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A tymovirus from Calopogonium mucunoides in Malaysia is not clitoria yellow vein tymovirus

Gibbs AJ, Mackenzie AM, Abdul-Samad N

Arch Virol, 1997;142(8):1697-702.
PMID: 9672629

A tymoyirus isolated from Malaysian crops of Calopogonium mucunoides has been shown to have virions that are serologically indistinguishable from those of clitoria yellow vein tymovirus. We have sequenced the virion protein (VP) gene of the virus and have found that although it is a member of the cluster that includes CYVV, it is the most distinct member of that cluster (< 62% sequence identity with all the others), and is clearly a separate species, which we propose should be named calopogonium yellow vein virus. Most of the serological specificity of the virions of tymoviruses seems to reside in the C-terminal hexapeptide of the virion protein.
Fulltext The In Vitro and In Vivo Anticancer Properties of Moringa oleifera

Khor KZ, Lim V, Moses EJ, Abdul Samad N

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2018;2018:1071243.
PMID: 30538753 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1071243

Moringa oleifera, a fast-growing deciduous tree that is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, is well known for its abundant uses. The tree is a source of food, shelter, and traditional medicine for many people, especially in developing countries. Many studies have been conducted to evaluate the various claims of traditional medicine practitioners that the moringa tree can improve health and treat various diseases. The tree has a high nutritional profile, especially the nutrient rich leaves. Some reports also support the use of parts of the tree to reduce blood sugar and cholesterol levels. These attractive properties have led researchers to look for other novel uses for the moringa tree, especially as a source of anticancer drugs. Researchers have tested extracts from various parts of the moringa tree both in vitro and in vivo on several types of cancers with varying success. This review explores the state of current research on the anticancer properties of M. oleifera.
Antiangiogenic properties of nanoparticles: a systematic review

Saeed BA, Lim V, Yusof NA, Khor KZ, Rahman HS, Abdul Samad N

Int J Nanomedicine, 2019;14:5135-5146.
PMID: 31371952 DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S199974

Nanoparticles appear to be one of the most promising agents that offer efficacy in angiogenesis-related disease therapy. The objective of this research is to systematically review studies that have probed into the effect of nanoparticles on angiogenesis. Selected inclusion criteria were used to extract articles, references that were cited in the initial search were sought to identify more potential articles, and articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria and duplicates were discarded. The spherical shape was shown to be the most common shape employed to investigate the role of nanoparticles in angiogenesis therapy. The size of nanoparticles appears to play a crucial role for efficacy on angiogenesis, in which 20 nm emerged as the preferred size. Gold nanoparticles exhibit the most promise as an antiangiogenesis agent, and the toxicity was adjustable based on the dosages applied.
Exploring a novel deep eutectic solvents combined with vortex assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and its toxicity for organophosphorus pesticides analysis from honey and fruit samples

Elencovan V, Joseph J, Yahaya N, Abdul Samad N, Raoov M, Lim V, et al.

Food Chem, 2021 Aug 10;368:130835.
PMID: 34416487 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130835

A novel deep eutectic solvents (DES) was successfully applied as an emulsifier in vortex assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (VALLME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in honey and fruit samples. Based on the result of toxicity study, DES provides new opportunities for the safe delivery and application. The predominant parameters affecting extraction efficiency were thoroughly optimized and studied in detail. Under optimum parameters, the calibration curve was determined in the concentration range of 0.1 to 200 µgL-1 with excellent determination coefficients values of 0.9989 to 0.9999. Limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be 0.01 - 0.09 µgL-1 and 0.03 - 0.2 µgL-1, respectively. Application of the developed method to honey and fruit samples gave acceptable recovery values 83 - 109% with relative standard deviation below than 9.5%. The suggested approach has also proven to be simple, cost-effective, rapid, and non-toxic in nature.
Fulltext In vitro Anticancer Effects of Vernonia amygdalina Leaf Extract and Green-Synthesised Silver Nanoparticles

Joseph J, Khor KZ, Moses EJ, Lim V, Aziz MY, Abdul Samad N

Int J Nanomedicine, 2021;16:3599-3612.
PMID: 34079252 DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S303921

Purpose: Vernonia amygdalina (VA) is a traditional African herbal medicine that has been reported to possess anticancer properties. However, the anticancer properties of VA silver nanoparticles have not been studied. The aim of the study was to examine and evaluate the anticancer activities of VA leaf extracts and VA silver nanoparticles on the human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7.
Methods: VA leaves were extracted using sequential extraction assisted with ultrasound using three different solvents: ethanol, 50% ethanol, and deionized water. The silver nanoparticles were synthesised with VA aqueous extract.
Results: The ethanol extract and VA silver nanoparticles inhibit MCF-7 cell proliferation with an average half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 67µg/mL and 6.11µg/mL, respectively, after 72 hours of treatment. The ethanol extract and VA silver nanoparticles also caused G1 phase cell cycle arrest, induced apoptosis and nuclear fragmentation in MCF-7 cells.
Conclusion: VA ethanol extracts and VA silver nanoparticles decreased the cell viability in MCF-7 cells in a time and dose-dependent manner by inducing apoptosis and causing DNA damage. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanism of action of VA leaf extracts and VA silver nanoparticles. This study is the first to report on the anticancer activity of VA silver nanoparticles in MCF-7 cells.
Fulltext Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Loading of Natural Plant Extracts and Their Biomedical Applications

Rahman HS, Othman HH, Hammadi NI, Yeap SK, Amin KM, Abdul Samad N, et al.

