4 with color images, a learning rate of 1 × 10-4, and SGDM optimization method, reached very high accuracy, verified through several experimental repetitions. With grayscale images, inception V3 outperforms V4 and MV4 by a considerable accuracy margin, for any optimization methods. In fact, the inception V3 (grayscale) performance is almost comparable to inception V4 and MV4 (color) performance but only after 20-30 epochs. inception MV4 achieved 7% faster classification response time compared to V4. The use of MV4 model is found to contribute to saving energy consumed and fluidity in arithmetic operations for the graphic processor. The results also indicate that increasing the number of layers may not necessarily be useful in improving the performance.
Fulltext Force-Invariant Improved Feature Extraction Method for Upper-Limb Prostheses of Transradial Amputees

Islam MJ, Ahmad S, Haque F, Reaz MBI, Bhuiyan MAS, Islam MR

Diagnostics (Basel), 2021 May 07;11(5).
PMID: 34067203 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11050843

A force-invariant feature extraction method derives identical information for all force levels. However, the physiology of muscles makes it hard to extract this unique information. In this context, we propose an improved force-invariant feature extraction method based on nonlinear transformation of the power spectral moments, changes in amplitude, and the signal amplitude along with spatial correlation coefficients between channels. Nonlinear transformation balances the forces and increases the margin among the gestures. Additionally, the correlation coefficient between channels evaluates the amount of spatial correlation; however, it does not evaluate the strength of the electromyogram signal. To evaluate the robustness of the proposed method, we use the electromyogram dataset containing nine transradial amputees. In this study, the performance is evaluated using three classifiers with six existing feature extraction methods. The proposed feature extraction method yields a higher pattern recognition performance, and significant improvements in accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, and F1 score are found. In addition, the proposed method requires comparatively less computational time and memory, which makes it more robust than other well-known feature extraction methods.
Choline and amino acid based biocompatible ionic liquid mediated transdermal delivery of the sparingly soluble drug acyclovir

Islam MR, Chowdhury MR, Wakabayashi R, Tahara Y, Kamiya N, Moniruzzaman M, et al.

Int J Pharm, 2020 May 30;582:119335.
PMID: 32311469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119335

Transdermal delivery of drugs is more challenging for drugs that are insoluble or sparingly soluble in water and most organic solvents. To overcome this problem, ionic liquid (IL)-mediated ternary systems have been suggested as potential drug carriers. Here, we report potent ternary (IL-EtOH-IPM) systems consisting of biocompatible ILs, ethanol (EtOH), and isopropyl myristate (IPM) that can dissolve a significant amount of the sparingly soluble drug acyclovir (ACV). The ternary systems were optically transparent and thermodynamically stable with a wide range of IL pertinence. An in vitro drug permeation study showed that the ILs in the ternary systems dramatically enhanced ACV permeation into and across the skin. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy of the stratum corneum (sc) after treatment with ternary systems showed that the skin barrier function was reduced by disturbance of the regularly ordered arrangement of corneocytes and modification of the surface properties of the sc during permeation. Histological analysis, and skin irritation studies using a reconstructed human epidermis model showed the safety profile of the ternary system, and there were no significant changes in the structures of the sc, epidermis, and dermis. Therefore, ternary systems containing biocompatible ILs are promising for transdermal delivery of insoluble or sparingly soluble drugs.
Fulltext Ionic Liquid-In-Oil Microemulsions Prepared with Biocompatible Choline Carboxylic Acids for Improving the Transdermal Delivery of a Sparingly Soluble Drug

Islam MR, Chowdhury MR, Wakabayashi R, Kamiya N, Moniruzzaman M, Goto M

Pharmaceutics, 2020 Apr 24;12(4).
PMID: 32344768 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12040392

The transdermal delivery of sparingly soluble drugs is challenging due to of the need for a drug carrier. In the past few decades, ionic liquid (IL)-in-oil microemulsions (IL/O MEs) have been developed as potential carriers. By focusing on biocompatibility, we report on an IL/O ME that is designed to enhance the solubility and transdermal delivery of the sparingly soluble drug, acyclovir. The prepared MEs were composed of a hydrophilic IL (choline formate, choline lactate, or choline propionate) as the non-aqueous polar phase and a surface-active IL (choline oleate) as the surfactant in combination with sorbitan laurate in a continuous oil phase. The selected ILs were all biologically active ions. Optimized pseudo ternary phase diagrams indicated the MEs formed thermodynamically stable, spherically shaped, and nano-sized (<100 nm) droplets. An in vitro drug permeation study, using pig skin, showed the significantly enhanced permeation of acyclovir using the ME. A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study showed a reduction of the skin barrier function with the ME. Finally, a skin irritation study showed a high cell survival rate (>90%) with the ME compared with Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline, indicates the biocompatibility of the ME. Therefore, we conclude that IL/O ME may be a promising nano-carrier for the transdermal delivery of sparingly soluble drugs.
Fulltext Analyzing the Impact of Demographic Variables on Spreading and Forecasting COVID-19

Sharif O, Islam MR, Hasan MZ, Kabir MA, Hasan ME, AlQahtani SA, et al.

