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Fulltext Multi-audience tracking with RGB-D camera on digital signage

Low CC, Ong LY, Koo VC, Leow MC

Heliyon, 2020 Sep;6(9):e05107.
PMID: 33024875 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05107

Digital signage is widely utilized in digital-out-of-home (DOOH) advertising for marketing and business. Recently, the combination of the digital camera and digital signage enables the advertiser to gather the audience demographic for audience measurement. Audience measurement is useful for the advertiser to understand the audience's behavior and improve their business strategies. When an audience is facing the digital display, the vision-based DOOH system will process the audience's face and broadcast a personalized advertisement. Most of the digital signage is available in an uncontrolled environment of public areas. Thus, it poses two main challenges for the vision-based DOOH system to track the audience's movement, which are multiple adjacent faces and occlusion by passer-by. In this paper, a new framework is proposed to combine the digital signage with a depth camera for tracking multi-face in the three-dimensional (3D) environment. The proposed framework extracts the audience's face centroid position (x, y) and depth information (z) and plots into the aerial map to simulate the audience's movement that is corresponding to the real-world environment. The advertiser can further measure the advertising effectiveness through the audience's behavior.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts
Fulltext Optimization and Characterization of Palm Oil-based Nanoemulsion Loaded with Parthenium hysterophorus Crude Extract for Natural Herbicide Formulation

Zainuddin NJ, Ashari SE, Salim N, Asib N, Omar D, Lian GEC

J Oleo Sci, 2019 Aug 01;68(8):747-757.
PMID: 31292338 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess18209

The present study revealed the optimization of nanoemulsion containing palm oil derivatives and Parthenium hysterophorus L. crude extract (PHCE) as pre-emergence herbicide formulation against Diodia ocimifolia. The nanoemulsion formulation was prepared by high energy emulsification method, and it was optimized by mixture experimental design (MED). From the optimization process, analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a fit quadratic polynomial model with an optimal formulation composition containing 30.91% of palm kernel oil ester (PKOE), 28.48% of mixed surfactants (Tensiofix and Tween 80, 8:2), 28.32% of water and 12.29% of PHCE. The reading of both experimental and predicted particle size in the verification experiment were acceptable with a residual standard error (RSE) was less than 2%. Under the optimal condition, the smallest particle size obtained was 140.10 nm, and the particle was shown by morphology analysis to be spherical and demonstrated good stability (no phase separation) under centrifugation and different storage conditions (25 ± 5°C and 45°C). Nanoemulsion stored for 60 days exhibits monodisperse emulsion with a slight increase of particle size. The increase in particle size over time might have contributed by Ostwald ripening phenomenon which is shown by a linear graph from Ostwald ripening rate analysis. In the in vitro germination test, P. hysterophorus nanoemulsion (PHNE) was shown to cause total inhibition of D. ocimifolia seed at lower concentration (5 g L-1) as compared to PHCE (10 g L-1). The finding of the research could potentially serve as a platform for the development of palm oil based formulation containing plant crude extract for green weed management.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts/isolation & purification; Plant Extracts/toxicity*; Plant Extracts/chemistry
Forensic Significance of Gunshot Impact Marks on Inanimate Objects: The Need for Translational Research

Nordin FA, Bominathan UR, Abdullah AFL, Chang KH

J Forensic Sci, 2020 Jan;65(1):11-25.
PMID: 31373699 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14142

Wherever an impact mark is found, either on the surface or on the recovered projectile, it is important for forensic investigators to extract useful information in solving shooting-related cases. This article reviews a collection of works on examination of impact marks upon striking of projectiles on inanimate objects, emphasizing on the retrievable information from a shooting scene and their forensic significance in shooting event reconstruction. Literature suggested that impact marks on target surfaces and the degree of deformation on striking projectiles vary according to different combinations of ammunition and surface materials. It was noted that conditions in real-case scenarios further differed unpredictably in comparison with controlled studies, where forensic investigation should be treated as case-specific basis. Furthermore, the way forensic science is researched and applied operationally has to be reconsidered to reduce the gap via translational approach for more effective use of forensic evidence.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts
An efficient and rapid method to extract and purify protein - Liquid Triphasic Flotation system

