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  1. Fulltext Symmetric left-handed split ring resonator metamaterial design for terahertz frequency applications
    Ramachandran T, Faruque MRI, Al-Mugren KS
    Sci Rep, 2023 Dec 09;13(1):21828.
    PMID: 38071245 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49202-1
    This work focused on the novel symmetrical left-handed split ring resonator metamaterial for terahertz frequency applications. A compact substrate material known as Silicon with a dimension of 5 µm was adopted in this research investigation. Moreover, several parameter studies were investigated, such as clockwise rotation, array and layer structure designs, larger-scale metamaterials, novel design structure comparisons and electric field distribution analysis. Meanwhile, two types of square-shaped metamaterial designs were proposed in this work. The proposed designs exhibit double and single resonance frequencies respectively, likely at 3.32 and 9.24 THz with magnitude values of - 16.43 and - 17.33 for the first design, while the second design exhibits a response at 3.03 THz with a magnitude value of - 19.90. Moreover, the verification of these results by adopting High-frequency Structure Simulator software indicates only slight discrepancies which are less than 5%. Furthermore, the initial response of the proposed designs was successfully altered by simply rotating the design clockwise or even increasing the dimension of the design. For instance, the first resonance frequency is shifted to the lower band when the first proposed design was rotated 90°. On the other hand, by increasing the size of the metamaterial, more than nine resonance frequencies were gained in each symmetric design. Furthermore, the symmetric metamaterial with a similar width and length of 10 µm dimension was adopted for both design structures to construct an equivalent circuit model by utilising Advanced Design System software. Finally, both unit cell designs were utilised to explore the absorption performances which exhibit four and five peak points. Overall, the altering behaviour by changing physical properties and compact design with acceptable responses become one of the novelties of this research investigation. In a nutshell, the proposed designs can be utilised in terahertz frequency which gives optimistic or advantageous feedback and is relatively suitable for the adopted frequency range.
  2. Asymmetric metamaterial sandwich structure with NIM characteristics for THz imaging application
    Ramachandran T, Faruque MRI, Al-Mugren KS
    Sci Rep, 2024 Mar 15;14(1):6258.
    PMID: 38491125 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56723-w
    This study presented a unique, miniaturised asymmetric interconnected vertical stripe (IVS) design for terahertz (THz) frequency applications. Therefore, this research aimed to achieve a frequency response of 0 to 10 THz using a 5 × 5 µm2 Silicon (Si) substrate material. Meanwhile, various parametric examinations were conducted to investigate variations in the performance. For example, the unit cell selection process was carefully examined by using various design structures and modifying the structure by adding split gaps and connecting bars between vertical stripes. Furthermore, the proposed sandwich structure design was used to compute the absorbance and reflectance properties. All the analytical examinations were executed utilising the Computer Simulation Technology (CST) 2019 software. The introduced IVS metamaterial exhibits negative index behaviour and has a single resonance frequency of 5.23 THz with an acceptable magnitude of - 24.38 dB. Additionally, the quadruple-layer IVS structure exhibits optimised transmission coefficient behaviour between 3 and 6 THz and 7 to 9 THz, respectively. However, the magnitude of the transmission coefficient increased with the number of material layers. Besides that, the absorbance study shows that using a quadruple-layer structure obtains unique and promising results. Overall, the proposed asymmetric IVS metamaterial design achieves the required performance by using a compact structure rather than extending the dimensions of the design.
  3. Evaluation of production cross-sections for theranostic 67Cu radionuclide via proton-induced nuclear reaction on 68Zn target
    Ali SKI, Khandaker MU, Al-Mugren KS, Latif SA, Bradley DA, Okhunov AA, et al.
    Appl Radiat Isot, 2021 Jul;173:109735.
