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Fulltext 3D-Printed Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites by Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM): Fiber Length and Fiber Implementation Techniques

Ismail KI, Yap TC, Ahmed R

Polymers (Basel), 2022 Nov 01;14(21).
PMID: 36365656 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214659

Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is an actively growing additive manufacturing (AM) technology due to its ability to produce complex shapes in a short time. AM, also known as 3-dimensional printing (3DP), creates the desired shape by adding material, preferably by layering contoured layers on top of each other. The need for low cost, design flexibility and automated manufacturing processes in industry has triggered the development of FDM. However, the mechanical properties of FDM printed parts are still weaker compared to conventionally manufactured products. Numerous studies and research have already been carried out to improve the mechanical properties of FDM printed parts. Reinforce polymer matrix with fiber is one of the possible solutions. Furthermore, reinforcement can enhance the thermal and electrical properties of FDM printed parts. Various types of fibers and manufacturing methods can be adopted to reinforce the polymer matrix for different desired outcomes. This review emphasizes the fiber types and fiber insertion techniques of FDM 3D printed fiber reinforcement polymer composites. A brief overview of fused deposition modelling, polymer sintering and voids formation during FDM printing is provided, followed by the basis of fiber reinforced polymer composites, type of fibers (synthetic fibers vs. natural fibers, continuous vs. discontinuous fiber) and the composites' performance. In addition, three different manufacturing methods of fiber reinforced thermoplastics based on the timing and location of embedding the fibers, namely 'embedding before the printing process (M1)', 'embedding in the nozzle (M2)', and 'embedding on the component (M3)', are also briefly reviewed. The performance of the composites produced by three different methods were then discussed.
Surgical management of tympanojugular paragangliomas with intradural extension, with a proposed revision of the Fisch classification

Sivalingam S, Konishi M, Shin SH, Lope Ahmed RA, Piazza P, Sanna M

Audiol. Neurootol., 2012;17(4):243-55.
PMID: 22584244 DOI: 10.1159/000338418

Tympanojugular paragangliomas (TJPs) with intradural extension can be successfully treated by a single or staged procedure with low surgical morbidity.
Fulltext The Role of Mobile Health Technology in Perioperative Spinal Care: A Systematic Scoping Review and Narrative Synthesis

Hayat J, Ramadhan M, Gonnah AR, Alfadhli A, Al-Naseem AO

Cureus, 2024 Feb;16(2):e54254.
PMID: 38496189 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.54254

Smartphone applications play a crucial role in contemporary healthcare by aiming to enhance patient care through technology. Mobile health (mHealth) applications have proven to have transformative potential in enhancing patients' outcomes in candidates undergoing orthopedic and spinal surgery. In the context of the pervasive use of smartphones and the exponential growth of mHealth apps, totaling over 99,000 in 2021, the applications had a significant impact on lifestyle management, supporting initiatives like smoking cessation with motivational reminders and progress tracking. Patient compliance is significantly enhanced, reducing surgery cancellations and improving outcomes through effective adherence to pre-operative treatments and instructions. Physiotherapy receives a substantial boost as mHealth facilitates video-guided exercises, potentially improving compliance and treatment outcomes. Data collection takes on innovative dimensions, with mHealth apps capturing post-operative metrics like physical activity, offering valuable insights into patient recovery trends. Remote care is streamlined through features like photo uploads and direct messaging, proving especially beneficial in times of crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite these merits, challenges emerge, including issues related to technological literacy, potential discrimination due to paywalls, and concerns about patient data confidentiality. Overcoming these challenges requires standardized approaches, legislative measures, and ongoing research to refine and optimize mHealth applications for diverse healthcare settings.
Leucocytozoon caulleryi in Broiler Chicken Flocks: Clinical, Hematologic, Histopathologic, and Molecular Detection

Elbestawy AR, Ellakany HF, Abd El-Hamid HS, Gado AR, Geneedy AM, Noreldin AE, et al.

