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  1. Fulltext Effectiveness of group cognitive behaviour therapy augmentation in reducing negative cognitions in the treatment of depression in Malaysia
    Firdaus Mukhtar, Tian, PS Oei, Mohd Jamil Mohd Yaacob
    ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2011;12(1):0-0.
    MyJurnal
    Objective: Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) for depression is popular in Western countries. In the context of Malaysia, CBT has been applied as an individual session in a clinical setting. However, there is limited research in the area of group CBT for depression among Malays. The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of Group Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (GCBT) in reducing the negative cognitions that are related to depression in a group of Malay patients. Methods: One hundred and thirteen patients, diagnosed with depression, were randomly allocated to either a Treatment As Usual (TAU)
    group (n = 55), or a TAU plus GCBT group (n = 58). All participants completed two questionnaires that measured maladaptive cognitions at pretreatment, midway through treatment, post-treatment (week 4), and at followups after three (week 16) and six months (week 28). Results: The TAU+GCBT patients improved significantly more, and at a faster rate, than the TAU group; which showed minimal improvement. The effect size (Cohen’s d) of the treatment group was 0.93 and 96.55% of the treatment group achieved a clinically significant change. Conclusions: The findings suggest that GCBT, when used in addition to the TAU, is effective in reducing negative thoughts and maladaptive attitudes of Malaysian patients suffering from depression.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition
  2. Impact of graphic pack warnings on adult smokers' quitting activities: Findings from the ITC Southeast Asia Survey (2005-2014)
    Li L, Fathelrahman AI, Borland R, Omar M, Fong GT, Quah AC, et al.
    Journal of smoking cessation, 2016 Jun;11(2):124-134.
    PMID: 27525045
    Malaysia introduced graphic health warning labels (GHWLs) on all tobacco packages in 2009. We aimed to examine if implementing GHWLs led to stronger warning reactions (e.g., thinking about the health risks of smoking) and an increase in subsequent quitting activities; and to examine how reactions changed over time since the implementation of the GHWLs in Malaysia and Thailand where GHWL size increased from 50-55% in 2010. Data came from six waves (2005-2014) of the International Tobacco Control Southeast Asia Survey. Between 3,706 and 4,422 smokers were interviewed across these two countries at each survey wave. Measures included salience of warnings, cognitive responses (i.e., thinking about the health risks and being more likely to quit smoking), forgoing cigarettes, and avoiding warnings. The main outcome was subsequent quit attempts. Following the implementation of GHWLs in Malaysia, reactions increased, in some cases to levels similar to the larger Thai warnings, but declined over time. In Thailand, reactions increased following implementation, with no decline for several years, and no clear effect of the small increase in warning size. Reactions, mainly cognitive responses, were consistently predictive of quit attempts in Thailand, but this was only consistently so in Malaysia after the change to GHWLs. In conclusion, GHWLs are responded to more frequently, and generate more quit attempts, but warning wear-out is not consistent in these two countries, perhaps due to differences in other tobacco control efforts.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition
  3. Fulltext Thyroid disorders and psychiatric morbidities
    Sapini Y, Rokiah P, Nor Zuraida Z
    Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry, 2009;18(2):1-9.
    MyJurnal
    The functional behavior of the thyroid is fundamental in most diseases and represents the basis for diagnosis and therapy. The status can be euthyroidism, hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. The psychiatric manifestation varies in different thyroid status. Those with hypothyroidism were described to have depression, psychosis and cognitive dysfunction. Meanwhile, those with hyperthyroidism were found to have psychosis, aggression, anxiety as well as cognitive impairment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition Disorders
  4. Fulltext 3D immersive environment as a psychological training tool to enhance self-confidence and reduce competitive anxiety for Malaysian volleyball athletes
    Tan M.J., Omar, A.H., Dayang Tiawa Awang Hamid
    Movement Health & Exercise, 2015;4(1):1-14.