Chia SR, Mak KY, Khaw YJ, Suhaidi N, Chew KW, Show PL

Bioresour Technol, 2019 Dec;294:122158.
PMID: 31550634 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122158

Microalgae are rich in valuable biomolecules and grow on non-arable land with rapid growth rate, which has a host of new possibility as alternative protein sources. In the present study, extraction of proteins from Chlorella vulgaris via an efficient technique, Liquid Triphasic Flotation (LTF) system, was studied. The optimized conditions in LTF system were 70% v/v of t-butanol, 40% w/v of salt solution, 0.5% w/v of biomass, pH 5.54, 1:1 of salt to t-butanol solution, and 10 min of air flotation time to attain 87.23% of protein recovery and 56.72% of separation efficiency. Besides, the study on recycling t-butanol has demonstrated that only one run was sufficient to maintain the performance of system. The efficiency of LTF in extracting protein has performed better than just Three Phase Partitioning (TPP) system. LTF system is hence an effective protein extraction and purification method with minimum operation unit and processing time.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts
Bougainvillea glabra (choisy): A comprehensive review on botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity

Saleem H, Usman A, Mahomoodally MF, Ahemad N

J Ethnopharmacol, 2021 Feb 10;266:113356.
PMID: 32956758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113356

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Bougainvillea glabra (Choisy). (Family: Nyctinaginacea) is a valuable ornamental plant with culinary uses and also utilized in traditional medicine for treating common ailments. It is traditionally employed against several diseases such as diarrhoea, hypotension, intestinal disorders, stomachache, nausea, inflammation-related ailments, and in pain management. Though widely validated via in vitro and in vivo models, to date no endeavour has been made to compile in a single review the traditional, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of B. glabra.
AIMS: To provide an up-to-date, authoritative review with respect to the traditional uses, chemical composition, in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties, and toxicological estimations accomplished either utilizing the crude extracts or, wherever applicable, the bioactive compounds isolated from B. glabra. Besides, a critical evaluation of the published literature has been undertaken with regards to the current biochemical and toxicological data.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Key databases per se, Ovid, Pubmed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google scholar amongst others were probed for a systematic search using keywords to retrieve relevant publications on this plant. A total of 52 articles were included for the review depending on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.
RESULTS: The studies conducted on either crude extracts, solvent fractions or isolated pure compounds from B. glabra had reported a varied range of biological effects comprising antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, cytotoxic, analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Phytochemical analysis of different parts of B. glabra unveiled 105 phytochemicals, belonging to phenolic, flavonoid, betacyanin, terpenoid, glycoside and essential oils classes of secondary metabolites.
CONCLUSION: Most of the pharmacological activities of crude extracts from this plant have been reported. A very few studies have reported the isolation of compounds responsible for observed biological potential of this plant. Moreover, the toxicity studies of this plant still need to be explored comprehensively to ensure its safety parameters. Additional investigations are recommended to transmute the ethnopharmacological claims of this plant species in folklore medicines into scientific rationale-based information.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts/adverse effects; Plant Extracts/pharmacology*; Plant Extracts/chemistry
Fulltext Optimization of an Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Condition for Flavonoid Compounds from Cocoa Shells (Theobroma cacao) Using Response Surface Methodology

Md Yusof AH, Abd Gani SS, Zaidan UH, Halmi MIE, Zainudin BH

Molecules, 2019 Feb 16;24(4).
PMID: 30781448 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040711