Avian Dis, 2021 09;65(3):407-413.
PMID: 34427415 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086-65.3.407

Despite the vast Egyptian poultry production, scanty information is available concerning the infection of haemprotozoan parasites as pathogens in commercial broilers. In the present study, we provided the first detection of leucocytozoonosis in five broiler chicken flocks in El-Beheira Egyptian governorate. Despite the low mortality rates in the affected flocks (0.3%-1% as a 5-day mortality), severe postmortem (hemorrhagic spots and scars) and histopathologic lesions appeared in different organs including skeletal muscles, liver, kidney, pancreas, abdominal cavity, and bursa of Fabricius. Evaluation of blood smears revealed gametocytes in erythrocytes and leukocytes. Conventional reverse transcriptase-PCR and partial sequence analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase b gene detected Leucocytozoon caulleryi. GenBank accession numbers of the five Egyptian L. caulleryi isolates were obtained. The five L. caulleryi were 99.9% identical to each other and 99.14% similar to the L. caulleryi mitochondrial DNA gene of Asian strains from India, Japan, Malaysia, South Korea, Taiwan, and Thailand.
First principles investigations of vinazene molecule and molecular crystal: a prospective candidate for organic photovoltaic applications

Mohamad M, Ahmed R, Shaari A, Goumri-Said S

J Mol Model, 2015 Feb;21(2):27.
PMID: 25631921 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-015-2582-8

Escalating demand for sustainable energy resources, because of the rapid exhaustion of conventional energy resources as well as to maintain the environmental level of carbon dioxide (CO2) to avoid its adverse effect on the climate, has led to the exploitation of photovoltaic technology manifold more than ever. In this regard organic materials have attracted great attention on account of demonstrating their potential to harvest solar energy at an affordable rate for photovoltaic technology. 2-vinyl-4,5-dicyanoimidazole (vinazene) is considered as a suitable material over the fullerenes for photovoltaic applications because of its particular chemical and physical nature. In the present study, DFT approaches are employed to provide an exposition of optoelectronic properties of vinazene molecule and molecular crystal. To gain insight into its properties, different forms of exchange correlation energy functional/potential such as LDA, GGA, BLYP, and BL3YP are used. Calculated electronic structure of vinazene molecule has been displayed via HOMO-LUMO isosurfaces, whereas electronic structure of the vinazene molecular crystal, via electronic band structure, is presented. The calculated electronic and optical properties were analyzed and compared as well. Our results endorse vinazene as a suitable material for organic photovoltaic applications.
Fulltext Thermodynamics analysis of refinery sludge gasification in adiabatic updraft gasifier

Ahmed R, Sinnathambi CM, Eldmerdash U, Subbarao D

ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:758137.
PMID: 24672368 DOI: 10.1155/2014/758137

Limited information is available about the thermodynamic evaluation for biomass gasification process using updraft gasifier. Therefore, to minimize errors, the gasification of dry refinery sludge (DRS) is carried out in adiabatic system at atmospheric pressure under ambient air conditions. The objectives of this paper are to investigate the physical and chemical energy and exergy of product gas at different equivalent ratios (ER). It will also be used to determine whether the cold gas, exergy, and energy efficiencies of gases may be maximized by using secondary air injected to gasification zone under various ratios (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5) at optimum ER of 0.195. From the results obtained, it is indicated that the chemical energy and exergy of producer gas are magnified by 5 and 10 times higher than their corresponding physical values, respectively. The cold gas, energy, and exergy efficiencies of DRS gasification are in the ranges of 22.9-55.5%, 43.7-72.4%, and 42.5-50.4%, respectively. Initially, all 3 efficiencies increase until they reach a maximum at the optimum ER of 0.195; thereafter, they decline with further increase in ER values. The injection of secondary air to gasification zone is also found to increase the cold gas, energy, and exergy efficiencies. A ratio of secondary air to primary air of 0.5 is found to be the optimum ratio for all 3 efficiencies to reach the maximum values.
Fulltext Oral bag-valve-mask insufflation technique to remove unilateral friable nasal foreign body in emergency department

Cheah PK, Ahmed R, Ho CV, Lim CC

Malays Fam Physician, 2009;4(2-3):91-3.
PMID: 25606171 MyJurnal

Nasal foreign body in children is not an uncommon presentation to the Emergency Department. Removal is essential. Many methods of removal exist. Nasal wash technique is advocated mainly in friable foreign bodies. We report the successful use of the oral bag-valve-mask insufflation technique to remove friable facial tissue in the left nose of a 2 year-old girl. We used a pediatric bag-valve-mask with a pop-off pressure relief valve to avoid barotrauma. Pop-off pressure relief valve limits the pressure beyond 30mmHg. Conscious sedation was not required. There were no complications.
Doctors' Interactions with Pharmaceutical Sales Representatives: Modelling Doctors Prescription Behaviour

Faisal A, Ahmad MS, Thurasamy R, Ahmed R

Community Ment Health J, 2020 Apr;56(3):456-463.
PMID: 31728716 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-019-00501-w