J Healthc Inform Res, 2022;6(1):72-90.
PMID: 34549163 DOI: 10.1007/s41666-021-00105-8

The aim of this study is to analyse the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Bangladesh. This study investigates the impact of demographic variables on the spread of COVID-19 as well as tries to forecast the COVID-19 infected numbers. First of all, this study uses Fisher's Exact test to investigate the association between the infected groups of COVID-19 and demographical variables. Second, it exploits the ANOVA test to examine significant difference in the mean infected number of COVID-19 cases across the population density, literacy rate, and regions/divisions in Bangladesh. Third, this research predicts the number of infected cases in the epidemic peak region of Bangladesh for the year 2021. As a result, from the Fisher's Exact test, we find a very strong significant association between the population density groups and infected groups of COVID-19. And, from the ANOVA test, we observe a significant difference in the mean infected number of COVID-19 cases across the five different population density groups. Besides, the prediction model shows that the cumulative number of infected cases would be raised to around 500,000 in the most densely region of Bangladesh, Dhaka division.
Lipid-Based Ionic-Liquid-Mediated Nanodispersions as Biocompatible Carriers for the Enhanced Transdermal Delivery of a Peptide Drug

Uddin S, Islam MR, Chowdhury MR, Wakabayashi R, Kamiya N, Moniruzzaman M, et al.

ACS Appl Bio Mater, 2021 08 16;4(8):6256-6267.
PMID: 35006923 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00563

Lipid-based biocompatible ionic liquids (LBILs) have attracted attention as carriers in transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDSs) because of their lipophilic character. In this study, we report the formulation of a peptide-LBIL complex microencapsulated in an oil phase as a potential carrier for the transdermal delivery of leuprolide acetate as a model hydrophilic peptide. The peptide-LBIL complexes were prepared via a water-in-oil emulsion composed of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycerol-3-ethyl-phosphatidylcholine (EDMPC), a fatty acid (stearic, oleic, and linoleic acid)-based LBIL, and cyclohexane followed by freeze-drying to remove the water and cyclohexane. Then, the peptide-LBIL complexes were nanodispersed and stabilized in isopropyl myristate (IPM) using sorbitol laurate (Span-20). Ionic-liquid-in-oil nanodispersions (IL/O-NDs) were prepared with varying weight ratios of LBILs and Span-20 as the surfactant and the cosurfactant, respectively. Keeping the overall surfactant constant at 10 wt % in IPM, a 5:5 wt % ratio of surfactant (IL) and cosurfactant (Span-20) in the IL/O-NDs significantly (p < 0.0001) increased the physiochemical stability, drug-loading capacity, and drug encapsulation efficiency. The in vitro and in vivo peptide delivery across the skin was increased significantly (p < 0.0001) using IL/O-NDs, compared with non-IL-treated groups. Of all of the LBIL-based formulations, [EDMPC][Linoleate]/O-ND was considered the most preferable for a TDDS based on the pharmacokinetic parameters. The transdermal delivery flux with [EDMPC][Linoleate]/O-ND was increased 65-fold compared with the aqueous delivery vehicle. The IL/O-NDs were able to deform the lipid and protein arrangements of the skin layers to enhance the transdermal permeation of the peptide. In vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity studies of the IL/O-NDs revealed the biocompatibility of the LBIL-based formulations. These results indicated that IL/O-NDs are promising biocompatible carriers for lipid-peptide TDDSs.
Fulltext The Effect of Dataset Imbalance on the Performance of SCADA Intrusion Detection Systems

Balla A, Habaebi MH, Elsheikh EAA, Islam MR, Suliman FM

Sensors (Basel), 2023 Jan 09;23(2).
PMID: 36679553 DOI: 10.3390/s23020758

Integrating IoT devices in SCADA systems has provided efficient and improved data collection and transmission technologies. This enhancement comes with significant security challenges, exposing traditionally isolated systems to the public internet. Effective and highly reliable security devices, such as intrusion detection system (IDSs) and intrusion prevention systems (IPS), are critical. Countless studies used deep learning algorithms to design an efficient IDS; however, the fundamental issue of imbalanced datasets was not fully addressed. In our research, we examined the impact of data imbalance on developing an effective SCADA-based IDS. To investigate the impact of various data balancing techniques, we chose two unbalanced datasets, the Morris power dataset, and CICIDS2017 dataset, including random sampling, one-sided selection (OSS), near-miss, SMOTE, and ADASYN. For binary classification, convolutional neural networks were coupled with long short-term memory (CNN-LSTM). The system's effectiveness was determined by the confusion matrix, which includes evaluation metrics, such as accuracy, precision, detection rate, and F1-score. Four experiments on the two datasets demonstrate the impact of the data imbalance. This research aims to help security researchers in understanding imbalanced datasets and their impact on DL SCADA-IDS.
Fulltext Introgression of the QTL qSB11-1TT conferring sheath blight resistance in rice (Oryza sativa) into an elite variety, UKMRC 2, and evaluation of its backcross-derived plants

