Pressure ulcer has been recognized as one of the major causes of morbidity, mortality and a burden to healthcare. Our aim is to compare the level of knowledge regarding pressure ulcer prevention among final year nursing students in one of the Health Campus in Kelantan. This is a cross-sectional study aimed to determine and compare the knowledge of pressure ulcer prevention among the nursing students. The total sample for this study is 108 students. The sampling methods used are purposive sampling methods, i.e. the sample was chosen based on the potentially knowledge about the phenomena studied. Self-administered questionnaire is used to measure the characteristic and knowledge level of sample towards pressure ulcer prevention. Data including descriptive statistic and statistical tests was analyzed using the SPSS version 22.0. Finding of this study was significant with p<0.001 (significant at p<0.05). This indicates the significant differences of pressure ulcer knowledge between both programmes. The degree students have higher knowledge than the diploma students. Therefore, it is evident from this study that higher the level of education, the higher is the knowledge regarding pressure ulcer.
YspD is a hydrophilic translocator forming the platform for assemblage of functional translocon. Exposure to the extra-cellular milieu makes YspD a potential therapeutic target. DoGSiteScorer predicted best druggable pocket (P0) within YspD, encompassing predominantly the C-terminal helical bundles and the long helices-9 & 5. COACH metaserver also identified ligand binding residues within the aforementioned druggable pocket mapping to helix-9. Amino acids of helix-9 are involved in oligomerization of YspD. Interaction of helix-9 and parts of C-terminal of YspD with hydrophobic translocator protein (YspB), is essential for translocation of bacterial effectors to initiate an infection. Helices-9 & 5 form an intramolecular coiled-coil structure, required for protein-protein interaction. Targeting intramolecular coiled-coil and parts of C-terminal would be important for functional inactivation of YspD. Solvent exposed surface in YspD, particularly in P0, enhances its accessibility to ligands. Nine small molecular inhibitors of TIIISS were identified and retrieved from ZINC15 database (drug-library) as putative drug candidates. Molecular docking of potential ligands with P0 was done using SwissDock server and Achilles Blind Docking server. Considering the "Significance" threshold of binding score and region of interaction, Salicylidene Acyl Hydrazide derivatives (INP0400) and Phenoxyacetamide derivative (MBX1641) were found to bind effectively with YspD. These potential ligands interact with functional domains of YspD including parts of C-terminal and the intramolecular coiled-coil, which may affect the oligomerization of YspD and disrupt the interaction of YspD with YspB, inhibiting formation of functional translocon. The identified small molecular antimicrobial ligands of YspD could be tested in vivo to attenuate Y. enterocolitica infection by deregulation of Ysa-Ysp TIIISS.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40011-022-01443-2.
Sechium edule, commonly known as chayote is known for its low glycemic index, high fiber content, and rich nutritional profile, which suggests it may be beneficial for individuals with diabetes. While research specifically examining the impact of chayote on diabetes is limited, this study screened its biological impacts by using different biomarkers on streptozotocin-induced diabetic (STZ-ID) rats. The ethanolic extract of the Sechium edule fruits was assessed for different phytochemical, biochemical, and anti-diabetic properties. In the results, chayote extract had high phenolic and flavonoid contents respectively (39.25 ± 0.65 mg/mL and 12.16 ± 0.50 mg/mL). These high phenolic and flavonoid contents showed high implications on STZ-ID rats. Altogether 200 and 400 mg/kg of the extract considerably reduced the blood sugar level and enhanced the lipid profile of the STZ-ID rats. Additionally, they have decreased blood urea and serum creatinine levels. Besides, the levels of SGOT, SGPT, LDH, sodium, and potassium ions were significantly lowered after the administration period. More importantly, the electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters such as QT, RR, and QTc which were prolonged in the diabetic rats were downregulated after 35 days of administration of S. edule extract (400 mg/kg). And, the histological examination of the pancreas and kidney showed marked improvement in structural features of 200 and 400 mg/kg groups when compared to the diabetic control group. Where the increase in the glucose levels was positively correlated with QT, RR, and QTc (r2 = 0.76, r2 = 0.76, and r2 = 0.43) which means that ECG could significantly reflect the diabetes glucose levels. In conclusion, our findings showed that the fruit extract exerts a high potential to reduce artifacts secondary to diabetes which can be strongly suggested for diabetic candidates. However, there is a need to study the molecular mechanisms of the extract in combating artifacts secondary to diabetes in experimental animals.