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Fulltext Advanced Composite Materials for Structural Maintenance, Repair, and Control

Aabid A, Baig M, Hrairi M

Materials (Basel), 2023 Jan 12;16(2).
PMID: 36676479 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020743

A newly added Special Issue (SI) of the Materials journal, titled "Advanced Composite Materials for Structural Maintenance, Repair, and Control" focuses on the foundations, characterizations, and applications of several advanced composites [...].
Multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay for transfusion transmitted viruses in sero-negative allogeneic blood donors: an experience from Southern Pakistan

Sultan S, Nasir MI, Rafiq S, Baig MA, Akbani S, Irfan SM

Malays J Pathol, 2017 Aug;39(2):149-154.
PMID: 28866696

BACKGROUND: Blood transfusion safety commences with healthy donor recruitment. The threat of transfusion transmitted infections is greatly minimized by serological tools but not entirely eliminated. Recently, nucleic-acid testing for blood donor screening has virtually eliminated this jeopardy.
METHODS: This prospective study was conducted from February 2015 to February 2016. Samples from seronegative donors were run on multiplex assay (Cobas, S-201 system platform, Roche) in a batch of six [MP-NAT]. In case of reactive pool, tests were run on every individual sample [IDNAT].
RESULTS: Of 16957 donors, 16836 (99.2%) were replacement donors and the remaining 121 (0.7%) were voluntary donors, with a mean age of 29.09 ± 7.04 years. After serologic screening of all 16957 donors, 955 (5.6%) were found to be reactive; 291(1.71%) were reactive for hepatitis-B surface antigen, 361 (2.12%) for antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV), 14 (0.08%) for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus, 287 (1.69%) for syphilis and 2 (0.01%) for malaria. 14 (0.08%) NAT reactive donors were identified after testing the 16002 seronegative donors, with an overall NAT yield of one reactivity out of 1143 blood donations; 10 donors for HBV-DNA (HBV NAT yield-1:1600) and remaining 4 for HCV-RNA (HCV-NAT yield-1:4000). None were HIV positive.
CONCLUSION: NAT has improved the safety attributes in blood products. Although the positivity rate for NAT testing is low but in view of the high prevalence of transfusion transmitted infections in our country, we recommend the parallel use of both serology and NAT screening of all donated blood.
Fulltext Advancements and Limitations in 3D Printing Materials and Technologies: A Critical Review

Iftekar SF, Aabid A, Amir A, Baig M

Polymers (Basel), 2023 May 30;15(11).
PMID: 37299318 DOI: 10.3390/polym15112519

3D printing has revolutionized various industries by enabling the production of complex designs and shapes. Recently, the potential of new materials in 3D printing has led to an exponential increase in the technology's applications. However, despite these advancements, the technology still faces significant challenges, including high costs, low printing speeds, limited part sizes, and strength. This paper critically reviews the recent trends in 3D printing technology, with a particular focus on the materials and their applications in the manufacturing industry. The paper highlights the need for further development of 3D printing technology to overcome its limitations. It also summarizes the research conducted by experts in this field, including their focuses, techniques, and limitations. By providing a comprehensive overview of the recent trends in 3D printing, this review aims to provide valuable insights into the technology's prospects.
Effect of ribs in a suddenly expanded flow at sonic Mach number

Khan A, Khan SA, Raja V, Aabid A, Baig M

Heliyon, 2024 May 15;10(9):e30313.
PMID: 38720747 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30313