    PMID: 33915407 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.109735
    Copper-67 (T1/2 = 61.83 h, Eβ-mean=141 keV, Iβ-total=100%; Eγ = 184.577 keV, Iγ = 48.7%) is a promising radionuclide for theranostic applications especially in radio immunotherapy. However, one of the main drawbacks for its application is related to its limited availability. Various nuclear reaction routes investigated in the last years can result in 67Cu production, although the use of proton beams is the method of choice taken into account in this work. The goal of this work is a revision of the cross-sections aimed at 67Cu yield, which were evaluated for the 68Zn(p,2p)67Cu reaction route up to 80 MeV proton energy. A well-defined statistical procedure, i.e., the Simultaneous Evaluation on KALMAN (SOK), combined with the least-squares concept, was used to obtain the evaluated data together with the covariance matrix. The obtained evaluated data were also compared to predictions provided by the nuclear reaction model codes TALYS and EMPIRE, and a partial agreement among them has been found. These data may be useful for both existing and potential applications in nuclear medicine, to achieve an improvement and validation of the various nuclear reaction models, and may also find applications in other fields (e.g., activation analysis and thin layer activation).
  4. Fulltext Development of a Novel Design and Subsequent Fabrication of an Automated Touchless Hand Sanitizer Dispenser to Reduce the Spread of Contagious Diseases
    Das A, Barua A, Mohimin MA, Abedin J, Khandaker MU, Al-Mugren KS
    Healthcare (Basel), 2021 Apr 10;9(4).
    PMID: 33920290 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9040445
    BACKGROUND: The use of a touchless automated hand sanitizer dispenser may play a key role to reduce contagious diseases. The key problem of the conventional ultrasonic and infra-red-based dispensers is their malfunctioning due to the interference of sunlight, vehicle sound, etc. when deployed in busy public places. To overcome such limitations, this study introduced a laser-based sensing device to dispense sanitizer in an automated touchless process.

    METHOD: The dispensing system is based on an Arduino circuit breadboard where an ATmega328p microcontroller was pre-installed. To sense the proximity, a light-dependent resistor (LDR) is used where the laser light is to be blocked after the placement of human hands, hence produced a sharp decrease in the LDR sensor value. Once the LDR sensor value exceeds the lower threshold, the pump is actuated by the microcontroller, and the sanitizer dispenses through the nozzle.

    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A novel design and subsequent fabrication of a low-cost, touchless, automated sanitizer dispenser to be used in public places, was demonstrated. The overall performance of the manufactured device was analyzed based on the cost and power consumption, and environmental factors by deploying it in busy public places as well as in indoor environment in major cities in Bangladesh, and found to be more efficient and cost-effective compared to other dispensers available in the market. A comprehensive discussion on this unique design compared to the conventional ultrasonic and infra-red based dispensers, is presented to show its suitability over the commercial ones. The guidelines of the World Health Organization are followed for the preparation of sanitizer liquid. A clear demonstration of the circuitry connections is presented herein, which facilitates the interested individual to manufacture a cost-effective dispenser device in a relatively short time and use it accordingly. Conclusion: This study reveals that the LDR-based automated hand sanitizer dispenser system is a novel concept, and it is cost-effective compared to the conventional ones. The presented device is expected to play a key role in contactless hand disinfection in public places, and reduce the spread of infectious diseases in society.

  5. Fulltext Dual-Square-Split-Ring-Enclosed Microstrip-Based Sensor for Noninvasive Label-Free Detection
    Siddiky AM, Faruque MRI, Islam MT, Abdullah S, Khandaker MU, Al-Mugren KS
    Materials (Basel), 2022 Nov 01;15(21).
    PMID: 36363280 DOI: 10.3390/ma15217688
    In this article, we present the use of a metamaterial-incorporated microwave-based sensor with a single port network for material characterization. The proposed sensor consists of a microstrip patch layer enclosed with a dual-square-shaped metamaterial split-ring. This structure has the dimensions of 20 × 20 × 1.524 mm3 and a copper metallic layer is placed on a Rogers RT 6002 with a partial back layer as a ground. Two resonant frequencies are exhibited for applied electromagnetic interaction using a transmission line. The dual split rings increase the compactness and accumulation of the electromagnetic field on the surface of the conducting layer to improve the sensitivity of the sensor. The numerical studies are carried out using a CST high-frequency microwave simulator. The validation of the proposed sensor is performed with an equivalent circuit model in ADS and numerical high-frequency simulator HFSS. The material under test placed on the proposed sensor shows good agreement with the frequency deviation for different permittivity variations. Different substrates are analyzed as a host medium of the sensor for parametric analysis.