This study investigates the ultrasound-assisted extraction of flavonoids from Malaysian cocoa shell extracts, and optimization using response surface methodology. There are three variables involved in this study, namely: ethanol concentration (70⁻90 v/v %), temperature (45⁻65 °C), and ultrasound irradiation time (30⁻60 min). All of the data were collected and analyzed for variance (ANOVA). The coefficient of determination (R²) and the model was significant in interaction between all variables (98% and p < 0.0001, respectively). In addition, the lack of fit test for the model was not of significance, with p > 0.0684. The ethanol concentration, temperature, and ultrasound irradiation time that yielded the maximum value of the total flavonoid content (TFC; 7.47 mg RE/g dried weight (DW)) was 80%, 55 °C, and 45 min, respectively. The optimum value from the validation of the experimental TFC was 7.23 ± 0.15 mg of rutin, equivalent per gram of extract with ethanol concentration, temperature, and ultrasound irradiation time values of 74.20%, 49.99 °C, and 42.82 min, respectively. While the modelled equation fits the data, the T-test is not significant, suggesting that the experimental values agree with those predicted by the response surface methodology models.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts/analysis; Plant Extracts/isolation & purification*; Plant Extracts/chemistry*
Fulltext Optimization of Hyperglycemic Induction in Zebrafish and Evaluation of Its Blood Glucose Level and Metabolite Fingerprint Treated with Psychotria malayana Jack Leaf Extract

Benchoula K, Khatib A, Quzwain FMC, Che Mohamad CA, Wan Sulaiman WMA, Abdul Wahab R, et al.

Molecules, 2019 Apr 17;24(8).
PMID: 30999617 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081506

A standard protocol to develop type 1 diabetes in zebrafish is still uncertain due to unpredictable factors. In this study, an optimized protocol was developed and used to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity of Psychotria malayana leaf. The aims of this study were to develop a type 1 diabetic adult zebrafish model and to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity of the plant extract on the developed model. The ability of streptozotocin and alloxan at a different dose to elevate the blood glucose levels in zebrafish was evaluated. While the anti-diabetic activity of P. malayana aqueous extract was evaluated through analysis of blood glucose and LC-MS analysis fingerprinting. The results indicated that a single intraperitoneal injection of 300 mg/kg alloxan was the optimal dose to elevate the fasting blood glucose in zebrafish. Furthermore, the plant extract at 1, 2, and 3 g/kg significantly reduced blood glucose levels in the diabetic zebrafish. In addition, LC-MS-based fingerprinting indicated that 3 g/kg plant extract more effective than other doses. Phytosterols, sugar alcohols, sugar acid, free fatty acids, cyclitols, phenolics, and alkaloid were detected in the extract using GC-MS. In conclusion, P. malayana leaf aqueous extract showed anti-diabetic activity on the developed type 1 diabetic zebrafish model.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts/pharmacokinetics; Plant Extracts/pharmacology*; Plant Extracts/chemistry
Fulltext A dataset of visualization methods to assessing soil profile using RES2DINV and VOXLER software

Yasir SF, Jani J, Mukri M

Data Brief, 2019 Jun;24:103821.
PMID: 30976635 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.103821

This data illustration the similarity and accuracy of two subsurface profile analysis software which is RES2DINV and VOXLER. Electrical resistivity imaging methods was conducted as a geophysical technique to get subsurface profile were borehole had previously been made in the same locations. The General Department of Geoscience (JMG) conducted the drilling of the borehole in three locations which is Kampung Bangkahulu, Gemas, Kampung Semerbok, Rembau and Felda Bukit Rokan Utara. The 2D resistivity image from RES2DINV and the 3D image from VOXLER was highly matching the subsurface profile compared with borehole data log. The depth of the resistivity was 76.8, 87.2 and 39.4 respectively for the sites. This two software gave more clearly interpreted result for investigate the sub ground and geological formations.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts
Fulltext Tensile Strength and Moisture Absorption of Sugar Palm-Polyvinyl Butyral Laminated Composites

Syaqira S SN, Leman Z, Sapuan SM, Dele-Afolabi TT, Azmah Hanim MA, S B

Polymers (Basel), 2020 Aug 26;12(9).
PMID: 32858857 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091923

