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  1. Poor Physical Function as a Risk Factor for Non-Communicable Diseases in Indonesia: A Retrospective Cohort Study
    Hartono RK, Hamid SA, Hafizurrachman M
    Acta Med Indones, 2020 Apr;52(2):111-117.
    PMID: 32778624
    BACKGROUND: it cannot be ascertained whether an individual with poor physical function is at an increased risk of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs), thus the aim of this study is to examine this potential relationship.

    METHODS: in this study, a fixed retrospective cohort design has been conducted by using data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) in 2007 and 2014. A total of 6,863 respondents who were not diagnosed with NCD by medical personnel in 2007 were successfully traced. After being controlled for covariates, the association between NCD type and poor physical function was measured by using the Adjusted Risk Ratio (ARR) and Population Attributable Risk (PAR).

    RESULTS: respondents with poor physical function were at a significantly increased of being diagnosed with stroke (ARR: 6.9, 95%CI: 4.3-10.9), diabetes (ARR: 3.1, 95%CI: 2.4-4.1), or heart disease (ARR: 3.2, 95%CI: 2.4-4.5). The PAR score of respondents with diabetes was 0.006, meaning 0.6% of diabetes cases are attributed to poor physical function and can therefore be prevented if people maintain good physical function.

    CONCLUSION: poor physical function can be assessed to identify risk of diabetes, heart disease, and stroke. Healthcare personnel should provide education programs that inform patients on the importance of maintaining a healthy physical ability.

  2. Do the Number of Cigarettes Smokes per Day Contribute to the Incident of Malignant Cancer?
    Hartono RK, Hamid SA, Hafizurrachman M
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2019 May 25;20(5):1403-1408.
    PMID: 31127899
    Background: The incident of malignant cancer due to smoking habit becomes a public health problem especially
    in the developing countries. Active smokers neglect to stop smoking even though various studies proved that smoking
    increases the risk of cancer. While, previous studies have assessed the incident risk of cancer but have not performed the
    validity of the measurement. The aim of this study is to know the number of cigarettes that contribute to the incidence
    of malignant cancer. Methods: A study with retrospective cohort design has been conducted by using a set of public
    data of Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) in 2007 and 2014. All active smokers (n= 748) who were in good health
    condition in 2007, were traced in 2014 and then being diagnosed with cancer with considering age, gender, healthy
    eating habit, and regular physical activity. Data has been analysed by using logistic regression by performing Adjusted
    Risk Ratio (ARR) and the result of validity measurement. Results: The incident of malignant cancer in 2014 were skin,
    liver, stomach and oral cavity. Smoking 21-30 per day in 2007 were significantly increased risk of having malignant
    cancer in 2014 at ARR: 6.88; SE:6.13 with the accuracy were 93.8%. The risk and accuracy were higher if smoke >30
    cigarettes per day (ARR:7.523; SE:7.019; accuracy 95.5%). This study also found that the risk of cancer was significantly
    increase with age (99% CI; ARR: 1.065; SE: 0.026). Conclusions: Cigarette smoking behaviour increased the risk any
    types incident of cancer. Total number >20 cigarettes smoked per day contributes to the incidence of malignant cancer.
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