This study aims to assess the influence of a rib on the base pressure and the flow development in an abruptly expanded duct at sonic Mach number. Initially, the simulations were done to validate the experimental results, keeping all the parameters the same. Accordingly, a duct-of-area ratio of 6.25 was considered for validation. Five ribs of aspect ratios 3:1, 3:2, and 3:3 were used as a first step, and simulations were performed for the same nozzle pressure ratios. Results indicate that for an area ratio of 6.25, there is a continuous decrease in the base pressure despite the nozzles being highly under-expanded. The lower aspect ratio of the rib tends to reduce the base pressure, whereas a higher aspect ratio effectively increases the base pressure for an area ratio of 6.25. Later simulations considered a single rib instead of five ribs, varying the rib's heights from 1 mm to 5 mm. Results show that the base pressure increases considerably when rib heights are 4 mm and 5 mm. The influence of ribs at two duct diameters (25 mm and 18 mm) is studied to assess the impact of a decrease in the area ratio and, hence, a decrease in the relief available to the flow. Results of duct 18 mm show that passive control becomes very effective when a rib of 3 mm height is located at a 3D position. The differences in the base pressure, velocity, and pressure field for each case are explored. The simulation results indicate that the rib breaks the primary vortex at the base and forms multiple vortices. Turbulent kinetic energy increases in the presence of ribs more than without a rib.
Fulltext Effects of Diamond Content on the Morphology and Compressive Properties of Porous Aluminum Composites

Parveez B, Jamal NA, Nazurah NI, Aabid A, Baig M

ACS Omega, 2024 Aug 27;9(34):36690-36698.
PMID: 39220517 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c05354

Porous aluminum (Al) is popular due to its lightweight properties and impact energy absorption. However, it often has a lower mechanical strength than solid Al. To improve the performance, diamond reinforcement was introduced into the matrix. Further, addressing the challenge of interfacial bonding between Al and diamond, coated diamond with varying contents of 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt % was added to the porous Al alloy matrix via the powder metallurgy technique. The porosities were formed by using poly(methyl methacrylate) (30 wt %) as a space holder. The densities of the resultant porous composites ranged from 2.20 to 2.37 g/cm3 and porosities ranged from 33 to 38% for 5-20 wt % diamond contents. Furthermore, the yield strength and plateau stress increased from 21.47 to 29.46 MPa and 14 to 20 MPa, respectively, up to 10 wt % diamond content but declined upon further addition. Similarly, the energy absorption capacity increased from 2.15 to 2.95 MJ/m3 up to 10 wt % diamond content and thereafter decreased. Thus, the addition of coated diamond and alloying elements in Al strengthened the porous Al composites, making it suitable for applications requiring good compressive strength and energy absorption capacity.
Fulltext Knowledge, attitude and behavior of healthcare providers towards breast cancer in Malaysia: a systematic review

Azeem E, Gillani SW, Siddiqui A, Shammary H A A, Poh V, Syed Sulaiman SA, et al.

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2015;16(13):5233-5.
PMID: 26225658

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in Malaysia. Therefore, it is highly important for the public to be educated on breast cancer and to know the steps to detect it early on. Healthcare providers are in the prime position to provide such education to the public due to their high knowledge regarding health and their roles in healthcare. The present systematic review involved studies conducted in recent years to analyze the knowledge, attitudes and behavior of Malaysian healthcare providers regarding breast cancer, in attempts to obtain an overall picture of how well equipped our healthcare providers are to provide optimal breast cancer education, and to see their perceptions and actual involvement in said education. The systematic review was conducted via a primary search of various databases and journal websites, and a secondary search of references used by eligible studies. Criteria for eligibility included being published from the year 2008 till present, being conducted in Malaysia, and being written in the English language. A total of two studies were eligible for this review. Findings show that Malaysian future and current healthcare providers have moderate knowledge on breast cancer, have a positive towards involvement of breast cancer education, but have poor actual involvement.
Fulltext Multi Ceramic Particles Inclusion in the Aluminium Matrix and Wear Characterization through Experimental and Response Surface-Artificial Neural Networks

Sharath BN, Venkatesh CV, Afzal A, Aslfattahi N, Aabid A, Baig M, et al.