Natural fiber reinforced composites have had a great impact on the development of eco-friendly industrial products for several engineering applications. Sugar palm fiber (SPF) is one of the newly found natural fibers with limited experimental investigation. In the present work, sugar palm fiber was employed as the natural fiber reinforcement. The composites were hot compressed with polyvinyl butyral (PVB) to form the structure of laminated composites and then were subjected to tensile testing and moisture absorption. The maximum modulus and tensile strength of 0.84 MPa and 1.59 MPa were registered for samples PVB 80-S and PVB 70-S, respectively. Subsequently, the latter exhibited the highest tensile strain at a maximum load of 356.91%. The moisture absorption test revealed that the samples exhibited better water resistance as the proportion of PVB increased relative to the proportion of SPF due to the remarkable hydrophobic property of PVB in comparison with that of SPF.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts
Neolamarckines A and B, new indole alkaloids from Neolamarckia cadamba

Qureshi AK, Mukhtar MR, Hirasawa Y, Hosoya T, Nugroho AE, Morita H, et al.

Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 2011;59(2):291-3.
PMID: 21297315

Two new indole alkaloids, neolamarckines A and B (1, 2) were isolated from the leaves of Neolamarckia cadamba (Rubiaceae). Structural elucidation of 1 and 2 was performed by combination of 2D-NMR and circular dichroism (CD) spectra, and chemical correlations. Neolamarckine A (1) showed inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) dose dependently.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts/isolation & purification*; Plant Extracts/pharmacology; Plant Extracts/chemistry
Prenatal developmental toxicity evaluation of Verbena officinalis during gestation period in female Sprague-Dawley rats

Fateh AH, Mohamed Z, Chik Z, Alsalahi A, Md Zin SR, Alshawsh MA

Chem Biol Interact, 2019 May 01;304:28-42.
PMID: 30807743 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.02.016

Verbena officinalis is widely used by women for maintaining general health and treating various gynaecological disorders during pregnancy. A case report has indicated that the consumption of V. officinalis induced an abortifacient effect. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the prenatal developmental toxicity of this plant according to OECD guideline (no. 414). A total of 50 pregnant female rats (dams) were distributed into five groups (n = 10); 500 mg/kg 1000 mg/2000 mg/kg and 3000 mg/kg of V. offcinalis extracts and the fifth group served as a normal control. All dams received their respective oral single daily treatment from the 6th to the 20th day of gestation. Maternal clinical toxicity signs, body weight and weight gain were recorded. Caesarean sections were performed on day 21 to evaluate embryo-foetal developmental toxicity. For dams, ovaries were harvested and weighed. The number of corpora lutea, implantation sites, and resorptions were recorded. No mortality was observed in dams, but their body weight gain was significantly reduced particularly in dams treated with 2000 and 3000 mg/kg V. officinalis. Asymmetrical distribution of implantation sites and embryos were observed. Embryo-fetotoxicity retardation was observed as evident by the decrease in foetal weight, head cranium, tail length, and higher incidence in the pre-and post-implantation loss. Some foetal skeleton abnormalities such as incomplete ossification of skull, sternebrae, and metatarsal bones were observed in foetuses of the 2000 and 3000 mg/kg V. officinalis-treated dams. LC/MS analysis identified the major constituents including geniposidic acid, tuberonic acid glucoside, luteolin 7, 3'-digalacturonide, iridotrial and apigenin. The glycosylated flavonoids such as apigenin and luteolin could be responsible for the reported prenatal developmental toxicity. In conclusion, the use of V. officinalis during pregnancy is not safe indicating evidence-based toxic effects on the reproductive performance of dams and dose-dependent risk potentials to the foetuses.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts/isolation & purification; Plant Extracts/toxicity*; Plant Extracts/chemistry
Metabolomic analysis reveals the valuable bioactive compounds of Ardisia elliptica

Wong PL, Ramli NS, Tan CP, Azlan A, Abas F

Phytochem Anal, 2021 Sep;32(5):685-697.
PMID: 33295100 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3015