  6. An Innovative Compact Split-Ring-Resonator-Based Power Tiller Wheel-Shaped Metamaterial for Quad-Band Wireless Communication
    Afsar MSU, Faruque MRI, Abdullah S, Islam MT, Khandaker MU, Al-Mugren KS
    Materials (Basel), 2023 Jan 28;16(3).
    PMID: 36770144 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031137
    A split-ring resonator (SRR)-based power tiller wheel-shaped quad-band ℇ-negative metamaterial is presented in this research article. This is a new compact metamaterial with a high effective medium ratio (EMR) designed with three modified octagonal split-ring resonators (OSRRs). The electrical dimension of the proposed metamaterial (MM) unit cell is 0.086λ × 0.086λ, where λ is the wavelength calculated at the lowest resonance frequency of 2.35 GHz. Dielectric RT6002 materials of standard thickness (1.524 mm) were used as a substrate. Computer simulation technology (CST) Microwave Studio simulator shows four resonance peaks at 2.35, 7.72, 9.23 and 10.68 GHz with magnitudes of -43.23 dB -31.05 dB, -44.58 dB and -31.71 dB, respectively. Moreover, negative permittivity (ℇ) is observed in the frequency ranges of 2.35-3.01 GHz, 7.72-8.03 GHz, 9.23-10.02 GHz and 10.69-11.81 GHz. Additionally, a negative refractive index is observed in the frequency ranges of 2.36-3.19 GHz, 7.74-7.87 GHz, 9.26-10.33 GHz and 10.70-11.81 GHz, with near-zero permeability noted in the environments of these frequency ranges. The medium effectiveness indicator effective medium ratio (EMR) of the proposed MM is an estimated 11.61 at the lowest frequency of 2.35 GHz. The simulated results of the anticipated structure are validated by authentication processes such as array orientation, HFSS and ADS for an equivalent electrical circuit model. Given its high EMR and compactness in dimensions, the presented metamaterial can be used in S-, C- and X-band wireless communication applications.
  7. Fulltext Compact and Polarization Insensitive Satellite Band Perfect Metamaterial Absorber for Effective Electromagnetic Communication System
    Afsar MSU, Faruque MRI, Abdullah S, Al-Mugren KS
    Materials (Basel), 2023 Jul 02;16(13).
    PMID: 37445090 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134776
    A commercially viable metal-dielectric-metal configured triple-band metamaterial absorber is offered in this paper. It is an aggregation of four compact symmetric circles, with a swastika-shaped metal structure, which are bonded by two split-ring resonators (SRRs). Copper (annealed) of electrical conductivity 5.8 × 107 Sm-1 is used for the ground plate and resonator portion of the top layer and an FR 4 dielectric of permittivity 4.3 is used as a substrate. The structural parameters of the unit cell were determined by a trial and error method. FIT-based 3D simulation software (CST microwave studio, 2019 version was used to characterize the proposed perfect metamaterial absorber (PMA). Three resonance peaks were observed at frequencies 3.03, 5.83 and 7.23 GHz with an absorbance of 99.84%, 99.03% and 98.26%, respectively. The numerical result has been validated by some authentic validation methods. Finally, a microwave network analyzer (PNA) of Agilent N5227 with waveguide ports were deployed for measurement. The simulation and experimental results show better harmony. The proposed PMA has a unique design and a small dimension with higher absorption compared to other contemporary studies. This special type of polarization, insensitive S- and C-band PMA, is designed for a telecommunication system via full-time raw satellite and radar feeds.
