Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 24 in total

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  1. Boo NY, Ishak S
    J Paediatr Child Health, 2007 Apr;43(4):297-302.
    PMID: 17444833
    To determine the sensitivity and specificity of different levels of bilirubin measured by the transcutaneous bilirubinometer Bilicheck on forehead and sternum for predicting severe hyperbilirubinaemia of total serum bilirubin (TSB)>or=300 micromol/L in Malay, Chinese and Indian infants.
  2. Rohana J, Ishak S, Wan Nurulhuda WMZ
    Pediatr Int, 2018 Aug;60(8):710-713.
    PMID: 29804322 DOI: 10.1111/ped.13605
    BACKGROUND: Preterm infants are at higher risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) compared with term born infants and the risk is inversely proportional to the gestational age and birthweight. Parents of these infants should have adequate knowledge and practise the recommended SIDS risk reduction measures.

    METHODS: A survey was conducted between December 2016 and August 2017 at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur. Parents of preterm infants ≤36 weeks' gestation were invited to answer a self-administered questionnaire to assess their knowledge and practise regarding SIDS risk reduction.

    RESULTS: Forty-nine (61.33%) of the 80 parents had heard of SIDS prior to the interview, with social media being the commonest source of information (67.3%). Only 35 (43.7%) correctly answered at least five of nine questions on knowledge of SIDS risk reduction ("good knowledge"). When compared with the group of parents who answered less than five questions correctly ("poor knowledge"), there was no significant difference in the demographic and infant characteristics between the groups. The majority (68.8%) of parents practised bed sharing with their infants, and this was significantly more common in the group of parents with poor knowledge (P = 0.01). Household smoking was also significantly more common in the group of parents with poor knowledge (P = 0.048).

    CONCLUSION: Knowledge on SIDS risk reduction measures was generally poor among parents of preterm infants in this study. Cigarette smoking, bed sharing and non-supine sleep positions, which are associated with increased risk of SIDS, were common practise among the present subjects.

  3. Ishak SH, Yaacob LH, Ishak A
    Malays Fam Physician, 2020;15(1):47-49.
    PMID: 32284805
    Dengue is known to cause high morbidity and mortality worldwide. In recent years, there have been increasing cases of dengue fever associated with a rare complication: hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS), which is a dangerous disorder that carries high mortality. It is associated with infections, autoimmune disorders, and malignancies. Prolonged duration of fever and cytopenia together with multi-organ dysfunction out of proportion to the plasma leakage phase should alert clinicians to consider this condition. In this case study, we highlight a 45-year-old woman with underlying diabetes who was admitted due to dengue fever with warning signs. Her conditions deteriorated quickly: she had spontaneous bleeding, evidence of plasma leakage, severe hepatitis, and coagulopathy on the 11th day of illness. With the support of other blood results, such as raised serum ferritin and lactate dehydrogenase, she was diagnosed with severe dengue with hemophagocytosis syndrome. She responded well to intravenous dexamethasone and recovered on the 19th day of illness.
  4. Masra F, Ishak S, Cheah FC
    Turk J Pediatr, 2023;65(2):321-325.
    PMID: 37114697 DOI: 10.24953/turkjped.2022.717
    BACKGROUND: Transient neonatal myasthenia gravis (TNMG) is an acquired disease which occurs in 10 to 20% of infants born to a mother with myasthenia gravis. Even though it is a self-limiting disorder, it may potentially be life-threatening if prompt diagnosis is not made, and expedient supportive respiratory management is not initiated when required.

    CASE: Here we describe three infants with TNMG. Two of them developed symptoms of TNMG within 24 hours of life, but one developed symptoms at 43 hours of life. One of the patients had an atypical form of TNMG with contracture and hypotonia. The other two infants survived a typical form of TNMG with hypotonia and poor sucking. All cases resolved spontaneously by one to two weeks of life with conservative management.