Materials (Basel), 2021 May 28;14(11).
PMID: 34071305 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112895

Lightweight composite materials have recently been recognized as appropriate materials have been adopted in many industrial applications because of their versatility. The present research recognizes the inclusion of ceramics such as Gr and B4C in manufacturing AMMCs through stir casting. Prepared composites were tested for hardness and wear behaviour. The tests' findings revealed that the reinforced matrix was harder (60%) than the un-reinforced alloy because of the increased ceramic phase. The rising content of B4C and Gr particles led to continuous improvements in wear resistance. The microstructure and worn surface were observed through SEM (Scanning electron microscope) and revealed the formation of mechanically mixed layers of both B4C and Gr, which served as the effective insulation surface and protected the test sample surface from the steel disc. With the rise in the content of B4C and Gr, the weight loss declined, and significant wear resistance was achieved at 15 wt.% B4C and 10 wt.% Gr. A response surface analysis for the weight loss was carried out to obtain the optimal objective function. Artificial neural network methodology was adopted to identify the significance of the experimental results and the importance of the wear parameters. The error between the experimental and ANN results was found to be within 1%.
Fulltext Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Ternary-Hybrid Nanoparticles as Thermal Additives

Mohammed Zayan J, Rasheed AK, John A, Faris WF, Aabid A, Baig M, et al.

Materials (Basel), 2022 Dec 24;16(1).
PMID: 36614512 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010173

The performance of water as a heat transfer medium in numerous applications is limited by its effective thermal conductivity. To improve the thermal conductivity of water, herein, we report the development and thermophysical characterization of novel metal-metal-oxide-carbon-based ternary-hybrid nanoparticles (THNp) GO-TiO2-Ag and rGO-TiO2-Ag. The results indicate that the graphene oxide- and reduced graphene oxide-based ternary-hybrid nanoparticles dispersed in water enhance the base fluid (H2O) thermal conductivity by 66% and 83%, respectively, even at very low concentrations. Mechanisms contributing to this significant enhancement are discussed. The experimental thermal conductivity is plotted against the existing empirical hybrid thermal conductivity correlations. We found that those correlations are not suitable for the metal-metal-oxide-carbon combinations, calling for new thermal conductivity models. Furthermore, the rheological measurements of the nanofluids display non-Newtonian behavior, and the viscosity reduces with the increase in temperature. Such behavior is possibly due to the non-uniform shapes of the ternary-hybrid nanoparticles.
Optimizing the Compressive Properties of Porous Aluminum Composites by Varying Diamond Content, Space Holder Size and Content

Parveez B, Jamal NA, Maleque MA, Rozhan AN, Aabid A, Baig M

Materials (Basel), 2023 Jan 18;16(3).
PMID: 36769931 DOI: 10.3390/ma16030921

The compressive properties of powder metallurgy (PM)-based porous aluminum (Al) composites were optimized at three levels based on the following parameters: titanium (Ti)-coated diamond content, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) particle content, and PMMA particle size. A 3 × 3 matrix was used in the experimental design of an L9 orthogonal array to get nine sets of combinations. These nine compositions were then tested and analyzed for density, porosity, plateau stress, and energy absorption capacity. The effect of individual input parameters was assessed using the Taguchi-based means ratio and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The main effect plots articulated the optimal parameter levels for achieving maximum compressive property values (plateau stress and energy absorption capacity). The findings show that diamond content and PMMA particle size have a major impact on compressive properties. The ANOVA analysis yielded similar results, with diamond content accounting for the greatest value. Further, the response optimization of compressive properties revealed that maximum values could be obtained at optimum parameters: diamond content of 12 wt.%, PMMA particle size of 150 μm, and PMMA particle content of 25 wt.%. Confirmation tests on the optimal parameters revealed improved results as well as some minor errors and deviations, indicating that the chosen parameters are critical for controlling the compressive properties of Al composites.
Fulltext Development of Magnesium Aluminate (MgAl2O4) Nanoparticles for refractory crucible application

Khan SA, Mohd Zain Z, Siddiqui Z, Khan W, Aabid A, Baig M, et al.