Using theory of planned behaviour, this study seeks to examine the effect of health practitioner's interaction with pharmaceutical sales representatives on their prescription behaviour. Data was collected from 248 health practitioners working in the city of Attock and from five Tehsils of Attock District through questionnaires with a net response rate of 82%. The hypothesis was tested by PLS Path Modelling. The major findings of the study were that physicians' interactions with pharmaceutical sales representatives in terms of market knowledge, product knowledge, corporate reputation and tangible rewards affect the prescription behaviour of physicians directly as well as through the mediating effect of the attitudinal component. The findings of the study would be helpful for the pharmaceutical industry as well as for drug regulatory authorities and health policy makers towards unethical practices in the medical field. Study provided practical implications for policy makers and health practitioners. Moreover, future directions for research were also provided.
The impact of carbon emissions on country risk: Evidence from the G7 economies

Chaudhry SM, Ahmed R, Shafiullah M, Duc Huynh TL

J Environ Manage, 2020 Jul 01;265:110533.
PMID: 32421559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110533

This paper empirically investigates the effect of carbon emissions on sovereign risk? To answer this question, we use fixed effects model by using annual data from G7 advanced economies, which includes Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK and USA, for the period from 1996 to 2014. We employ a novel extreme value theory to measure sovereign risk. The results indicate that climate change (carbon emissions) are likely to increase sovereign risk significantly. We also expand our analysis to some specific sectors, as some of the sectors emit more carbon than others. Specifically, we take top three polluting sectors namely: transportation, electricity and industry and show that they are more likely to increase the sovereign risk. Our results are robust to change in risk measures, estimation in differences and dynamic version of econometric models. Therefore, we have robust consideration that the carbon emissions significantly explain the sovereign risk.
Fulltext Structure-dependent optoelectronic properties of perylene, di-indenoperylene (DIP) isolated molecule and DIP molecular crystal

Mohamad M, Ahmed R, Shaari A, Goumri-Said S

Chem Cent J, 2017 Dec 02;11(1):125.
PMID: 29198000 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-017-0352-7

Theoretical simulations were designed by first principles approach of density functional theory to investigate the structural and optoelectronic properties of different structural classes of perylene; isolated perylene, diindeno[1,2,3-cd:1',2',3'-lm]perylene (DIP) molecule and DIP molecular crystal. The presence of molecular interactions in DIP crystal proved its structure-dependent behaviours. The herringbone molecular arrangement of DIP crystal has influenced the electronic properties by triggering the intermolecular interactions that reduced the energy gaps between HOMO and LUMO of the crystal. Strong hybridization resulting from dense charges population near zero Fermi energy has pushed valence band maxima in the density of states of all perylene structures to higher energies. Under small energy input, charges are transferred continuously as observed in the spectra of conductivity and dielectric. The existence of strong absorption intensities are consistent with the former works and supported by the obtained polarized reflectivity and loss spectra.
Diffusional behavior and guest conformational analysis of hexadecane-1,16-diol and hexadecane in urea crystal model via molecular dynamics simulation approach

Mustafa SF, Maarof H, Ahmed R, Abdallah HH

J Mol Model, 2016 Dec;22(12):290.
PMID: 27866329

Diffusion at the atomic or molecular level is a source of many physical, chemical, and biological processes taking place in plentiful materials. This work is an endeavor toward investigating the diffusional behavior of two different type of guests, hexadecane-1,16-diol and hexadecane enclathration in urea tunnel architecture, whereby the correlation of the diffusion mechanism with the guest's structural and conformational properties is explored. To carry out this study, molecular dynamics simulation approach is adopted. It is found that hexadecane-1,16-diol exhibit slower diffusion with an average diffusion coefficient value [Formula: see text], where hexadecane diffuse more rapidly with an average diffusion coefficient value [Formula: see text]. It is also observed that the structural properties influence the guest's travel distance and torsion angle distribution of the trans and gauche conformational proportion. Furthermore, the observed high energy barrier accounted for hexadecane-1,16-diol and low energy barrier for hexadecane along urea tunnel systems was analyzed. The comparison of our obtained results are in close agreement with the available experimental measurements, i.e., gauche proportion properties between two different guest molecules correlate well with Raman spectroscopy investigation on α,ω-dihalogenoalkane/urea inclusion compounds. Our calculations also successfully endorse the structure-property relation between the two systems.
Analysis of phase stability, elastic, electronic, thermal, and optical properties of Sc1-xYxN via ab initio methods

Gagui S, Meradji H, Ghemid S, Naeem S, Haq BU, Ahmed R, et al.