    MyJurnal
    Currently, great emphasis is placed on the development and intervention of psychology in sports in order to address the problem of athletes’ failure to achieve peak performance in actual competitions. This problem is primarily due to internal factors, such as anxieties, as well as external factors, such as the high pressure of the competitive environments athletes encounter. In this study, the cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self confidence levels amongst elite and sub-elite Malaysian volleyball players are defined (male sample n = 50; female sample n = 35; age range between 17 to 25 years). These parameters were measured using the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory (CSAI-2), in which the questionnaires were completed by all respondents 30 minutes prior to the start of a competition. The findings indicated that there was a significant difference (p < 0.005) in cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self-confidence among elite and sub-elite Malaysian (male and female) volleyball athletes. According to the findings, the competitive anxiety levels of the sub-elite athletes were higher than the elite, mainly due to the inability of the sub-elite athletes to control their emotions using psychological skills. In order to minimize this problem, a novel approach that involves using virtual reality to reduce the athletes’ competitive anxiety was proposed. This approach utilizes a 3D immersive environment that was developed based on the challenging real-world situations encountered during a volleyball match. The design and development of this approach is predicted to enhance athletes’ psychological skills, and in turn ensure that they can achieve peak performance under high pressure conditions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition
  5. Role of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtype in neuroprotection: an overview
    Muthuraju, S., Abdullah, J.M.
    Orient Neuron Nexus, 2011;2(1):10-14.
    MyJurnal
    Neuronal cell death results from various circumstances such as hypoxia, ischemic and neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). In these events, the resulting modification of neurotransmitters, either excitatory or inhibitory, mediate much of the neuronal damage. However, this consequence depends upon their pre and post synaptic receptor activities which are the key mechanism for signal regulation. Among these, acetylcholine (ACh) is a well known neurotransmitter which is predominantly involved in neuroprotection as well as cognitive functions through its receptors activity, particularly the nicotinic subtypes. Several lines of evidence suggest that among these subtypes, a7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (a7nAChR) offers much promise for neuroprotective role in relation to the central nervous system (CNS) disorders like schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several lines of evidence exist to show the potential mechanisms in which this nAChR subtype and its agonists such as nicotine, that trigger the a7nAChR-mediated suppression of neuronal cell death. This review focuses on the potential role of a7nAChR in neuroprotection by examining recent experimental data, both in vitro and in vivo, that argue for the neuroprotective role of a7nAChR in the CNS.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition
  6. Neurobehavioral performances among lead exposed workers in Malaysia: an early detection of lead toxicity
    Mazrura Sahani, Noor Hassim Ismail
    Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 2005;2(1):1-9.
    MyJurnal
    The objectives of this study is to evaluate subjective symptoms and neurobehavioral performances among workers exposed to lead and its relation with blood lead levels. The methodology of this study was restricted to 141 Malaysian battery manufacturing factories male workers with mean (SD) age of 35.2 (9.6) years, years of employment 9.1 (7.1), current blood lead concentration 40.5 (16.8) μg/dl were given WHO neurobehavioral core test battery. Results showed that highly exposed group blood lead level (high ≥ 40 μg/dl) performed less well in 4 of 13 responses reported higher subjective symptoms of weakness of lower limbs and anorexia. Significant correlation was found between blood lead and Digit Symbol, Digit Forward, Digit Backward, Aiming Pursuit Test and Trail B. Regression analysis showed reduction in cognitive, memory and concentration functions at ≤ 30 μg/dl blood lead levels with maximum lead effect at Digit symbol’s score at 40 μg/dl. In conclusion, this study is consistent with the larger body of neurobehavioral tests in lead exposure and has proven the ability of these tests in detecting low level of lead toxicity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition
  7. Fulltext Impact of decomposition of autonomic tonic and phasic responses on predictors of reaction performance in elite Malaysian swimmers
    Saha, Srilekha, Saha, Soumendra
    Movement Health & Exercise, 2014;3(1):15-25.