PLoS One, 2024;19(1):e0296793.
PMID: 38227597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296793

Ceramics are the oxides of metals and nonmetals with excellent compressive strength. Ceramics usually exhibit inert behavior at high temperatures. Magnesium aluminate (MgAl2O4), a member of the ceramic family, possesses a high working temperature up to 2000°C, low thermal conductivity, high strength even at elevated temperatures, and good corrosion resistance. Moreover, Magnesium Aluminate Nanoparticles (MANPs) can be used in the making of refractory crucible applications. This study focuses on the thermal behavior of Magnesium Aluminate Nanoparticles (MANPs) and their application in the making of refractory crucibles. The molten salt method is used to obtain MANPs. The presence of MANPs is seen by XRD peaks ranging from 66° to 67°. The determination of the smallest crystallite size of the sample is achieved by utilizing the Scherrer formula and is found to be 15.3 nm. The SEM micrographs provided further information, indicating an average particle size of 91.2 nm. At 600°C, DSC curves show that only 0.05 W/g heat flows into the material, and the TGA curve shows only 3% weight loss, which is prominent for thermal insulation applications. To investigate the thermal properties, crucibles of pure MANPs and the different compositions of MANPs and pure alumina are prepared. During the sintering, cracks appear on the crucible of pure magnesium aluminate. To explore the reason for crack development, tablets of MgAl2O4 are made and sintered at 1150°C. Ceramography shows the crack-free surfaces of all the tablets. Results confirm the thermal stability of MANPs at high temperatures and their suitability for melting crucible applications.
Fulltext Investigation on Rheological Properties of Water-Based Novel Ternary Hybrid Nanofluids Using Experimental and Taguchi Method

Mohammed Zayan J, Rasheed AK, John A, Khalid M, Ismail AF, Aabid A, et al.

Materials (Basel), 2021 Dec 21;15(1).
PMID: 35009170 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010028

This study presents the rheological behavior of water-based GO-TiO2-Ag and rGO-TiO2-Ag ternary-hybrid nanofluids. The impact of nanoparticles' volumetric concentration and temperature on the rheological properties were studied. All experiments were performed under temperatures ranging from 25 to 50 °C in the solid volume concentration range of 0.5-0.00005%. The data optimization technique was adopted using the Taguchi method. The types of nanomaterials, concentration, temperature, and shear rate were chosen to optimize the viscosity and shear stress. The effect of shear stress, angular sweep, frequency sweep, and damping factor ratio is plotted. The experimental results demonstrated that the rheological properties of the ternary hybrid nanofluid depend on the ternary hybrid nanofluid's temperature. The viscosity of ternary hybrid nanofluids (THNf) change by 40% for GO-TiO2-Ag and 33% for rGO-TiO2-Ag when temperature and shear rates are increased. All the ternary hybrid nanofluids demonstrated non-Newtonian behavior at lower concentrations and higher shear stress, suggesting a potential influence of nanoparticle aggregation on the viscosity. The dynamic viscosity of ternary hybrid nanofluid increased with enhancing solid particles' volume concentration and temperature.
Heat Transfer of Ca (NO3)2-KNO3 Molten Salt Mixtures for Austempering and Martempering Processes of Steels

Quadros JD, Khan SA, Mohin M, Mogul YI, Aabid A, Baig M, et al.

ACS Omega, 2024 Apr 16;9(15):17266-17275.
PMID: 38645353 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10262

Molten salts are highly effective as a quenching medium for austempering and martempering processes, enabling precise control of cooling rates to achieve the desired microstructures and mechanical characteristics in steel components. One such promising molten salt is a multicomponent Ca (NO3)2-KNO3 molten salt. The current work explores the cooling severity of molten Ca (NO3)2-KNO3 mixtures, which are commonly used for such purposes. The said mixture, with varying concentrations and bath temperatures was used for quenching the Inconel probe with thermocouples. The temperature data extracted was used to determine the transient heat flux developed at the metal-quenchant interface. A set of critical points were assessed against the peak heat extraction rates. Additionally, the fluctuation of mean heat flux and surface temperature in relation to these crucial points were plotted, along with changes in composition and bath temperature of the quench media. The cooling intensity of these quench solutions, as measured by Inconel probes, correlated well with the average hardness values observed in steel probes. The level of homogeneity in heat transmission, as measured by the spatial variance of the normalized heat energy, decreased as the percentage of KNO3 in the quench medium increased.
Fulltext First comprehensive in silico analysis of the functional and structural consequences of SNPs in human GalNAc-T1 gene

Mohamoud HS, Hussain MR, El-Harouni AA, Shaik NA, Qasmi ZU, Merican AF, et al.

