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Fulltext Prevention and management of new-onset diabetes mellitus in kidney transplantation

Khong MJ, Chong CP

Neth J Med, 2014 Apr;72(3):127-34.
PMID: 24846925

New-onset diabetes mellitus after transplantation (NODAT) is one of the complications that is increasingly occurring among kidney transplanted patients. It is associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease, graft failure and mortality. The risk of NODAT development increases with time from transplantation. Therefore, early detection and prompt action are essential in reducing the risk of NODAT and its complications. This paper aims to review the screening parameters, prevention and management strategies for NODAT in both pre- and post-transplantation conditions. The pre-transplant patient should be screened for diabetes and cardiometabolic risk factors. Blood glucose evaluation for the pre-transplantation period is important for early detection of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG), which are highly associated with the incidence of NODAT. Post-kidney transplant patients should have periodical blood glucose monitoring with more frequent assessment in the initial phase. As early hyperglycaemia development is a strong predictor for NODAT, prompt intervention is needed. When NODAT develops, monitoring and control of blood glucose profile, lipid profile, microalbuminuria, diabetic complications and comorbid conditions is recommended. Immunosuppressive regimen modification may be considered as suggested by the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guideline to reverse or to improve the diabetes after weighing the risk of rejection and other potential adverse effects. Strategies for modifying immunosuppressive agents include dose reduction, discontinuation, and selection of calcineurin inhibitor (CNI), anti-metabolite agents, mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (mTORi), belatacept and corticosteroids. Lifestyle modification and a conventional anti-diabetic approach, as in the type 2 diabetes mellitus guidelines, are also recommended in NODAT management.
Leucocytozoon sabrazesi-first record from the Malayan jungle fowl, Gallus gallus spadiceus

Chong CH, Dissanaike AS, Fernando MA

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1974 Sep;5(3):455.
PMID: 4215148
Colour, phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of some fruits dehydrated by a combination of different methods

Chong CH, Law CL, Figiel A, Wojdyło A, Oziembłowski M

Food Chem, 2013 Dec 15;141(4):3889-96.
PMID: 23993562 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.06.042

The objective of this study was to improve product quality of dehydrated fruits (apple, pear, papaya, mango) using combined drying techniques. This involved investigation of bioactivity, colour, and sensory assessment on colour of the dried products as well as the retention of the bio-active ingredients. The attributes of quality were compared in regard to the quality of dehydrated samples obtained from continuous heat pump (HP) drying technique. It was found that for apple, pear and mango the total colour change (ΔE) of samples dried using continuous heat pump (HP) or heat pump vacuum-microwave (HP/VM) methods was lower than of samples dried by other combined methods. However, for papaya, the lowest colour change exhibited by samples dried using hot air-cold air (HHC) method and the highest colour change was found for heat pump (HP) dehydrated samples. Sensory evaluation revealed that dehydrated pear with higher total colour change (ΔE) is more desirable because of its golden yellow appearance. In most cases the highest phenol content was found from fruits dried by HP/VM method. Judging from the quality findings on two important areas namely colour and bioactivity, it was found that combined drying method consisted of HP pre-drying followed by VM finish drying gave the best results for most dehydrated fruits studied in this work as the fruits contain first group of polyphenol compounds, which preferably requires low temperature followed by rapid drying strategy.
Heterophil to lymphocyte ratio and tonic immobility reactions to preslaughter handling in broiler chickens treated with ascorbic acid

Zulkifli I, Che Norma MT, Chong CH, Loh TC

Poult Sci, 2000 Mar;79(3):402-6.
PMID: 10735209

Stress and fear responses were evaluated in broiler chicks that were pretreated for 24 h with 0 ppm (control) or 1,200 ppm of L-ascorbic acid (AA) in their drinking water. The birds were subsequently subjected to either upright handling (UH) or inverted (IH) handling for about 45 s. Heterophil (H) counts, lymphocyte (L) counts, and H/L ratios (H/L) ratios were determined immediately (T0) and at 20 h (T20) following the handling treatment. The H/L ratios were similar for both groups at T0, whereas 20 h after the handling treatment, AA-supplemented birds had lower ratios than controls, resulting in a significant water treatment x time of blood sampling interaction. Inverted handling had negligible effect on H/L ratios but augmented tonic immobility (TI) durations as compared with UH. Irrespective of handling procedure, supplemental AA reduced underlying fearfulness, as measured by TI reaction. Neither water treatment nor handling method had significant effect on number of attempts to induce TI.
Anencephalic pregnancies in a Malaysian hospital

Ong HC, Singh H, Ng TK, Chong CH

Med J Malaysia, 1978 Mar;32(3):212-4.
PMID: 683044
Fulltext Clinical observations of hydatidiform moles in a Malaysian hospital