    CONCLUSIONS: Infants born to mothers with myasthenia gravis need to be monitored closely for symptoms of TNMG for the first 48 to 72 hours of life. However, the majority of infants with TNMG traverse a benign course and resolve spontaneously with expectant care.

  5. Ngui R, Ishak S, Chuen CS, Mahmud R, Lim YA
    PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2011;5(3):e974.
    PMID: 21390157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000974
    Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) have a worldwide distribution and have been identified as one of the most significant causes of illnesses and diseases among the disadvantaged population. In Malaysia, IPIs still persist in some rural areas, and this study was conducted to determine the current epidemiological status and to identify risk factors associated with IPIs among communities residing in rural and remote areas of West Malaysia.
  6. Abu Bakar SA, Muda SM, Mohd Arifin SR, Ishak S
    Enferm Clin, 2019 09;29 Suppl 2:725-732.
    PMID: 31337573 DOI: 10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.06.012
    OBJECTIVE: To identify the existing literature on mothers' perception towards the impact of expressing breast milk for their premature infant in the neonatal intensive care unit.

    METHOD: Guided by the PRISMA Statement review checklist, a systematic review of the Scopus and Web of Science database has identified 10 related studies. The articles were assessed and analyzed after evaluated using The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tools (JBI). Thematic analysis was obtained after using Nvivo software as a tool for data analysis by author.

    RESULT: Further review of these articles resulted in three main themes-maternal changes during expressing breast milk, pumping challenges and impact of motivation factors to initiating lactation.

    CONCLUSION: Expressing breast milk should be recognized as an important way to restructure motherhood with a preterm infant in NICU. However, maintaining expressed breast milk during preterm infants' treatment period in NICU may increase stress and difficulties for some mothers. Some recommendations are emphasized in relation to the need for more qualitative studies in this issue, which is to have a specific and standard systematic review method for guide research synthesis in context of climate change adaptation.

  7. Cheng S, Mat-Isa MN, Sapian IS, Ishak SF
    Mol Biol Rep, 2021 Feb;48(2):1281-1290.
    PMID: 33582950 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06189-0
    The estuarine firefly, Pteroptyx tener, aggregates in the thousands in mangrove trees lining tidal rivers in Southeast Asia where they engage one another in a nocturnal, pre-mating ritual of synchronised courtship flashes. Unfortunately, populations of the species by virtue of being restricted to isolated estuarine rivers systems in the region, are at risk of genetic isolation. Because of this concern we undertook the task of sequencing and characterising the mitochondrial DNA genome of P. tener, as the first step towards helping us to characterise and better understand their genetic diversity. We sequenced and assembled the mitochondrial DNA genome of P. tener from two male and female specimens from the district of Kuala Selangor in Peninsular Malaysia and announce the molecules in this publication. We also reconstructed the phylogenetic trees of all available lampyrids mitogenomes and suggest the need to re-examine our current understanding of their classification which have largely been based on morphological data and the cox1 gene. Separately, our analysis of codon usage patterns among lampyrid mitogenomes showed that the codon usage in a majority of the protein-coding genes were non-neutral. Codon usage patterns between mitogenome sequences of P. tener were, however, largely neutral. Our findings demonstrate the usefulness of mitochondrial genes/mitogenomes for analysing both inter- and intra- specific variation in the Lampyridae to aid in species discovery in this highly variable genus; and elucidate the phylogenetic relationships of Pteroptyx spp. from the region.
  8. Wong TL, Baki MM, Ishak S, See GB
    Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 2018 Nov;114:134-137.
    PMID: 30262351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2018.08.037
    We report a bizarre case of accessory larynx in an infant with OEIS syndrome (omphalocele, cloacal exstrophy, imperforated anus & spinal defects). This is the first reported case in literature of a duplicate accessory larynx which is a mirror image of the true larynx. A congenital duplication of the larynx is a rare anomaly and can present in various forms. In this case, the infant presented with recurrent lung infection and inability to wean off oxygen. Scope revealed severe laryngomalacia in addition to the accessory larynx. Hence, supraglottoplasty was done with aim to resolve the lung and airway problem.
  9. Ishak S, Nfe F, Zakaria Sz S, Adli A, Jaafar R
    Pediatr Int, 2019 Jan;61(1):67-72.
    PMID: 30484931 DOI: 10.1111/ped.13724
    BACKGROUND: Inadequate pain management is linked to potential neurodevelopmental and behavioral problems. Sufficient knowledge in neonatal pain is required to facilitate optimal pain management. The aim of this study was therefore to assess the knowledge and perception of pain experienced by neonates requiring intensive care among pediatric doctors working in a level III neonatal intensive care unit in Malaysian hospitals.

    METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted over a period of 18 months. A self-administered questionnaire assessing knowledge and perception regarding neonatal pain was used.

    RESULTS: Twenty-four hospitals participated in the study, with 423 respondents. The response rate was 85%. One hundred and ninety-seven respondents (47%) were aware of tools for neonatal pain assessment, but only 6% used them in daily practice. Doctors with >4 years of experience in neonatal care had better awareness of available pain assessment tools (59.4% vs 40.9%, P = 0.001). Sixteen statements regarding knowledge were assessed. Mean score obtained was 10.5 ± 2.5. Consultants/specialists obtained a higher mean score than medical officers (11.9 vs 10.4, P < 0.001). More than 80% of respondents were able to discriminate painful from non-painful procedures.

    CONCLUSION: Clinicians involved in neonatal care, especially those with longer experience were knowledgeable about neonatal pain. Gaps between knowledge and its application, however, remain. Implementation of clinical guidelines to improve the quality of assessment and adequate pain management in neonates is recommended.

  10. Azit NA, Ismail A, Ahmad N, Ismail R, Ishak S
    BMC Public Health, 2019 Nov 01;19(1):1432.
    PMID: 31675946 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7814-x
    BACKGROUND: With the rise in prevalence of childhood tuberculosis (TB) globally, contact tracing should be a powerful strategy for early diagnosis and management, especially in children who are household contacts of active TB cases. Here, we aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with TB disease in children who are household contacts of TB cases.

    METHODS: We used a cross-sectional study with data from the Malaysian TB Information System (TBIS) recorded from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2017. All children aged 0-14 years who were registered in the TBIS with at least one household contact of TB cases were included in the study. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate the adjusted odds ratio (adj. OR) and for adjusting the confounding factors.

    RESULTS: A total of 2793 children were included in the study. The prevalence of active TB was 1.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.31, 1.77%). Children aged  6 weeks [adj. OR 7.48 (95% CI: 2.88, 19.43), p 