INTRODUCTION: Ardisia elliptica Thunb. (Primulaceae) is a medicinal herb that is traditionally used for the treatment of fever, diarrhoea, measles and herpes. However, there is limited information regarding the correlation of its phytoconstituents with the bioactivity. Optimisation of solvent extraction is vital for maximising retention of bioactive molecules.
OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the metabolite variations in A. elliptica leaves and the correlation with antioxidant activities.
METHODOLOGY: Total phenolic content (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) radicals scavenging assays were performed on A. elliptica leaves extracted with four different ethanol ratios (0%, 50%, 70% and absolute ethanol). The correlation of metabolites with antioxidant activities was evaluated using a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics approach.
RESULTS: The results showed that the 50% and 70% ethanolic extracts retained the highest TPC, and the 70% ethanolic extract was the most active, exhibiting half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) values of 10.18 ± 0.83 and 43.05 ± 1.69 μg/mL, respectively, in both radical scavenging assays. A total of 46 metabolites were tentatively identified, including flavonoids, benzoquinones, triterpenes and phenolic derivatives. The 50% and 70% ethanolic extracts showed similarities in metabolites content and were well discriminated from water and absolute ethanol extracts in a principal component analysis (PCA) model. Moreover, 31 metabolites were found to contribute significantly to the differentiation and antioxidant activity.
CONCLUSION: This study provides information on bioactive compounds in A. elliptica leaves, which is promising as a functional ingredient for food production or for the development of phytomedicinal products.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts
Fulltext Assessment of residual bio-efficacy and persistence of Ipomoea cairica plant extract against Culex quinquefasciatus Say mosquito

Thiagaletchumi M, Zuharah WF, Ahbi Rami R, Fadzly N, Dieng H, Ahmad AH, et al.

Trop Biomed, 2014 Sep;31(3):466-76.
PMID: 25382473 MyJurnal

Specification on residual action of a possible alternative insecticide derived from plant materials is important to determine minimum interval time between applications and the environmental persistence of the biopesticides. The objective of this study is to evaluate crude acethonilic extract of Ipomoea cairica leaves for its residual and persistence effects against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. Wild strain of Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae were used for the purpose of the study. Two test designs, replenishment of water and without replenishment of water were carried out. For the first design, a total of 10 ml of test solution containing Ip. cairica extracts was replenished daily and replaced with 10 ml of distilled water. For the second design, treatment water was maintained at 1500 ml and only evaporated water was refilled. Larval mortality was recorded at 24 hours post-treatment after each introduction period and trials were terminated when mortality rate falls below 50%. Adult emergences from survived larvae were observed and number of survivals was recorded. For the non-replenishment design, mortality rate significantly reduced to below 50% after 28 days, meanwhile for replenishment of water declined significantly after 21 days (P < 0.05). There was no adult emergence observed up to seven days for non-replenishment and first two days for replenishment of water design. The short period of residual effectiveness of crude acethonilic extract of Ip. cairica leaves with high percentage of larval mortality on the first few days, endorses fewer concerns of having excess residues in the environment which may carry the risk of insecticide resistance and environmental pollution.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts/isolation & purification; Plant Extracts/pharmacology*; Plant Extracts/chemistry
Fulltext Antiplasmodial properties of some Malaysian medicinal plants

Noor Rain A, Khozirah S, Mohd Ridzuan MA, Ong BK, Rohaya C, Rosilawati M, et al.

Trop Biomed, 2007 Jun;24(1):29-35.
PMID: 17568375 MyJurnal

Seven Malaysian medicinal plants were screened for their antiplasmodial activities in vitro. These plants were selected based on their traditional claims for treatment or to relieve fever. The plant extracts were obtained from Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM). The antiplasmodial activities were carried out using the pLDH assay to Plasmodium falciparum D10 strain (sensitive strain) while the cytotoxic activities were carried out towards Madin- Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells using MTT assay. The concentration of extracts used for both screening assays were from the highest concentration 64 microg/ml, two fold dilution to the lowest concentration 0.03 microg/ml. Goniothalamus macrophyllus (stem extract) showed more than 60% growth inhibition while Goniothalamus scortechinii root and stem extract showed a 90% and more than 80% growth inhibition at the last concentration tested, 0.03 microg/ml. The G. scortechini (leaves extract) showed an IC50 (50% growth inhibition) at 8.53 microg/ml, Ardisia crispa (leaves extract) demonstrated an IC50 at 5.90 +/- 0.14 microg/ml while Croton argyratus (leaves extract) showed a percentage inhibition of more than 60% at the tested concentration. Blumea balsamifera root and stem showed an IC50 at 26.25 +/- 2.47 microg/ml and 7.75 +/- 0.35 microg/ ml respectively. Agathis borneensis (leaves extract) demonstrated a 50% growth inhibition at 11.00 +/- 1.41 microg/ml. The study gives preliminary scientific evidence of these plant extracts in line with their traditional claims.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts/adverse effects; Plant Extracts/pharmacology*; Plant Extracts/chemistry*
Fulltext An Object-Independent ENZ Metamaterial-Based Wideband Electromagnetic Cloak