J Mol Model, 2022 Dec 21;29(1):14.
PMID: 36542150 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05412-4

Understanding the physical properties of a material is crucial to know its applicability for practical applications. In this study, we investigate the phase stability, elastic, electronic, thermal, and optical properties of the ternary alloying of the scandium and yttrium nitrides (Sc1-xYxN) for different compositions. To do so, we apply a "density functional theory (DFT)" based scheme of calculations named as "full potential (FP) linearized (L) augmented plane wave plus local orbitals (APW + lo) method" realized in the WIEN2k computational package. At first, the phase stability of the investigated compositions of the mentioned alloy is determined. The analysis of our calculations shows that Sc1-xYxN alloy is stable in rock salt crystal structure for all investigated compositions. Next to that, the elastic properties of the rock-salt phase of the studied ternary alloy Sc1-xYxN at all above said compositions were done at the level of "Wu-Cohen generalized gradient approximation (Wu-GGA)" within DFT. However, Trans-Blaha (TB) approximation of the "modified Becke-Johson (mBJ)" potential is also used in combination with Wu-GGA where the thermal properties are calculated at the level of the "quasi-harmonic Debye model." The obtained results for the absorption coefficients, and optical bandgap, represent that the title alloy may be a suitable candidate for the applications in optoelectronic devices.
Tensile Properties of In Situ 3D Printed Glass Fiber-Reinforced PLA

Ismail KI, Pang R, Ahmed R, Yap TC

Polymers (Basel), 2023 Aug 17;15(16).
PMID: 37631493 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163436

A 3D printed composite via the fused filament fabrication (FFF) technique has potential to enhance the mechanical properties of FFF 3D printed parts. The most commonly employed techniques for 3D composite printing (method 1) utilized premixed composite filaments, where the fibers were integrated into thermoplastic materials prior to printing. In the second method (method 2), short fibers and thermoplastic were mixed together within the extruder of a 3D printer to form a composite part. However, no research has been conducted on method 3, which involves embedding short fibers into the printed object during the actual printing process. A novel approach concerning 3D printing in situ fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) by embedding glass fibers between deposited layers during printing was proposed recently. An experimental investigation has been undertaken to evaluate the tensile behavior of the composites manufactured by the new manufacturing method. Neat polylactic acid (PLA) and three different glass fiber-reinforced polylactic acid (GFPLA) composites with 1.02%, 2.39%, and 4.98% glass fiber contents, respectively, were 3Dprinted. Tensile tests were conducted with five repetitions for each sample. The fracture surfaces of the samples were then observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, the porosities of the 3D printed samples were measured with a image processing software (ImageJ 1.53t). The result shows that the tensile strengths of GFPLA were higher than the neat PLA. The tensile strength of the composites increased from GFPLA-1 (with a 1.02% glass fiber content) to GFPLA-2.4 (with a 2.39% glass fiber content), but drastically dropped at GFPLA-5 (with a 4.98% glass fiber content). However, the tensile strength of GFPLA-5 is still higher than the neat PLA. The fracture surfaces of tensile samples were observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM images showed the average line width of the deposited material increased as glass fiber content increased, while layer height was maintained. The intralayer bond of the deposited filaments improved via the new fiber embedding method. Hence, the porosity area is reduced as glass fiber content increased.
How does the increment of hetero-cyclic conjugated moieties affect electro-optical and charge transport properties of novel naphtha-difuran derivatives? A computational approach

Chaudhry AR, Ahmed R, Irfan A, Muhammad S, Shaari A, Al-Sehemi AG

J Mol Model, 2014 Dec;20(12):2547.
PMID: 25503703 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2547-3

We have investigated computationally the effects of π-conjugation extension on naphtha[2,1-b:6,5-b'] difuran (DPNDF); where we increase the number of fused NDF (central core) and furan rings in the parent molecule. The molecular structures of all analogues have been optimized at the ground (S0) and first excited (S1) states using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT), respectively. Then highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs), the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs), photophysical properties, adiabatic/vertical electron affinities (EAa)/(EAv), adiabatic/vertical ionization potentials (IPa)/(IPv), and hole/electron reorganization energies λh/λe have been investigated. The effect of NDF and furan rings on structural and electro-optical properties has also been studied. Our calculated reorganization energies of 1a, 1b, and 2c reveal them, materials with balanced hole/electron charge transport, whereas 2a and 2b are good hole-transport materials. By increasing the number of furan rings; the photostability was augmented in 2a, 2b, and 2c.
Fulltext One pot light assisted green synthesis, storage and antimicrobial activity of dextran stabilized silver nanoparticles

Hussain MA, Shah A, Jantan I, Tahir MN, Shah MR, Ahmed R, et al.