    MyJurnal
    Psychobiological predictors of emotionality were evaluated in relations to complex reaction and movement performances have been considered as the significant aspect of research interest. Considerable research base confirms that the expert players employ more pertinent search strategies, eliminate irrelevant cues which enable them to effectively anticipate action requirements and they have superior ability to use cue-related information to reliably anticipate occurrence of relevant events. Present study was aimed at identification of intricate relationship between the ability of the high performing swimmers (National - level swimmers of Malaysia) in anticipatory cue-utilization and corresponding autonomic phasic skin conductance responses isolated from the tonic measures. Altogether two-hundred and twenty-five individuals having high athletic calibre, and holding top-positions in recently held (within the period March 2011 up to the June 2011) National and International (Mostly ASEAN level) meets volunteered as the participants in this study. Simultaneous evaluation of autonomic arousal modulation (habituation paradigm tonic and phasic measures of skin conductance) was done when the swimmers were engaged in cue-related anticipatory task, associated with complex reaction performance. For this purpose, participants were evaluated intermittently (twice within the calendar year August 2010 - June 2011) with the identical research paradigm. Perceived sense of competence as well as the subjective feelings of apprehension of loosing was explored, and attempts were made to identify the obscure subjective expression of cognitive-emotional make-up, in explaining differential performance outcomes evident in the participants. Findings of multiple linear and polynomial regression analyses however suggested direct, inverse and supportive relationships between decomposition of skin conductance tonic and phasic autonomic components related to cognitive-affective and affective motivational aspects of sports behaviour explaining pathways to both excellent and debilitative performance outcomes during practice sessions as well as in actual competitive situations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition
  8. Fulltext Temporal anticipation under cognitive stress
    Suppiah, Pathmanathan K., Mohamad Razali Abdullah
    Movement Health & Exercise, 2012;1(1):61-73.
    MyJurnal
    The ability to produce performances at highest level under physically and emotionally demanding conditions underline the worth of a sportsperson. These stressful conditions places demands on the cognitive resources of the sportsperson; especially in anticipatory actions that require the allocation of cognitive resources. This study investigated the effects of cognitive stress on the temporal anticipation of a timing motor task. A repeated measures design was applied with two independent variables; cognitive stress and levels of difficulty, which included easy, intermediate and difficult. Study participants were 18 male and 18 female undergraduates of the Physical Education programme of Universiti Putra Malaysia. The experimental task involved performing a timing motor task across the three levels of difficulty, under two conditions as follows: (i) without cognitive stress, and (ii) under cognitive stress. Cognitive stress was induced via the continuous subtraction of two from a two-digit number. Participants performed the task individually and the sequence of the experimental task was counter-balanced. A two-way within subject ANOVA was
    performed to ascertain the effects of cognitive stress on the temporal anticipation of the timing motor task. Data yielded significant difference in means for the stress main effect [Λ = .64, F (1.35) = 19.89, p < 0.05]; and the task main effect [Λ = .84, F (2, 34) = 3.35, p < 0.05]. Post hoc comparisons produced a significant difference in the means of the performance of the timing motor task at all three levels of difficulty. Data showed that cognitive stress had an effect on the temporal anticipation of the timing motor task. These results are explained from attentional and the neuromotor noise perspectives. It was concluded that the significant difference in the performance of the experimental task was due to the competition for intentional resources and the decrease of the signal to noise ratio due to cognitive stress.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition
  9. Fulltext Prediction of clinical symptoms of Schizophrenia based on COMT Methylation marker
    Nour El Huda Abd Rahim, Mohd Nabil Fikri Rahim, Norsidah Ku Zaifah, Hanisah Mohd Noor, Kartini Abdullah, Norlelawati A. Talib
    International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2017;16(11):19-19.
    MyJurnal
    The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia is based on the fact that hyperdopaminergic
    state is involved in causing psychosis and antipsychotic drugs block the
    dopamine receptor. COMT regulates the homeostatic levels of neurotransmitter
    dopamine in the synapses and plays a role in the neurocognitive function. The
    dysregulation of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex influences the cognitive function and
    the severity of the psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia. During epigenetic event,
    methylated COMT gene may cause reduction in its expression and contribute to the
    clinical presentation of schizophrenia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the
    feasibility of using COMT DNA methylation for the prediction of specific psychotic
    presentation of schizophrenia. (Copied from article).
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition
  10. Fulltext A Patient with Beta-Propeller Protein-Associated Neurodegeneration: Treatment with Iron Chelation Therapy
    Lim SY, Tan AH, Ahmad-Annuar A, Schneider SA, Bee PC, Lim JL, et al.