  8. Fulltext Compact Multi-Layered Symmetric Metamaterial Design Structure for Microwave Frequency Applications
    Ramachandran T, Faruque MRI, Singh MSJ, Al-Mugren KS
    Materials (Basel), 2023 Jun 24;16(13).
    PMID: 37444880 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134566
    Metamaterial analysis for microwave frequencies is a common practice. However, adopting a multi-layered design is unique in the concept of miniaturisation, thus requiring extensive research for optimal performance. This study focuses on a multi-layered symmetric metamaterial design for C- and X-band applications. All simulation analyses were performed analytically using Computer Simulation Technology Studio Suite 2019. The performances of the proposed metamaterial design were analysed through several parametric studies. Based on the observation, the proposed metamaterial unit cell design manifested resonant frequencies at 7.63 GHz (C-band) and 9.56 GHz (X-band). Moreover, the analysis of effective medium parameters was also included in this study. High-Frequency Simulation 15.0 and Advanced Design System 2020 software validated the transmission coefficient results. Simultaneously, the proposed multi-layered metamaterial design with Rogers RO3006 substrate material exhibited a unique transmission coefficient using double, triple, and quadruple layers. The two resonant frequencies in the unit cell design were successfully increased to three in the double-layer structure at 6.34 GHz (C-band), 8.46 and 11.13 GHz (X-band). The proposed unit cell design was arranged in an array structure to analyse the performance changes in the transmission coefficient. Overall, the proposed metamaterial design accomplished the miniaturisation concept by arranging unit cells in a multi-layer structure and possesses unique properties such as a highly effective medium ratio and left-handed characteristics.
  9. Fulltext Development of double-layer metamaterial with high effective medium ratio values for S- and C-band applications
    Sifat R, Faruque MRI, Ramachandran T, Abdullah M, Islam MT, Al-Mugren KS
    Heliyon, 2024 Jan 15;10(1):e23851.
    PMID: 38192815 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23851
    This study introduces a compact double negative metamaterial (DNM) composed of three split rings connected slab resonator (TSRCSR) based double-layer design with a high 13.9 EMR (effective medium ratio) value. A double-layer patch is introduced to achieve the novel double negative properties, including negative behaviours of effective medium parameters, including refractive index, permittivity, and permeability with a high effective medium ratio for the miniaturised size of the introduced unconventional material that is highly suitable for microwave S and C band covering applications. The popular low-loss Rogers RT5880 (thickness 1.575 mm) substrate and copper resonator materials are utilized to develop the metamaterial unit cell that offers triple resonance between frequencies from 1 to 8 GHz. Therefore, the proposed metamaterial exhibits resonance peaks at 2.75, 5.2, and 6.3 GHz, suitable for radar, communication satellite, and long-distance telecommunication applications, respectively. The commercially available simulator known as Computer Simulation Technology (CST) is adopted to develop and simulate the 8 × 8 mm2 metamaterial design. The simulation results of the introduced TSRCSR design structure were verified by adopting the Ansys High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS). Furthermore, it was then proved with the help of equivalent circuit model findings gained from the Advanced Design Structure (ADS) software. On the other hand, the analytical results were further validated by measuring the TSRCSR design utilizing a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). These analyses become one of the novelties of this work, where the compact TSRCSR metamaterial successfully gained small discrepancies in transmission coefficient values when compared to both analytical and measurement results. The proposed metamaterial is highly suggested for communication devices for its extensive effective characteristics and compactness.
  10. Fulltext SRR inspired inversion symmetry-shaped left-handed metamaterial with a high effective medium ratio for ASR and WLAN applications
    Sifat R, Faruque MRI, Ramachandran T, Abdullah M, Islam MT, Al-Mugren KS
    Heliyon, 2024 Feb 29;10(4):e26232.