J Nanobiotechnology, 2014;12:53.
PMID: 25468206 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-014-0053-5

Green synthesis of nanomaterials finds the edge over chemical methods due to its environmental compatibility. Herein, we report green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) mediated with dextran. Dextran was used as a stabilizer and capping agent to synthesize Ag NPs using silver nitrate (AgNO3) under diffused sunlight conditions.
Fulltext Amelioration of Isoproterenol-Induced Oxidative Damage in Rat Myocardium by Withania somnifera Leaf Extract

Khalil MI, Ahmmed I, Ahmed R, Tanvir EM, Afroz R, Paul S, et al.

Biomed Res Int, 2015;2015:624159.
PMID: 26539517 DOI: 10.1155/2015/624159

We investigated the protective role of Withania somnifera leaf extract (WSLEt) on isoproterenol- (ISO-) induced myocardial infarction (MI) in rats. Subcutaneous injection of ISO (85 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)) administered to rats for two consecutive days caused a significant increase in cardiac troponin I (cTnI) levels and serum lipid profiles, as well as the activities of some marker enzymes. In addition to these diagnostic markers, there were increased levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and decreased activities of enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRx), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST)) in the myocardium. However, oral pretreatment (100 mg/kg b.w.) with WSLEt for 4 weeks elicited a significant cardioprotective activity by lowering the levels of cTnI, lipid profiles, and marker enzymes. The levels of LPO products were also significantly decreased. Elevated activities of antioxidant enzymes were also observed in rats pretreated with WSLEt. As further confirmed histopathologically, our findings strongly suggest that the cardioprotective effect of WSLEt on myocardium experiencing ISO-induced oxidative damage may be due to an augmentation of the endogenous antioxidant system and an inhibition of LPO in the myocardial membrane. We conclude that WSLEt confers some protection against oxidative damage in ISO-induced MI in rats.
Fulltext Photonic crystal fiber-based surface plasmon resonance sensor with selective analyte channels and graphene-silver deposited core

Rifat AA, Mahdiraji GA, Chow DM, Shee YG, Ahmed R, Adikan FR

Sensors (Basel), 2015;15(5):11499-510.
PMID: 25996510 DOI: 10.3390/s150511499

We propose a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor based on photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with selectively filled analyte channels. Silver is used as the plasmonic material to accurately detect the analytes and is coated with a thin graphene layer to prevent oxidation. The liquid-filled cores are placed near to the metallic channel for easy excitation of free electrons to produce surface plasmon waves (SPWs). Surface plasmons along the metal surface are excited with a leaky Gaussian-like core guided mode. Numerical investigations of the fiber's properties and sensing performance are performed using the finite element method (FEM). The proposed sensor shows maximum amplitude sensitivity of 418 Refractive Index Units (RIU-1) with resolution as high as 2.4 × 10(-5) RIU. Using the wavelength interrogation method, a maximum refractive index (RI) sensitivity of 3000 nm/RIU in the sensing range of 1.46-1.49 is achieved. The proposed sensor is suitable for detecting various high RI chemicals, biochemical and organic chemical analytes. Additionally, the effects of fiber structural parameters on the properties of plasmonic excitation are investigated and optimized for sensing performance as well as reducing the sensor's footprint.
Effect of donor strength of extended alkyl auxiliary groups on optoelectronic and charge transport properties of novel naphtha[2,1-b:6,5-b']difuran derivatives: simple yet effective strategy

Chaudhry AR, Ahmed R, Irfan A, Shaari A, Isa AR, Muhammad S, et al.

