Kajian ini dilakukan bagi melihat keupayaan sel mononukleus sistem darah pusat membeza kepada sel osteoblas dan osteoklas secara in vitro bagi tiga tempoh proliferasi yang berbeza. Sel mononukleus sistem darah pusat dikulturkan di dalam medium pemilihan proliferasi bagi tiga tempoh proliferasi yang berbeza iaitu jangkamasa pendek (5 hari), sederhana (15 hari) dan panjang (30 hari). Keupayaan sel mononukleus untuk membeza kepada sel osteoblas dan osteoklas seterusnya diperhatikan pada setiap jenis sel ini. Medium proliferasi ditambah dengan faktor pembezaan asid askorbik dan β-gliserofosfat bagi membezakan sel mononukleus kepada sel osteoblas. Bagi pembezaan sel osteoklas pula, RANKL dan M-CSF ditambah ke dalam medium proliferasi. Bagi kawalan, sel yang sama digunakan tanpa penambahan faktor pembezaan. Viabiliti sel yang membeza daripada sel jangkamasa pendek, sederhana dan panjang menunjukkan sel-sel tersebut berupaya untuk bermandiri tanpa sebarang peningkatan yang signifikan sehingga 10 dan 14 hari dengan kehadiran faktor-faktor pembezaan tertentu di dalam medium pembezaan masing-masing. Analisis biokimia ke atas aktiviti alkali fosfatase (ALP) dan asid fosfatase rintang tartarat (TRAP) menunjukkan peningkatan yang signifikan (p<0.05) apabila dikulturkan di dalam medium pembezaan masing-masing. Kesimpulannya, keupayaan sel primitif untuk membeza kepada sel osteoblas dan osteoklas matang adalah hampir sama bagi ketiga-tiga jenis jangkamasa proliferasi tetapi mempunyai kadar proliferasi yang berlainan iaitu 0.37, 0.55 dan 0.72 pembahagian/hari masing-masing bagi sel jangkamasa pendek, sederhana dan panjang. Sel mononukleus yang diasingkan daripada darah periferi ini sangat primitif kerana berpotensi untuk membeza kepada dua jenis sel matang yang berasal daripada sel stem yang berbeza, justeru boleh dikategorikan sebagai sel stem multipoten.
Ancient remains are considered very valuable artefacts, as they allow for the study of ancient cultures, phylogeny, evolution and the reconstruction of demographic history. To obtain all the information contained within remains, the investigation of such samples requires the expertise and various techniques from multiple fields of study. The present review focuses on the molecular biology and radiographic approaches used to identify ancient samples. Studies of ancient remains face various limitations; for example, the quality and quantity of the ancient samples can affect the difficulty of the investigations. Due to these limitations, new sophisticated techniques are being introduced to replace the earlier conventional techniques. A search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and Science Finder to provide a new and timely review on the molecular mitochondrial DNA and radiographic analysis for human archaeology identification. The present review has determined that molecular biological approaches are very accurate and useful for the use in the ancestral determination of incomplete specimens, whereas observations of the dental pulp chamber are suitable for age at death estimations in both adults and children. However, these techniques are expensive and require expert personnel. Therefore, conventional approaches remain the favourite methods of most institutions, especially in Asia.
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities were studied as biomarkers of canine movement. Root resorption was also evaluated in canines subjected to the orthodontic forces. Nineteen subjects randomly received 100 and 150 g force using self-ligating brackets (SLB) either on the right or left site of maxillary arch. Gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected at distal sites of canines for five consecutive weeks. The activities of ALP, TRAP and AST were assayed and measured spectrophotometrically. Canine movement was measured for five consecutive weeks while root resorption was monitored at baseline, week 0 and week 5 using periapical radiographs. In 100 g group, TRAP activity significantly increased in week 3-5 when compared to TRAP baseline activity. However, ALP and AST activities slightly increased. In 150 g group, ALP and TRAP activities slightly increased when compared with their baseline activities. However, AST significantly increased in week 5. Canine movement and root resorption were not significantly different (p<0.05) in both groups. A force of 100 and 150 g slightly increased the bone modeling process and resulted in similar canine movement and root resorption. Therefore, 100 g force could be an optimum force for canine retraction and is preferable (compared with 150 g force) in canine retraction using SLB.
Air liur berpotensi menjadi punca DNA yang mudah diambil bagi kajian klinikal kerana tidak invasif berbanding sampel darah. Kajian ini dijalankan untuk memencilkan dan menulenkan DNA genom daripada sampel air liur manusia serta mengkaji kesan penyimpanan terhadap kualiti DNA genom. Sampel air liur (n=5) disimpan dalam penimbal Tris-NaCl EDTA (TNE) pada suhu bilik (25°C) mengikut tempoh masa yang ditetapkan iaitu, segar (tanpa penyimpanan), 1,2,3 dan 4 bulan. Pemencilan dan penulenan DNA dilakukan menggunakan kaedah fenol-kloroform. Seterusnya, PCR telah dijalankan untuk mengetahui ketulenan DNA yang diekstrak menggunakan amplifikasi pada kawasan jujukan beta-globin dan mengenal pasti kehadiran bakteria melalui jujukan yang mengekod 16S rDNA. Keputusan menunjukkan fragmen DNA gen beta-globin manusia hanya berjaya diamplifikasi daripada sampel segar. Sampel air liur yang disimpan dalam penimbal TNE pada suhu bilik tidak mampu menstabilkan DNA genom manusia untuk jangka masa lama dan hanya berkesan untuk tempoh yang singkat iaitu, kurang daripada 1 bulan. Kesimpulannya, hanya sampel air liur segar sahaja yang berupaya memencil DNA genom.