Islam SS, Faruque MR, Islam MT

Sci Rep, 2016 09 16;6:33624.
PMID: 27634456 DOI: 10.1038/srep33624

A new, metamaterial-based electromagnetic cloaking operation is proposed in this study. The metamaterial exhibits a sharp transmittance in the C-band of the microwave spectrum with negative effective property of permittivity at that frequency. Two metal arms were placed on an FR-4 substrate to construct a double-split-square shape structure. The size of the resonator was maintained to achieve the effective medium property of the metamaterial. Full wave numerical simulation was performed to extract the reflection and transmission coefficients for the unit cell. Later on, a single layer square-shaped cloak was designed using the proposed metamaterial unit cell. The cloak hides a metal cylinder electromagnetically, where the material exhibits epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) property. Cloaking operation was demonstrated adopting the scattering-reduction technique. The measured result was provided to validate the characteristics of the metamaterial and the cloak. Some object size- and shape-based analyses were performed with the cloak, and a common cloaking region was revealed over more than 900 MHz in the C-band for the different objects.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts
Fulltext An experimental design approach for the extraction of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) oleoresin using pressurised liquid extraction (PLE)

Nur Ain. A.H., Zaibunnisa, A.H., Halimahton Zahrah, M.S., Norashikin, S.

International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(1):451-455.
MyJurnal

Extraction of lemongrass oleoresin was successfully optimised using Pressurised Liquid Extraction (PLE). Character impact compounds; neral, geranial and geraniol which constituted 72% oleoresin, were monitored during this optimisation study by using GCMSD. Based on maximum extraction of these compounds, the optimised operating conditions for PLE were a temperature of 167°C, a pressure of 1203 psi and a static time of 20.43 min. The quality of PLE extract were compared with conventional extraction methods, hydrodistillation and Soxhlet extraction. The proposed method was found to be better in term of quantity of the targeted character impact compounds.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts
Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms: Emerging Brain Food for the Mitigation of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Phan CW, David P, Sabaratnam V

J Med Food, 2017 Jan;20(1):1-10.
PMID: 28098514 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2016.3740

There is an exponential increase in dementia in old age at a global level because of increasing life expectancy. The prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) will continue to rise steadily, and is expected to reach 42 million cases worldwide in 2020. Despite the advancement of medication, the management of these diseases remains largely ineffective. Therefore, it is vital to explore novel nature-based nutraceuticals to mitigate AD and other age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Mushrooms and their extracts appear to hold many health benefits, including immune-modulating effects. A number of edible mushrooms have been shown to contain rare and exotic compounds that exhibit positive effects on brain cells both in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we summarize the scientific information on edible and culinary mushrooms with regard to their antidementia/AD active compounds and/or pharmacological test results. The bioactive components in these mushrooms and the underlying mechanism of their activities are discussed. In short, these mushrooms may be regarded as functional foods for the mitigation of neurodegenerative diseases.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts/metabolism; Plant Extracts/pharmacology; Plant Extracts/chemistry*
Comparative Study of Betacyanin Profile and Antimicrobial Activity of Red Pitahaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) and Red Spinach (Amaranthus dubius)

Yong YY, Dykes G, Lee SM, Choo WS

Plant Foods Hum Nutr, 2017 Mar;72(1):41-47.
PMID: 27917454 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-016-0586-x