Comput Math Methods Med, 2014;2014:904052.
PMID: 24723968 DOI: 10.1155/2014/904052

GalNAc-T1, a key candidate of GalNac-transferases genes family that is involved in mucin-type O-linked glycosylation pathway, is expressed in most biological tissues and cell types. Despite the reported association of GalNAc-T1 gene mutations with human disease susceptibility, the comprehensive computational analysis of coding, noncoding and regulatory SNPs, and their functional impacts on protein level, still remains unknown. Therefore, sequence- and structure-based computational tools were employed to screen the entire listed coding SNPs of GalNAc-T1 gene in order to identify and characterize them. Our concordant in silico analysis by SIFT, PolyPhen-2, PANTHER-cSNP, and SNPeffect tools, identified the potential nsSNPs (S143P, G258V, and Y414D variants) from 18 nsSNPs of GalNAc-T1. Additionally, 2 regulatory SNPs (rs72964406 and #x26; rs34304568) were also identified in GalNAc-T1 by using FastSNP tool. Using multiple computational approaches, we have systematically classified the functional mutations in regulatory and coding regions that can modify expression and function of GalNAc-T1 enzyme. These genetic variants can further assist in better understanding the wide range of disease susceptibility associated with the mucin-based cell signalling and pathogenic binding, and may help to develop novel therapeutic elements for associated diseases.
Subcutaneous versus Intravenous Amivantamab, both in Combination with Lazertinib, in Refractory EGFR-mutated NSCLC: Primary Results from the Phase 3 PALOMA-3 Study

Leighl NB, Akamatsu H, Lim SM, Cheng Y, Minchom AR, Marmarelis ME, et al.

J Clin Oncol, 2024 Jun 10.
PMID: 38857463 DOI: 10.1200/JCO.24.01001

PURPOSE: Phase 3 studies of intravenous amivantamab demonstrated efficacy across EGFR-mutated advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A subcutaneous formulation could improve tolerability and reduce administration time while maintaining efficacy.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with EGFR-mutated advanced NSCLC who progressed following osimertinib and platinum-based chemotherapy were randomized 1:1 to receive subcutaneous or intravenous amivantamab, both combined with lazertinib. Co-primary pharmacokinetic noninferiority endpoints were trough concentrations (Ctrough; on cycle-2-day-1 or cycle-4-day-1) and cycle-2 area under the curve (AUCD1-D15). Key secondary endpoints were objective response rate (ORR) and progression-free survival (PFS). Overall survival (OS) was a predefined exploratory endpoint.
RESULTS: Overall, 418 patients underwent randomization (subcutaneous group, n=206; intravenous group, n=212). Geometric mean ratios of Ctrough for subcutaneous to intravenous amivantamab were 1.15 (90% CI, 1.04-1.26) at cycle-2-day-1 and 1.42 (90% CI, 1.27-1.61) at cycle-4-day-1; the cycle-2 AUCD1-D15 was 1.03 (90% CI, 0.98-1.09). ORR was 30% in the subcutaneous and 33% in the intravenous group; median PFS was 6.1 and 4.3 months, respectively. OS was significantly longer in the subcutaneous versus intravenous group (hazard ratio for death, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.42-0.92; nominal P=0.02). Fewer patients in the subcutaneous group experienced infusion-related reactions (13% versus 66%) and venous thromboembolism (9% versus 14%) versus the intravenous group. Median administration time for first infusion was reduced to 4.8 minutes (range, 0-18) for subcutaneous amivantamab from 5 hours (range, 0.2-9.9) for intravenous amivantamab. During cycle-1-day-1, 85% and 52% of patients in the subcutaneous and intravenous groups, respectively, considered treatment convenient; end-of-treatment rates were 85% and 35%, respectively.
CONCLUSION: Subcutaneous amivantamab-lazertinib demonstrated noninferiority to intravenous amivantamab-lazertinib, offering a consistent safety profile with reduced infusion-related reactions, increased convenience, and prolonged survival.

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