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Fulltext Safety and therapeutic potential of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in regenerative medicine

Aithal AP, Bairy LK, Seetharam RN

Stem Cell Investig, 2021;8:10.
PMID: 34124233 DOI: 10.21037/sci-2020-036

Regenerative medicine is considered as an alternative approach to healthcare. Owing to their pluripotent abilities and their relative lack of ethical and legal issues, adult stem cells are considered as optimal candidates for use in the treatment of various diseases. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells are among the most promising candidates for clinical applications as they have expressed a higher degree of plasticity in vitro. Many investigators have begun to examine how bone marrow stem cells might be used to rebuild damaged tissues. The systemic administration of cells for therapeutic applications requires efficient migration and homing of cells to the target site. Cell adhesion molecules and their ligands, chemokines, extracellular matrix components and specialized bone marrow niches all participate in the proper regulation of this process. MSCs suppress the pathophysiological process that is mediated by chronic inflammation and contributes to a modification of the microenvironment and tissue regeneration. Due to the intricacy of the mesenchymal stem cell, there is ever-increasing amount of data emerging about their migration and regenerative mechanisms. Many factors influence MSC mobilization and their homing to injured tissues. This review summarizes the current clinical and pre-clinical data available in literature regarding the use of MSC in tissue repair and their prospective therapeutic role in various diseases and the underlying repair mechanisms will be discussed.
Morphohistological analysis of the prevalence and distribution of atheroma in the abdominal aorta and its branches: a cadaveric study

Kumar N, Aithal AP, Verma S

J Vasc Bras, 2021;20:e20210014.
PMID: 34267790 DOI: 10.1590/1677-5449.210014

Background: Aneurysms and atheromatous processes are prominent pathological features that are commonly associated with significant morbidity and mortality.
Objectives: This cadaveric study was conducted to evaluate the morphometric and histological aspects of atheromatous plaque formation in abdominal aortas and their branches and their associated morphological variations, if present, characterized by loops, kinking, or tortuosity.
Methods: The study was performed using 30 human cadavers (approx. 65-75 years). Frequency of occurrence of calcified plaques in the abdominal aorta and its branches and their morphometric measurements were noted and histological features were observed with the aid of Hematoxylin & Eosin staining.
Results: Variations in the abdominal aorta and the common iliac artery were observed in 16.6% of specimens. Atheromatous plaque formation was seen in 2 specimens (1 specimen was associated with kinking) while in 3 other specimens only variation in normal structure (kinking/ tortuous artery) was observed. Histological analysis showed foamy macrophages and dense calcification, giving an atheromatous appearance.
Conclusions: Cadaveric reports of the location, nature, and degree of plaque formation in the abdominal aorta and its branches are extremely important in clinical settings and for choosing treatment options.
Fulltext Hepatoprotective effect of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in CCl4-induced liver cirrhosis

Aithal AP, Bairy LK, Seetharam RN, Kumar N

3 Biotech, 2021 Feb;11(2):107.
PMID: 33564610 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02640-y

Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) are multipotent stem cells which are ideal candidates for use in regenerative medicine. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of BM-MSC and its combination treatment with silymarin in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver cirrhosis animal model and to investigate whether tail vein or portal vein infusion was the ideal route for BM-MSC transplantation. 36 female Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups (n = 6): Group 1 (normal control), Group 2 (received only CCl4, disease model), Group 3 (CCl4 + BM-MSCs through tail vein), Group 4 (CCl4 + BM-MSCs through portal vein), Group 5 (CCl4 + silymarin), Group 6 (CCl4 + BM-MSCs + silymarin). On the 21st day after treatment, blood samples were collected for biochemical estimations. After the experiment, the rats were sacrificed. Liver was dissected out and processed for histopathology and scanning electron microscopy studies. Liver enzyme and marker analysis, histopathological studies indicated that the combination of BM-MSCs and silymarin was effective in treating liver cirrhosis. Transplanted BM-MSCs in combination with silymarin ameliorated the liver tissue damage through their immunoregulatory activities. Among the two routes, the intravenous administration of cells through the tail vein was found to be more effective and safe.
Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in combination with silymarin regulate hepatocyte growth factor expression and genotoxicity in carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats

Aithal AP, Bairy LK, Seetharam RN, Rao MK

J Cell Biochem, 2019 08;120(8):13026-13036.
PMID: 30873677 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28573

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the antimutagenic potential of combination treatment of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) and silymarin and its effect on hepatocyte growth factor levels in CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats.
METHODS: Hepatotoxicity was induced in adult female Wistar rats using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ). Thirty-six rats were randomly divided into six groups with six rats in each group: Group 1 (normal control group), Group 2 (received only CCl 4 ), Group 3 (CCl 4 +low dose BM-MSCs), Group 4 (CCl 4 +high dose BM-MSCs), Group 5 (CCl 4 + silymarin), Group 6 (CCl 4 +silymarin+high dose BM-MSCs). Thirty days after the treatment, blood samples were collected for hepatocyte growth factor estimation. The rats were then killed, bone marrow was extracted for chromosomal aberration assay. Liver tissue was processed for evaluating the DNA fragmentation assay, histopathology, and scanning electron microscopy study.
RESULTS: Combination treatment of silymarin and high dose BM-MSCs significantly (P
Fulltext Is There a Correlation between Languages Spoken and Intricate Movements of Tongue? A Comparative Study of Various Movements of Tongue among the Three Ethnic Races of Malaysia

Nayak SB, Awal MB, Han CW, Sivaram G, Vigneswaran T, Choon TL, et al.

J Clin Diagn Res, 2016 Jan;10(1):AC08-11.
PMID: 26894051 DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2016/16669.7156

Tongue is mainly used for taste, chewing and in speech. In the present study, we focused on the secondary function of the tongue as to how it is used in phonetic pronunciation and linguistics and how these factors affect tongue movements.