Betacyanins are reddish to violet pigments that can be found in red pitahaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) and red spinach (Amaranthus dubius). This study investigated the impact of sub-fractionation (solvent partitioning) on betacyanin content in both plants. Characterization of betacyanins and evaluation of their antimicrobial activities were also carried out. Betanin was found in both plants. In addition, isobetanin, phyllocactin and hylocerenin were found in red pitahaya whereas amaranthine and decarboxy-amaranthine were found in red spinach. Sub-fractionated red pitahaya and red spinach had 23.5 and 121.5 % more betacyanin content, respectively, than those without sub-fractionation. Sub-fractionation increased the betanin and decarboxy-amaranthine content in red pitahaya and red spinach, respectively. The betacyanin fraction from red spinach (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] values: 0.78-3.13 mg/mL) demonstrated a better antimicrobial activity profile than that of red pitahaya (MIC values: 3.13-6.25 mg/mL) against nine Gram-positive bacterial strains. Similarly, the red spinach fraction (MIC values: 1.56-3.13 mg/mL) was more active than the red pitahaya fraction (MIC values: 3.13-6.25 mg/mL) against five Gram-negative bacterial strains. This could be because of a higher amount of betacyanin, particularly amaranthine in the red spinach.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts/isolation & purification; Plant Extracts/pharmacology; Plant Extracts/chemistry*
Green synthesis of copper nanoparticle using ionic liquid-based extraction from Polygonum minus and their applications

Ullah H, Wilfred CD, Shaharun MS

Environ Technol, 2019 Dec;40(28):3705-3712.
PMID: 29873603 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1485751

The present work reports the extraction of phenolic compounds from Polygonum minus using ionic liquid as extracting solvent. In this work, 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate [BMIM][HSO4] was used for the extraction of bioactive compounds. Accordingly, ionic liquids based microwave-assisted extraction treatment for separating of bioactive compounds from polygonum minus was first performed in the present study. The results obtained in this work have high extraction yield in comparison with conventional solvent. UV/Vis results showed that microwave synthesis was fast, well dispersed and nanosized copper nanoparticle (CuNPs) in comparison with conventional synthesis. CuNPs was characterised by X-Rays diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), field emission scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive x-rays (FESEM-EDX), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). All the instrumental analyses confirmed the particles were nanosized. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of as-synthesised CuNPs showed effective inhibitory zone against three different bacteria. The photocatalytic degradation of copper nanoparticles was studied using methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) dyes under UV light and degraded 99.9% within short time 8 and 7 min.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts
1H NMR and antioxidant profiles of polar and non-polar extracts of persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) - Metabolomics study based on cultivars and origins

Maulidiani M, Mediani A, Abas F, Park YS, Park YK, Kim YM, et al.

Talanta, 2018 Jul 01;184:277-286.
PMID: 29674043 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.02.084

Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) is one of the most important fruits that has been consumed for its medicinal properties due to the presence of some active metabolites, particularly polyphenols and carotenoids. Previously described methods, including HPLC, were limited in the determination of metabolites in different persimmon varieties. The present study shows the evaluation and the differences among persimmon polar and non-polar extracts by 1H NMR-based metabolomics approach. The hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) based on score values of principal component analysis (PCA) model was used to analyze the important compounds in investigated fruits. The 1H NMR spectrum of persimmon chloroform (CDCl3) extracts showed different types of compounds as compared to polar methanol-water (CD3OD-D2O) ones. Persimmons growing in Israel were clustered different from those growing in Korea with the abundance of phenolic compounds (gallic, caffeic and protocathecuic acids), carotenoids (β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin), amino acids (alanine), maltose, uridine, and fatty acids (myristic and palmitoleic acids). Glucose, choline and formic acid were more prominent in persimmon growing in Korea. In CD3OD-D2O and CDCl3 persimmon extracts, 43 metabolites were identified. The metabolic differences were shown as well on the results of bioactivities and antioxidant capacities determined by ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC and DPPH assays. The presented methods can be widely used for quantitation of multiple compounds in many plant and biological samples especially in vegetables and fruits.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts/analysis*; Plant Extracts/isolation & purification; Plant Extracts/metabolism*

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