    PMID: 38390122 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26232
    This study developed a metamaterial-inspired split-ring resonator (SRR) based inversion symmetry-shaped structure for airport surveillance radar and local area wireless network applications. The proposed device exhibited suitability for S- and C-band applications, featuring distinct resonance peaks at 2.8 and 4.9 GHz, respectively. The two-layer double negative metamaterial unit cell comprises a copper-based resonator, patch, and a low-loss substrate material known as Rogers RT5800 with a thickness of 1.575 mm. The 8 × 8 mm2 structure unit cell was identified with an effective medium ratio (EMR) of 13.4 at the resonance peak of 2.8 GHz. With the alteration of the metamaterial unit cell structure, the electric field, surface current distribution, magnetic field, and design evolution were observed, analysed, and investigated in this study. Meanwhile, the retrieved data from the reflection and transmission coefficients from CST Microwave Studio were validated using the Ansys High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software. A Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) further measured the numerical results. Based on the findings, the proposed novel double negative metamaterial device is suitable for radar communication and satellite applications, especially airport surveillance radar (ASR) and wireless local area network (WLAN), due to its high EMR at the desired resonance frequency.
  11. Evaluating physico-mechanical properties of NaOH-treated natural fibres: Effects of polyolefin
    Rahman MZ, Hannan MA, Mollah MZI, Hoque MB, Al-Mugren KS, Faruque MRI
    Heliyon, 2024 Nov 15;10(21):e39673.
    PMID: 39524773 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39673
    The bottle gourd plant fibres (BGPF) and okra fibres were processed and refined (w/w 6 % NaOH) before being incorporated with polyolefin (polypropylene) for composite fabrication using a blending technique. The polyolefin matrix is used to develop composites with 5 % okra fibres and varying percentages (25, 30, 35 and 40 %) of BGPF. The results indicated that the "35 % BGPF +5 % okra +60 % polypropylene" composition achieved remarkable mechanical properties with tensile strength (26.95 MPa), tensile modulus (3.16 GPa), decreased elongation at break (1.71 %), bending strength (52.53 MPa), bending modulus (3.45 GPa), impact strength (14.25 kJ/m2), and hardness (69 D-shore). Moreover, these composites absorbed minimal water when a specific portion was submerged. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) test on the composites revealed good fibre adhesion and adherence content between BGPF and okra fibres. Additionally, the thermo-gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry exhibited weight loss of composites during maximum cellulose degradation (80 %) at 483 °C. In the composites of the fibre-PP matrix, two distinct physical changes were observed indicating glass transition and degradation. However, the mechanical properties decreased after soil degradation. Thus, remarkable properties were achieved for the fibres-fibres and fibres-polyolefin (polypropylene) interfacial interactions.
  12. Montmorillonite modified Ni/Mg/Al ternary layered double hydroxide nanoflowers with enhanced adsorption features
    Waheed T, Min P, Din SU, Ahmad P, Khandaker MU, Haq S, et al.
    Heliyon, 2023 Oct;9(10):e20976.
    PMID: 37886752 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20976
    A hydrothermal technique was employed to synthesize Ni/Mg/Al ternary L.D.H.s modified with montmorillonite (NMA-MMT-LDHs). Many characterization methods, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (S.E.M.), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (B.E.T.), were used to assess the physiochemical properties of the produced analytes. Congo red and methylene blue were utilized as model dyes to treat textile waste with the synthesized analytes. The batch adsorption model was utilized to conduct the adsorption experiments under varying contact time, adsorbent dosage, and solution pH conditions. A pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir adsorption model control the adsorption process. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacities of C.R. and M.B. were determined to be 344 and 200 mg/g, respectively. As the quantity of dosage increased from the 0.01-0.04 g, the percent removal efficiency (%) increased from 75 to 87 % for S2-LDH, 84-88 % for S2-MMT, 86-93 % for S3-MMT, and 95-97% for S4-MMT for C.R. dye and 82-85 % for S2-LDH, 83-89 % for S2-MMT, 83-91 % for S3-MMT, and 84-92 % for S4-MMT for M.B. dye. The removal percentage of C.R. dye for adsorbents S2-LDH, S2-MMT, S3-MMT, and S4-MMT were 75 %, 84 %, 86 %, and 95 %, respectively and 82 %, 83 %, 83 %, and 85 %, respectively for the M.B. dye removal. The presence of MMT significantly increases the affinity of Ni/Mg/Al-LDHs (NMA-LDHs), and the designed production technique can be used to produce a variety of compositionally distinct adsorbent materials.