Hossain MK, Islam MR, Sundaram RM, Bhuiyan MAR, Wickneswari R

Front Plant Sci, 2022;13:981345.
PMID: 36699836 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.981345

INTRODUCTION: Sheath blight (SB) is the most damaging fungal disease in rice caused by a soil-borne pathogenic fungus, Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn (R. solani). The disease resistance in rice is a complex quantitative trait controlled by a few major genes. UKMRC2 is a newly developed elite rice variety that possesses high yield potential but is susceptible to sheath blight disease indicating a huge risk of varietal promotion, mass cultivation, and large-scale adoption. The aim of our present study was the development of varietal resistance against R. solani in UKMRC2 to enhance its stability and durability in a wide range of environments and to validate the effects of an SB-resistance QTL on the new genetic background.
METHODS: In our study, we developed 290 BC1F1 backcross progenies from a cross between UKMRC2 and Tetep to introgress the QTL qSBR11-1TT into the UKMRC2 genetic background. Validation of the introgressed QTL region was performed via QTL analysis based on QTL-linked SSR marker genotyping and phenotyping against R. solani artificial field inoculation techniques.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The QTL qSBR11-1TT was then authenticated with the results of LOD score (3.25) derived from composite interval mapping, percent phenotypic variance explained (14.6%), and additive effect (1.1) of the QTLs. The QTL region was accurately defined by a pair of flanking markers K39512 and RM7443 with a peak marker RM27360. We found that the presence of combination of alleles, RM224, RM27360 and K39512 demonstrate an improved resistance against the disease rather than any of the single allele. Thus, the presence of the QTL qSBR11-1TT has been validated and confirmed in the URMRC2 genetic background which reveals an opportunity to use the QTL linked with these resistance alleles opens an avenue to resume sheath blight resistance breeding in the future with marker-assisted selection program to boost up resistance in rice varieties.
Fulltext Metamaterial based on an inverse double V loaded complementary square split ring resonator for radar and Wi-Fi applications

Islam MR, Islam MT, Soliman MS, Baharuddin MH, Mat K, Moubark AM, et al.

Sci Rep, 2021 Nov 05;11(1):21782.
PMID: 34741089 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01275-6

In this research paper, an inverse double V loaded complementary square split ring resonator based double negative (DNG) metamaterial has been developed and examined numerically and experimentally. The electromagnetic (EM) properties of the proposed inverse double V-structure were calculated using computer simulation technology (CST-2019) and the finite integration technique (FIT). The designed metamaterial provides three resonance frequencies are 2.86, 5, and 8.30 GHz, covering S-, C-, and X-bands. The total size of the recommended unit cell is 8 [Formula: see text] 8 [Formula: see text] 1.524 mm3, and a high effective medium ratio (EMR) value of 13.11 was found from it. The - 10 dB bandwidths of this structure are 2.80 to 2.91, 4.76 to 5.17, and 8.05 to 8.42 GHz. The proposed structure's novelty is its small size, simple resonator structure, which provides double negative characteristics, high EMR, maximum coverage band, and required resonance frequencies. Wi-Fi network speeds are generally faster when frequencies in the 5 GHz band are used. Since the proposed structure provides a 5 GHz frequency band, hence the suggested metamaterial can be used in Wi-Fi for high bandwidth and high-speed applications. The marine radars operate in X-band, and weather radar works in S-band. Since the designed cell provides two more resonance frequencies, i.e., 2.86 GHz (S-band) and 8.30 GHz (X-band), the proposed metamaterial could be used in weather radar and marine radar. The design process and various parametric studies have been analyzed in this article. The equivalent circuit is authenticated using the advanced design system (ADS) software compared with CST simulated result. The surface current, E-field, and H-field distributions have also been analyzed. Different types of array structure, i.e., 1 [Formula: see text] 2, 2 [Formula: see text] 2, 3 [Formula: see text] 3, 4 [Formula: see text] 4, and 20 [Formula: see text] 25 is examined and validated by the measured result. The simulated and measured outcome is an excellent agreement for the inverse double V loaded CSSRR unit cell and array. We showed the overall performance of the suggested structure is better than the other structures mentioned in the paper. Since the recommended metamaterial unit cell size is small, provides desired resonance frequency, gives a large frequency band and high EMR value; hence the suggested metamaterial can be highly applicable for Radar and Wi-Fi.

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