J Mol Model, 2015 Aug;21(8):199.
PMID: 26177706 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-015-2743-9

The present study spotlights the designing of new derivatives of 2,7-bis (4-octylphenyl) naphtho [2,1-b:6,5-b'] difuran (C8-DPNDF) by substituting the alkyl groups (methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, and heptyl groups) at para position. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) methods are employed to optimize the molecular structures in ground and first excited states, respectively. Several electro-optical properties including hole/electron reorganization energies (λh/λe), electron affinities (EAs), ionization potentials (IPs), molecular electrostatic potentials (MEP), and frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) have been evaluated. Furthermore their transfer integrals and intrinsic mobilities values have also been calculated. From this study, it is found that hole mobility of octyl containing derivative is raised to 4.69 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1). Moreover with attaching octyl group, hole transfer integral values have also been enhanced in newly designed derivatives. The balanced hole and electron reorganization energies, and improved transfer integrals lead to enhanced mobility in derivatives with octyl group, highlighting them as an efficient hole transfer material. Unlike the other electro-optical properties, the intrinsic hole mobility has increased because of transfer integral values of octyl containing derivative C8-DPNDF due to the dense and close crystal packing of C8-DPNDF. However, photostability of furan-based materials has not changed by increasing length of extended alkyl chain. Thus our present investigation highlights the importance of alkyl auxiliary groups that are often neglected/replaced with simple methyl group to save computation costs. Graphical Abstract The hole and electron reorganization energies of naphtho[2,1-b:6,5-b']difuran derivatives.
Recent trends in advanced oxidation process-based degradation of erythromycin: Pollution status, eco-toxicity and degradation mechanism in aquatic ecosystems

Ashraf A, Liu G, Yousaf B, Arif M, Ahmed R, Irshad S, et al.

Sci Total Environ, 2021 Jun 10;772:145389.
PMID: 33578171 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145389

Wide spread documentation of antibiotic pollution is becoming a threat to aquatic environment. Erythromycin (ERY), a macrolide belonging antibiotic is at the top of this list with its concentrations ranging between ng/L to a few μg/L in various global waterbodies giving rise to ERY-resistance genes (ERY-RGs) and ERY- resistance bacteria (ERY-RBs) posing serious threat to the aquatic organisms. ERY seems resistant to various conventional water treatments, remained intact and even increased in terms of mass loads after treatment. Enhanced oxidation potential, wide pH range, elevated selectivity, adaptability and greater efficiency makes advance oxidation processes (AOPs) top priority for degrading pollutants with aromatic rings and unsaturated bonds like ERY. In this manuscript, recent developments in AOPs for ERY degradation are reported along with the factors that affect the degradation mechanism. ERY, marked as a risk prioritized macrolide antibiotic by 2015 released European Union watch list, most probably due to its protein inhibition capability considered third most widely used antibiotic. The current review provides a complete ERY overview including the environmental entry sources, concentration in global waters, ERY status in STPs, as well as factors affecting their functionality. Along with that this study presents complete outlook regarding ERY-RGs and provides an in depth detail regarding ERY's potential threats to aquatic biota. This study helps in figuring out the best possible strategy to tackle antibiotic pollution keeping ERY as a model antibiotic because of extreme toxicity records.
Fulltext In vitro cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of Erythrina suberosa (Roxb) bark

Ahmed Z, Aziz S, Alauddin S, Mohiuddin SG, Javed A, Ahmed R, et al.

J Pharm Bioallied Sci, 2020 04 10;12(2):210-216.
PMID: 32742121 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_223_19

Background: The study was focused on evaluating cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of Erythrina suberosa (Roxb.) bark through in vitro pharmacological screening.
Materials and Methods: The bark was extracted using different solvents, for example, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous for obtaining the organic fractions. These organic fractions were then evaluated for their cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity compared with the standard. Cefixime was used as the standard for antibacterial assay, whereas clotrimazole was used as the standard for antifungal activities. Bacterial strains used were Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), whereas for antifungal activities Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida krusei strains were used.
Results: The organic fractions obtained were evaluated for their cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities. In cytotoxic assay (Brine shrimp lethality assay), dichloromethane fraction was the most potent with LD50 of 47.63, whereas aqueous, methanol, and ethyl acetate fractions showed LD50 of 121.74, 422.2, and 201.96, respectively. Similarly, for antibacterial assay, dichloromethane fraction showed 32.2mm zone of inhibition against MRSA in comparison with standard cefixime (zone of inhibition, 30.5mm). A minimal zone of inhibition with crude saponins (13.1 and 12.2mm) was observed against C. albicans in comparison to standard (cefixime) with a zone of inhibition of 28.5mm. No prominent results were observed against C. parapsilosis and C. krusei strains.
Conclusion: The study was based on the plant from Indo-Pak origin, and it has shown some prominent cytotoxic and antibacterial activities. Although the results of this study have provided a basic idea about the efficacy of plant extract, still more explanatory and high-scale studies can be beneficial for elaborating the cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of this plant.

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