Int J Nanomedicine, 2020;15:2439-2483.
PMID: 32346289 DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S227805

Many types of research have distinctly addressed the efficacy of natural plant metabolites used for human consumption both in cell culture and preclinical animal model systems. However, these in vitro and in vivo effects have not been able to be translated for clinical use because of several factors such as inefficient systemic delivery and bioavailability of promising agents that significantly contribute to this disconnection. Over the past decades, extraordinary advances have been made successfully on the development of novel drug delivery systems for encapsulation of plant active metabolites including organic, inorganic and hybrid nanoparticles. The advanced formulas are confirmed to have extraordinary benefits over conventional and previously used systems in the manner of solubility, bioavailability, toxicity, pharmacological activity, stability, distribution, sustained delivery, and both physical and chemical degradation. The current review highlights the development of novel nanocarrier for plant active compounds, their method of preparation, type of active ingredients, and their biomedical applications.
Fulltext GC-MS Evaluation, Antioxidant Content, and Cytotoxic Activity of Propolis Extract from Peninsular Malaysian Stingless Bees, Tetrigona Apicalis

Mohamed WAS, Ismail NZ, Omar EA, Abdul Samad N, Adam SK, Mohamad S

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2020;2020:8895262.
PMID: 33381215 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8895262

INTRODUCTION: Propolis has been used traditionally in several countries for treating various diseases as it possessed healing properties including antioxidant and anticancer qualities. In Peninsular Malaysia, Tetrigona apicalis is one of the species of stingless bees mainly found in virgin jungle reserves which largely contribute to propolis production. Therefore, this study is designed to evaluate the phytochemical contents, antioxidant properties, and the cytotoxic effect of ethanolic crude of propolis extract against MCF7 and MCF 10A cell lines.
METHOD: The ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) was extracted using 80% ethanol. Identification of phytochemical contents and antioxidant properties of EEP was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and using 2, 2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) method, respectively. The EEP cytotoxic activity was evaluated on MCF7 and MCF 10A using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.
RESULTS: Phytochemical contents of EEP demonstrated 28 compounds in which caryophyllene (99%), β-amyrin (96%), α-amyrin (93%), and caryophyllene oxide (93%) were the main compounds. The percentage of ABTS+ scavenging activity of EEP showed an inhibition of 9.5% with half-inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 1.68 mg/mL. The EEP reduced MCF7 cells viability at IC50 value of 62.24 μg/mL, 44.15 μg/mL, and 32.70 μg/mL at 24, 48, and 72 hours, respectively. The IC50 value of MCF 10A was 49.55 μg/mL, 56.05 μg/mL, and 72.10 μg/mL at 24, 48, and 72 hours, respectively. The EEP cytotoxic effect of T. apicalis was more selective towards MCF7 at 72-hour incubation with a selectivity index (SI) of 2.20.
CONCLUSION: The EEP has been shown to have antioxidants and potential bioactive compounds and inhibited proliferation of the MCF7 cells. Further studies on the EEP role in the apoptosis pathway and its screening towards other cell lines will be evaluated.
Fulltext Knowledge, attitude, and practice of parents regarding antibiotic usage in treating children's upper respiratory tract infection at primary health clinic in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Pilot Study

Koh CT, Ghazi HF, Ahmad MI, Abdul Samad N, Lai KEY, Ismail NF, et al.

Health Serv Res Manag Epidemiol, 2016 May 5;3:2333392816643720.
PMID: 28462275 DOI: 10.1177/2333392816643720

OBJECTIVES: To assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of parents regarding antibiotic usage for treating upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) among children.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 320 randomly selected parents attending a primary health clinic using self-administered questionnaires.
RESULTS: About two-thirds (69.1%) of the parents had poor knowledge level. Only 25.2% and 21.6% of the parents could correctly identify amoxicillin and penicillin as the treatment of children's URTI. However, about two-thirds (67.5%) of the parents were aware of the antibiotic resistance caused by overuse of antibiotics. A significant association was noted between the father's and mother's educational level and family income with the knowledge level. Only mother's educational level depicted a significant association with the attitude.
CONCLUSION: The knowledge of parents regarding antibiotic usage for URTI was poor. More numbers of health promotions and educational campaigns are required to help parents understand about antibiotic usage.
Study site: Primary care clinic, Bandar Tasik Selatan, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Fulltext Acute toxicity study of zerumbone-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier on BALB/c mice model

Rahman HS, Rasedee A, Othman HH, Chartrand MS, Namvar F, Yeap SK, et al.

Biomed Res Int, 2014;2014:563930.
PMID: 25276798 DOI: 10.1155/2014/563930

Zerumbone- (ZER-) loaded nanostructure lipid carrier (NLC) (ZER-NLC) prepared for its antileukemia effect in vitro was evaluated for its toxicological effects by observing changes in the liver, kidney, spleen, lung, heart, and brain tissues, serum biochemical parameters, total haemogram, and bone marrow stem cells. The acute toxicity study for ZER-NLC was conducted by orally treating BALB/c mice with a single dose with either water, olive oil, ZER, NLC, or ZER-NLC for 14 days. The animals were observed for clinical and behavioral abnormalities, toxicological symptoms, feed consumption, and gross appearance. The liver, kidney, heart, lung, spleen, and brain tissues were assessed histologically. Total haemogram was counted by hemocytometry and microhematocrit reader. Bone marrow examination in terms of cellular morphology was done by Wright staining with bone marrow smear. Furthermore, serum biochemical parameters were determined spectrophotometrically. Grossly all treated mice, their investigated tissues, serum biochemical parameters, total haemogram, and bone marrow were normal. At oral doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg ZER-NLC there was no sign of toxicity or mortality in BALB/c mice. This study suggests that the 50% lethal dose (LD50) of ZER-NLC is higher than 200 mg/kg, thus, safe by oral administration.