  11. Ishak S, Rosly NZ, Abdullah AH, Alang Ahmad SA
    Environ Monit Assess, 2023 Oct 12;195(11):1303.
    PMID: 37828347 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11909-z
    Calix[4]arene/polyurethane (C4PU) has been synthesized and characterized as an alternative adsorbent for the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) and malachite green (MG) dyes from the aqueous solution. C4PU was synthesized by reacting p-tert-butyl calix[4]arene with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI) as the cross-linking agent. Different polymer ratios were synthesized, and C4PU-4 shows better adsorption than other ratios. The polymer was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, and point of zero charges (pHPZC). The isotherms and kinetics of the adsorption of MB and MG were studied under a range of experimental conditions, including pH, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, and contact time. The adsorption was determined by the adsorption percentage of MB and MG dyes from the solution. The Langmuir isotherm model best describes the adsorption process for both dyes, and it follows a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, with the maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of MB and MG, respectively, was found to be 1.991 mg·g-1 and 2.240 mg·g-1.
  12. Ghani NA, Jaafar R, Ishak S, Zainuddin AA, Mukari SA, Mahdy ZA
    J Obstet Gynaecol Res, 2007 Apr;33(2):195-8.
    PMID: 17441895
    We report the case of a 25-year-old Malay woman, admitted for preterm delivery at 35 weeks' gestation. Vaginal swab did not isolate any organism. She delivered a baby girl who developed respiratory distress syndrome, requiring ventilation. Although chest radiograph showed hyaline membrane disease with pneumonia, septic workout was negative. The mother was discharged on the next day. Seven days postpartum, the mother presented with fever and fits and was diagnosed to have meningo-encephalitis. Lumbar puncture isolated group B Streptococcus (GBS) and MRI revealed a superior cerebellar abscess. She was treated and survived the episode. This case illustrates the uncommon situation where GBS infection was confirmed via maternal septic workout rather than neonatal, although both presented with severe disease.
  13. Loong SK, Lim FS, Khoo JJ, Lee HY, Suntharalingam C, Ishak SN, et al.
    Trop Biomed, 2020 Sep 01;37(3):803-811.
    PMID: 33612793 DOI: 10.47665/tb.37.3.803
    Ticks are vectors of bacteria, protozoa and viruses capable of causing serious and life threatening diseases in humans and animals. Disease transmission occurs through the transfer of pathogen from tick bites to susceptible humans or animals. Most commonly known tick-borne pathogens are obligate intracellular microorganisms but little is known on the prevalence of culturable pathogenic bacteria from ticks capable of growth on artificial nutrient media. One hundred and forty seven ticks originating from dairy cattle, goats and rodents were collected from nine selected sites in Peninsular Malaysia. The culture of surfacesterilized tick homogenates revealed the isolation of various pathogenic bacteria including, Staphylococcus sp., Corynebacterium sp., Rothia sp., Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Bacillus sp. and its derived genera. These pathogens are among those that affect humans and animals. Findings from this study suggest that in addition to the regular intracellular pathogens, ticks could also harbor extracellular pathogenic bacteria. Further studies, hence, would be needed to determine if these extracellular pathogens could contribute to human or animal infection.
  14. Ishak S, Lee HS, Singh JK, Ariffin MAM, Lim NHAS, Yang HM
    Materials (Basel), 2019 Oct 17;12(20).
    PMID: 31627479 DOI: 10.3390/ma12203404
    This paper presents the experimental results on the behavior of fly ash geopolymer concrete incorporating bamboo ash on the desired temperature (200 °C to 800 °C). Different amounts of bamboo ash were investigated and fly ash geopolymer concrete was considered as the control sample. The geopolymer was synthesized with sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solutions. Ultrasonic pulse velocity, weight loss, and residual compressive strength were determined, and all samples were tested with two different cooling approaches i.e., an air-cooling (AC) and water-cooling (WC) regime. Results from these tests show that with the addition of 5% bamboo ash in fly ash, geopolymer exhibited a 5 MPa (53%) and 5.65 MPa (66%) improvement in residual strength, as well as 940 m/s (76%) and 727 m/s (53%) greater ultrasonic pulse velocity in AC and WC, respectively, at 800 °C when compared with control samples. Thus, bamboo ash can be one of the alternatives to geopolymer concrete when it faces exposure to high temperatures.
  15. Rusli ERM, Ismail J, Wei WS, Ishak S, Jaafar R, Zaki FM
    Indian J Radiol Imaging, 2019 12 31;29(4):350-355.
    PMID: 31949335 DOI: 10.4103/ijri.IJRI_62_19
    Objective: This study aims to evaluate the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain patterns among hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) babies who underwent post-cooling MRI brain as well as to correlate the post-cooling brain scoring with patient's neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years.