Ong HC, Lee PYA, Ng TK, Chong CH

Singapore Med J, 1978 Mar;19(1):33-6.
PMID: 663681

A retrospective analysis of 102 cases of hydatidiform moles seen in the Maternity Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, is presented. The incidence was 1 : 669. The tumour was more common In the Malays and in the lower social class patients. No specific age group or parity group was exempted. Vaginal bleeding and amenorrhoea were prominent features. Hyperemesis and abdominal cramps occurred less commonly. The uterine size was larger than dates in 62.7% of patients. Pre-eclampsia complicated 23.5% of the moles and Its severity was inversely related to the uterine size. Spontaneous abortion occurred In 57.8% of patients at a mean gestational period of 19 weeks.

Study site: Maternity Hospital Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia
Fulltext Antioxidant Activity, and Volatile and Phytosterol Contents of Strobilanthes crispus Dehydrated Using Conventional and Vacuum Microwave Drying Methods

Chua LYW, Chua BL, Figiel A, Chong CH, Wojdyło A, Szumny A, et al.

Molecules, 2019 04 09;24(7).
PMID: 30970652 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071397

The preservation of active constituents in fresh herbs is affected by drying methods. An effective drying method for Strobilanthes crispus which is increasingly marketed as an important herbal tea remains to be reported. This study evaluated the effects of conventional and new drying technologies, namely vacuum microwave drying methods, on the antioxidant activity and yield of essential oil volatiles and phytosterols. These drying methods included convective drying (CD) at 40 °C, 50 °C, and 60 °C; vacuum microwave drying (VMD) at 6, 9, and 12 W/g; convective pre-drying and vacuum microwave finish drying (CPD-VMFD) at 50 °C and 9 W/g; and freeze-drying (FD). GC–MS revealed 33 volatiles, and 2-hexen-1-ol, 2-hexenal, 1-octen-3-ol, linalool, and benzaldehyde were major constituents. The compounds β-sitosterol and α-linolenic acid were the most abundant phytosterol and fatty acid, respectively, in fresh S. crispus. The highest phenolic content was achieved with CD at 60 °C. The highest antioxidant activity was obtained with CD at 40 °C and VMD at 9 W/g. On the contrary, the highest total volatiles and phytosterols were detected with CD at 50 °C and VMD at 9 W/g, respectively. This study showed that CD and VMD were effective in producing highly bioactive S. crispus. A suitable drying parameter level, irrespective of the drying method used, was an important influencing factor.
Fulltext Characterisation of the Convective Hot-Air Drying and Vacuum Microwave Drying of Cassia alata: Antioxidant Activity, Essential Oil Volatile Composition and Quality Studies

Chua LYW, Chua BL, Figiel A, Chong CH, Wojdyło A, Szumny A, et al.

Molecules, 2019 Apr 24;24(8).
PMID: 31022967 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081625

The preservation of active constituents in Cassia alata through the removal of moisture is crucial in producing a final product with high antioxidant activity. This study aims to determine the influences of various drying methods and drying conditions on the antioxidant activity, volatiles and phytosterols content of C. alata. The drying methods used were convective drying (CD) at 40 °C, 50 °C and 60 °C; freeze drying; vacuum microwave drying (VMD) at 6, 9 and 12 W/g; and two-stage convective pre-drying followed by vacuum microwave finish drying (CPD-VMFD) at 50 °C and 9 W/g. The drying kinetics of C. alata are best described by the thin-layer model (modified Page model). The highest antioxidant activity, TPC and volatile concentration were achieved with CD at 40 °C. GC-MS analysis identified the presence of 51 volatiles, which were mostly present in all samples but with quantitative variation. The dominant volatiles in fresh C. alata are 2-hexenal (60.28 mg 100 g-1 db), 1-hexanol (18.70 mg 100 g-1 db) and salicylic acid (15.05 mg 100 g-1 db). The concentration of phytosterols in fresh sample was 3647.48 mg 100 g-1 db, and the major phytosterols present in fresh and dried samples were β-sitosterol (1162.24 mg 100 g-1 db). CPD-VMFD was effective in ensuring the preservation of higher phytosterol content in comparison with CD at 50 °C. The final recommendation of a suitable drying method to dehydrate C. alata leaves is CD at 40 °C.
Pattern of acute pelvic inflammatory disease in abortion-related admissions

Sinnathuray TA, Yusof K, Palan VT, Fong CK, Adeep N, Chong CH, et al.

Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1980 Dec 01;138(7 Pt 2):868-71.
PMID: 7468674

We evaluated 3,066 consecutive women admitted during 1 year to two major hospitals of Kuala Lumpur and the adjacent urban area of Malaysia. Indicators of acute pelvic inflammatory disease were more common among patients with induced abortions. PID was thought to be a major contributor to the higher costs associated with management of patients with induced abortions.
Occupational ergonomics and related musculoskeletal disorders among dentists: A systematic review

Soo SY, Ang WS, Chong CH, Tew IM, Yahya NA

Work, 2023;74(2):469-476.
PMID: 36278379 DOI: 10.3233/WOR-211094

BACKGROUND: There is an increasing concern about musculoskeletal disorders (MSD), resulting from occupational health hazards among dentists. Dentists who are susceptible to occupational health hazards could develop cumulative trauma disorders, lead to absenteeism from work, loss of productivity and performance or even long-term disability.
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among dentists, explore the risk factors and identify the ergonomic preventive measures for dental professionals.
METHODS: Articles published between 2008-2020 were searched in scientific databases (MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Library). The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Systematic Review Checklist was used to assess the quality of the studies.
RESULTS: Eighteen studies were found to be suitable in the final review. Relevant data was extracted and summarized from the included studies. The annual prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in any body site ranged between 68% and 100%. The most predominant regions for musculoskeletal disorders among dental professionals were identified to be the lower back (29% to 94.6%), shoulder (25% to 92.7%), and neck (26% to 92%). The most frequently reported risk factors of MSDs were the individual characteristic female gender (57.1%), followed by awkward working postures (50%), long working experience (50%) and being dental specialists (42.9%). Several preventive measures were identified as the most effective ways in preventing MSDs, the use of magnification (40%) and regular physical activity (40%).
CONCLUSIONS: This review reported a high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) among dentists. It critically updates and adds the latest evidence on occupational ergonomics among dentists.
Fulltext Pattern of heart disease and pregnancy seen in a Malaysian hospital

Ong HC, Puraviappan AP, Sinnathuray TA, Chong CH, Sen DK

Singapore Med J, 1978 Jun;19(2):93-7.
PMID: 751193

Pregnancy was associated with cardiac disease in 0.94% of pregnancies. 0.66% with rheumatic lesions and 0.25'\'0 with congenital lesions. The Malays had a higher incidence than the Chinese and Indians. Most of the cardiac pregnancies were in patients between 20-30 years of age and gravida 1 to 4. Nevertheless. still about 30% of cardiac pregnancies were in patients 30 years and over in age and 20% in patient gravida 5 and above. Rheumatic lesions predominated. involving mainly the mitral valve. of which the major lesion was mitral stenosis. PDA. ASD and VSD were the major congenital lesions. Major antepartum matemal complications included arrhythmias. heart failure, anemia and pre-eclampsia. Of the arrhythmias. atrial fibrillation and sinus tachycardia occurred most commonly. A high incidence of prophylactic forceps and vacuum deliveries
was evident. There was one matemal death. The majority of infants were bom alive and well.
Fulltext Impact of Storage Conditions on the Stability of Predominant Phenolic Constituents and Antioxidant Activity of Dried Piper betle Extracts

Ali A, Chong CH, Mah SH, Abdullah LC, Choong TSY, Chua BL

Molecules, 2018 Feb 23;23(2).
PMID: 29473847 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020484

The phenolic constituents in Piper betle are well known for their antioxidant potential; however, current literature has very little information on their stability under the influence of storage factors. Present study evaluated the stability of total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity together with individual phenolic constituents (hydroxychavicol, eugenol, isoeugenol and allylpyrocatechol 3,4-diacetate) present in dried Piper betle's extract under different storage temperature of 5 and 25 °C with and without light for a period of six months. Both light and temperature significantly influenced TPC and its corresponding antioxidant activity over time. More than 95% TPC and antioxidant activity was retained at 5 °C in dark condition after 180 days of storage. Hydroxychavicol demonstrated the best stability with no degradation while eugenol and isoeugenol displayed moderate stability in low temperature (5 °C) and dark conditions. 4-allyl-1,2-diacetoxybenzene was the only compound that underwent complete degradation. A new compound, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, was detected after five weeks of storage only in the extracts exposed to light. Both zero-order and first-order kinetic models were adopted to describe the degradation kinetics of the extract's antioxidant activity. Zero-order displayed better fit with higher correlation coefficients (R² = 0.9046) and the half-life was determined as 62 days for the optimised storage conditions (5 °C in dark conditions).
Fulltext Synergistic Field Crop Pest Management Properties of Plant-Derived Essential Oils in Combination with Synthetic Pesticides and Bioactive Molecules: A Review

Dassanayake MK, Chong CH, Khoo TJ, Figiel A, Szumny A, Choo CM

Foods, 2021 Aug 27;10(9).
PMID: 34574123 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092016