  13. Fulltext Elevated Concentrations of Metal(loids) in Seaweed and the Concomitant Exposure to Humans
    Khandaker MU, Chijioke NO, Heffny NAB, Bradley DA, Alsubaie A, Sulieman A, et al.
    Foods, 2021 Feb 10;10(2).
    PMID: 33578933 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020381
    While the consumption of seaweed and seaweed-based products is very common amongst East Asian nations, forming a notable component of the daily diet, relatively very few studies have concerned the concentrations of heavy metals in these together with potential effects on human health. The present study analyses the concentrations of 17 elements in locally resourced seaweed, also assessing potential noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks. The samples were ground, homogenized, and quantified using the ICP-OES technique. It has been found that the essential elements K, Ca, Mg, Zn, and Na typically show concentrations somewhat greater than a number of potentially toxic metals, in particular, Cd, Pb, Ag, and As, with exceptions being Ni, Cr-VI, and Si. Statistical analysis indicates all of the latter to have similar origin, with increased concentration of these metals within the marine ecosystem. While the daily estimated intake of most metals is seen to be within the daily dietary allowance level recommended by various international organizations, the noncarcinogenic risk shows a value greater than unity, estimated via the hazard quotient. This indicates a potential for adverse effects to health arising from consumption of the sampled seaweed. The carcinogenic risk resulting from nonessential elements shows values greater than the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) reference limit of 10-4. Considering the nonbiodegradability of heavy metals and metalloids and their potential accumulation in seaweed, there is need for critical examination of metal levels in the seaweeds obtained from the present study locations, together with the introduction of practices of removal of heavy metals via bio-adsorbent techniques.
  14. Fulltext Natural polymers as potential P-glycoprotein inhibitors: Pre-ADMET profile and computational analysis as a proof of concept to fight multidrug resistance in cancer
    Gandla K, Islam F, Zehravi M, Karunakaran A, Sharma I, Haque MA, et al.
    Heliyon, 2023 Sep;9(9):e19454.
    PMID: 37662819 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19454
    P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known as the "multidrug resistance protein" because it contributes to tumor resistance to several different classes of anticancer drugs. The effectiveness of such polymers in treating cancer and delivering drugs has been shown in a wide range of in vitro and in vivo experiments. The primary objective of the present study was to investigate the inhibitory effects of several naturally occurring polymers on P-gp efflux, as it is known that P-gp inhibition can impede the elimination of medications. The objective of our study is to identify polymers that possess the potential to inhibit P-gp, a protein involved in drug resistance, with the aim of enhancing the effectiveness of anticancer drug formulations. The ADMET profile of all the selected polymers (Agarose, Alginate, Carrageenan, Cyclodextrin, Dextran, Hyaluronic acid, and Polysialic acid) has been studied, and binding affinities were investigated through a computational approach using the recently released crystal structure of P-gp with PDB ID: 7O9W. The advanced computational study was also done with the help of molecular dynamics simulation. The aim of the present study is to overcome MDR resulting from the activity of P-gp by using such polymers that can inhibit P-gp when used in formulations. The docking scores of native ligand, Agarose, Alginate, Carrageenan, Chitosan, Cyclodextrin, Dextran, Hyaluronic acid, and Polysialic acid were found to be -10.7, -8.5, -6.6, -8.7, -8.6, -24.5, -6.7, -8.3, and -7.9, respectively. It was observed that, Cyclodextrin possess multiple properties in drug delivery science and here also demonstrated excellent binding affinity. We propose that drug efflux-related MDR may be prevented by the use of Agarose, Carregeenan, Chitosan, Cyclodextrin, Hyaluronic acid, and/or Polysialic acid in the administration of anticancer drugs.
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