    Subjects and Methods: It was a retrospective cross sectional study carried out at a tertiary university hospital. Record of patients diagnosed with neonatal HIE from 2007 until 2016 who completed 72 h of cooling therapy and had MRI brain within 2 weeks of life were included in this study. A new scoring system by Trivedi et al. that emphasizes on subcortical deep gray matter and posterior limb internal capsule injury were utilized upon MRI assessment, using TW, T2W, and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) sequences. Cumulative MRI brain score was obtained and graded as none, mild, moderate, and severe brain injury. The MRI brain scoring was then correlated with patient's 2 years neurodevelopmental outcome using Fisher's Exact Test.

    Results: A total of 23 patients were eligible of which 19 term neonates were included. 13% of these neonates (n = 3) had mild MRI brain injury grading with 52.2% (n = 12) moderate and 34.8% (n = 8) severe. There was no significant correlation seen between MRI brain grading and developmental outcome at 2 years old (P > 0.05).

    Conclusion: There was no significant correlation between neonatal MRI brain injury grading and 2 years neurodevelopmental outcome. Nevertheless, the new MRI brain scoring by Trivedi et al. is reproducible and comprehensive as it involves various important brain structures, assessed from different MRI sequences.

  16. Illias HA, Lim MM, Abu Bakar AH, Mokhlis H, Ishak S, Amir MDM
    PLoS One, 2021;16(7):e0253967.
    PMID: 34197530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253967
    In power system networks, automatic fault diagnosis techniques of switchgears with high accuracy and less time consuming are important. In this work, classification of abnormal location in switchgears is proposed using hybrid gravitational search algorithm (GSA)-artificial intelligence (AI) techniques. The measurement data were obtained from ultrasound, transient earth voltage, temperature and sound sensors. The AI classifiers used include artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector machine (SVM). The performance of both classifiers was optimized by an optimization technique, GSA. The advantages of GSA classification on AI in classifying the abnormal location in switchgears are easy implementation, fast convergence and low computational cost. For performance comparison, several well-known metaheuristic techniques were also applied on the AI classifiers. From the comparison between ANN and SVM without optimization by GSA, SVM yields 2% higher accuracy than ANN. However, ANN yields slightly higher accuracy than SVM after combining with GSA, which is in the range of 97%-99% compared to 95%-97% for SVM. On the other hand, GSA-SVM converges faster than GSA-ANN. Overall, it was found that combination of both AI classifiers with GSA yields better results than several well-known metaheuristic techniques.
  17. Ishak S, Adzan NA, Quan LK, Shafie MH, Rani NA, Ramli KG
    Breastfeed Med, 2014;9(6):308-12.
    PMID: 24893127 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2013.0124
    A cross-sectional prospective study was performed to assess knowledge and attitude toward breastfeeding among mothers in a tertiary hospital in Malaysia and its influence on their breastfeeding practices. Two hundred thirteen women who had delivered healthy babies at term were enrolled. A structured questionnaire containing demographic data and the Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Score were used, followed by a telephone interview after 8 weeks to determine the feeding outcome. Women of Malay ethnicity with higher education level who had received breastfeeding counseling had a significantly more favorable attitude toward breastfeeding. Ethnicity was found to be a significant determinant in the success of breastfeeding, whereas returning to work was a major reason for discontinuing breastfeeding. In ensuring a successful breastfeeding practice, apart from knowledge and attitude, issues surrounding culture and traditions as well as improving deliverance of readily available support should be addressed.
  18. Lee MS, 'Azmiyaty Amar Ma' Ruf C, Nadhirah Izhar DP, Nafisah Ishak S, Wan Jamaluddin WS, Ya'acob SNM, et al.
    Biomedicine (Taipei), 2019 Sep;9(3):18.
    PMID: 31453799 DOI: 10.1051/bmdcn/2019090318
    INTRODUCTION: The increasing rate of breast cancer (BC) incidence in Malaysia hints a lack of awareness among Malaysians. One (1) woman out of nineteen (19) is at risk with BC and almost up to fifty percent (50%) of women diagnosed with BC were reported to be under the age of fifty (50). Our main concern is to study the level of awareness among the women on risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, preventions and treatments.

    METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted exclusively among women in the public with total sample of three hundred and forty six (346), questionnaires were distributed using a simple random technique. Data was collected and analyzed by student T test in SPPS version 20.

    RESULTS: Our study reveals insufficient awareness on BC. Overall, awareness on risk factors is inadequate, but good knowledge on the importance of family history and diet as risk factors are discovered. Awareness on the cause and clinical manifestations of BC is required for improvement. As for treatment, alternatives especially surgery and chemotherapy are unclear to public, public is remotely unwitting on cessation of smoking to prevent BC at the early stage.

    CONCLUSION: Malaysian has spaces for improvement on awareness of BC in terms of risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Early detection can be achieved with good awareness because it leads to better prognosis and lower mortality.

  19. Chong CC, Cheng YW, Ishak S, Lam MK, Lim JW, Tan IS, et al.
    Sci Total Environ, 2022 Jan 10;803:150070.
    PMID: 34525689 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150070
    To suffice the escalating global energy demand, microalgae are deemed as high potential surrogate feedstocks for liquid fuels. The major encumbrance for the commercialization of microalgae cultivation is due to the high costs of nutrients such as carbon, phosphorous, and nitrogen. Meanwhile, the organic-rich anaerobic digestate which is difficult to be purified by conventional techniques is appropriate to be used as a low-cost nutrient source for the economic viability and sustainability of microalgae production. This option is also beneficial in terms of reutilize the organic fraction of solid waste instead of discarded as zero-value waste. Anaerobic digestate is the side product of biogas production during anaerobic digestion process, where optimum nutrients are needed to satisfy the physiological needs to grow microalgae. Besides, the turbidity, competing biological contaminants, ammonia and metal toxicity of the digestate are also potentially contributing to the inhibition of microalgae growth. Thus, this review is aimed to explicate the feasibility of utilizing the anaerobic digestate to cultivate microalgae by evaluating their potential challenges and solutions. The proposed potential solutions (digestate dilution and pre-treatment, microalgae strain selection, extra organics addition, nitrification and desulfurization) corresponding to the state-of-the-art challenges are applicable as future directions of the research.
  20. Mohd-Taib FS, Ishak SN, Yusof MA, Azhari NN, Md-Lasim A, Md Nor S, et al.
    Trop Biomed, 2020 Mar 01;37(1):142-154.
    PMID: 33612725
    Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira and most often acquired through contact with environments contaminated with leptospires shed in the urine of infected mammals. In urban environment, rodents are well-known as the main carriers of this bacteria, however there were no intensive study on the population structure of these animals, and how it associated with this disease. Hence, we use a case study from an outbreak in a residential area in Selangor, Malaysia, to investigate how community structure of small mammals, associated with the prevalence of Leptospira. One hundred cage traps were placed randomly in and around these houses in five phases with two months interval for a year. Community structures (species, sex, and age) were assigned for each individual, prior to screening for pathogenic Leptospira, using a partial lipL32 gene from the kidney samples. 185 small mammals from four species were captured, Rattus norvegicus (74.5%, N=138), R. rattus (20%, N=37), Tupaia glis (5%, N=9), and Suncus murinus (0.5%, N=1). From this number, 29 individuals were found PCR positive for pathogenic Leptospira (R. norvegicus, N=20; R. rattus, N=6; T. glis, N=2; S. murinus, N=1). The study shows that Leptospira occurrence in the small mammals were significantly correlated to age category and sampling phases, with Spearman Correlation (rs) p=0.02 and p=0.04 respectively. Adult individuals were significantly more prevalent with Leptospira infection, whereby March and June were found to associate with higher Leptospira prevalent among the small mammals, potentially coincide with low rainfall and relative humidity level. This information is important in designing a specific control method for rodents in Leptospira outbreak areas. In addition, intensive sampling and regular cleaning effort were found to significantly reduce the small mammal Leptospira reservoir, thus should be implemented in intervention strategies in the urban environment.
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