The management of insect pests and fungal diseases that cause damage to crops has become challenging due to the rise of pesticide and fungicide resistance. The recent developments in studies related to plant-derived essential oil products has led to the discovery of a range of phytochemicals with the potential to combat pesticide and fungicide resistance. This review paper summarizes and interprets the findings of experimental work based on plant-based essential oils in combination with existing pesticidal and fungicidal agents and novel bioactive natural and synthetic molecules against the insect pests and fungi responsible for the damage of crops. The insect mortality rate and fractional inhibitory concentration were used to evaluate the insecticidal and fungicidal activities of essential oil synergists against crop-associated pests. A number of studies have revealed that plant-derived essential oils are capable of enhancing the insect mortality rate and reducing the minimum inhibitory concentration of commercially available pesticides, fungicides and other bioactive molecules. Considering these facts, plant-derived essential oils represent a valuable and novel source of bioactive compounds with potent synergism to modulate crop-associated insect pests and phytopathogenic fungi.
Antibacterial potency of mid-polar extracts obtained from Malaysian plant Parkia speciosa against human pathogenic bacteria

Goh SM, Dassanayake MK, Foan CC, Wiart C, Symonds R, Khoo TJ, et al.

Microb Pathog, 2024 Nov 18.
PMID: 39566830 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.107134

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Plants contain a wide variety of bioactive compounds, which have attracted the interest of researchers in finding novel sources of natural medicine. In the following paper, we aim to evaluate the antibacterial potential of extract fractions associated with Parkia speciosa pods and beans against human pathogenic bacteria.
METHODS: Antimicrobial activity was determined with disc diffusion and broth microdilution assays against eight skin colonising microorganisms including Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia followed by further fractionation of the pods ethyl acetate fraction by column chromatography along with preparative thin-layer chromatography. Quantification of bacterial death mechanism was elucidated by the measurement of hole size in cell wall that has been induced by extract constituents via field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM).
RESULTS: Four fractions showed significant antimicrobial activity against the six microorganisms tested (p<0.01), with inhibition zones ranging from 35.67 to 17.00 mm, and minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 6.25 to 50.00 mg/ml in which the pods ethyl acetate fraction was the most effective. The methanol fraction isolated from the pods ethyl acetate fraction was much more effective with a four-fold increase from 6.25 to 1.25 mg/ml against S. epidermidis. The disintegration of S. aureus was due to chronic cell wall alterations with pore creation, invaginations and morphological disorganisation. Autolysis in bacterial cells via the expression of peptidoglycan-disrupting lysozyme or bacterial murein hydrolase was postulated. A significantly large pore with a mean diameter of 293.7 nm was detected in the cell wall of S. aureus.
CONCLUSION: P. speciosa fraction could be a potential novel source for the development of a natural antibacterial agent.
Fulltext Characterisation of a New Fungal Immunomodulatory Protein from Tiger Milk mushroom, Lignosus rhinocerotis

Pushparajah V, Fatima A, Chong CH, Gambule TZ, Chan CJ, Ng ST, et al.

Sci Rep, 2016 07 27;6:30010.
PMID: 27460640 DOI: 10.1038/srep30010

Lignosus rhinocerotis (Tiger milk mushroom) is an important folk medicine for indigenous peoples in Southeast Asia. We previously reported its de novo assembled 34.3 Mb genome encoding a repertoire of proteins including a putative bioactive fungal immunomodulatory protein. Here we report the cDNA of this new member (FIP-Lrh) with a homology range of 54-64% to FIPs from other mushroom species, the closest is with FIP-glu (LZ-8) (64%) from Ganoderma lucidum. The FIP-Lrh of 112 amino acids (12.59 kDa) has a relatively hydrophobic N-terminal. Its predicted 3-dimensional model has identical folding patterns to FIP-fve and contains a partially conserved and more positively charged carbohydrates binding pocket. Docking predictions of FIP-Lrh on 14 glycans commonly found on cellular surfaces showed the best binding energy of -3.98 kcal/mol to N-acetylgalactosamine and N-acetylglucosamine. Overexpression of a 14.9 kDa soluble 6xHisFIP-Lrh was achieved in pET-28a(+)/BL21 and the purified recombinant protein was sequence verified by LC-MS/MS (QTOF) analysis. The ability to haemagglutinate both mouse and human blood at concentration ≥0.34 μM, further demonstrated its lectin nature. In addition, the cytotoxic effect of 6xHisFIP-Lrh on MCF-7, HeLa and A549 cancer cell lines was detected at IC50 of 0.34 μM, 0.58 μM and 0.60 μM, respectively.

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