Quantification of global forest change has been lacking despite the recognized importance of forest ecosystem services. In this study, Earth observation satellite data were used to map global forest loss (2.3 million square kilometers) and gain (0.8 million square kilometers) from 2000 to 2012 at a spatial resolution of 30 meters. The tropics were the only climate domain to exhibit a trend, with forest loss increasing by 2101 square kilometers per year. Brazil's well-documented reduction in deforestation was offset by increasing forest loss in Indonesia, Malaysia, Paraguay, Bolivia, Zambia, Angola, and elsewhere. Intensive forestry practiced within subtropical forests resulted in the highest rates of forest change globally. Boreal forest loss due largely to fire and forestry was second to that in the tropics in absolute and proportional terms. These results depict a globally consistent and locally relevant record of forest change.
Light-induced release of cisplatin from Pt(IV) prodrugs represents a promising approach for precise control over the antiproliferative activity of Pt-based chemotherapeutic drugs. This method has the potential to overcome crucial drawbacks of conventional cisplatin therapy, such as high general toxicity toward healthy organs and tissues. Herein, we report two Pt(IV) prodrugs with BODIPY-based photoactive ligands Pt-1 and Pt-2, which were designed using carbamate and triazole linkers, respectively. Both prodrugs demonstrated the ability to release cisplatin under blue light irradiation without the requirement of an external reducing agent. Dicarboxylated Pt-2 prodrug turned out to be more stable in the dark and more sensitive to light than its monocarbamate Pt-1 counterpart; these observations were explained using DFT calculations. The investigation of the photoreduction mechanism of Pt-1 and Pt-2 prodrugs using DFT modeling and ΔG0 PET estimation suggests that the photoinduced electron transfer from the singlet excited state of the BODIPY axial ligand to the Pt(IV) center is the key step in the light-induced release of cisplatin from the complexes. Cytotoxicity studies demonstrated that both prodrugs were nontoxic in the dark and toxic to MCF-7 cells under low-dose irradiation with blue light, and the observed effect was solely due to the cisplatin release from the Pt(IV) prodrugs. Our research presents an elegant synthetic approach to light-activated Pt(IV) prodrugs and presents findings that may contribute to the future rational design of photoactivatable Pt(IV) prodrugs.