    J Mov Disord, 2018 May;11(2):89-92.
    PMID: 29860786 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.17082
    We present a case of beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration, a form of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation. The patient harbored a novel mutation in the WDR45 gene. A detailed video and description of her clinical condition are provided. Her movement disorder phenomenology was characterized primarily by limb stereotypies and gait dyspraxia. The patient's disability was advanced by the time iron-chelating therapy with deferiprone was initiated, and no clinical response in terms of cognitive function, behavior, speech, or movements were observed after one year of treatment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition
  11. Fulltext The effect of using games in teaching conservation
    Tan CKW, Lee JW, Hii A, Loo YY, Campos-Arceiz A, Macdonald DW
    PeerJ, 2018;6:e4509.
    PMID: 29736327 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4509
    Games are an increasingly popular approach for conservation teaching. However, we know little about the effectiveness of the games on students' experiences and knowledge acquisition. Many current games are supplemental games (SG) that have no meaningful interaction with the subject matter. We adapted the experiential gaming (EG) model where students were immersed in goal-orientated tasks found in real-life situations, and they tackled questions to complete actions for their main task. Classroom-based games were created for eight different conservation topics for an annual Wildlife Conservation Course and an annual Diploma in International Wildlife Conservation Practice. Data were collected over two cycles, a total sample size of 55 multinational students. We used a combination of repeated-measures design and counterbalanced measures design; each student was subjected at least twice to each of the EG and didactic instruction (DI) treatments, and at least once to the SG approach. We compared students' perception, learning and behavioural responses to the treatments, including measures of student personality types and learning styles as explanatory variables. Findings revealed multiple benefits of the classroom EG compared to the DI approach, such as increased attention retention, increased engagement and added intrinsic motivation. The improved level of intrinsic motivation was mainly facilitated by increased social bonding between participants. Further, we show that this EG approach appeals to a wide range of learning styles and personalities. The performance of SG was generally intermediate between that of EG and DI. We propose EG as a beneficial complement to traditional classroom teaching and current gamified classes for conservation education.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition
  12. Fulltext Psychological interventions for behavioral adjustments in diabetes care - a value-based approach to disease control
    Chew BH, Fernandez A, Shariff-Ghazali S
    Psychol Res Behav Manag, 2018;11:145-155.
    PMID: 29765258 DOI: 10.2147/PRBM.S117224
    Psychological aspects of a person, such as the personal value and belief systems, cognition and emotion, form the basis of human health behaviors, which, in turn, influence self-management, self-efficacy, quality of life, disease control and clinical outcomes in people with chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. However, psychological, psychosocial and behavioral interventions aimed at these groups of patients have yielded inconsistent effects in terms of clinical outcomes in clinical trials. This might have been due to differing conceptualization of health behavioral theories and models in the interventions. Assimilating different theories of human behavior, this narrative review attempts to demonstrate the potential modulatory effects of intrinsic values on cognitive and affective health-directed interventions. Interventions that utilize modification of cognition alone via education or that focuses on both cognitive and emotional levels are hardly adequate to initiate health-seeking behavior and much less to sustain them. People who are aware of their own personal values and purpose in life would be more motivated to practice good health-related behavior and persevere in them.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition
  13. Fulltext Functional outcome 6 months after severe traumatic brain injury following admission to intensive care unit: a follow-up study in two neuro-center hospitals
    Norain Abdul Rashid
    International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2017;16(11):45-45.
    MyJurnal
    Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major medical and socioeconomic
    problem. Patients with severe TBI shows physical and functional improvement but
    remain with cognitive and psycho-social problem throughout recovery. Despite all the
    issues, the impact of TBI on long-term survivors in Malaysia is unknown. The aim of this
    study is to measure the functional level of ICU survivors with severe TBI within 6 months
    post injury. (Copied from article).
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition
  14. Assessing clinical reasoning skills of final year medical students using the script concordance test
    Velayudhan Menon, Rifdy Mohideen
    International e-Journal of Science, Medicine & Education, 2016;10(1):36-40.
    MyJurnal
    Background: Clinical reasoning is the name given to
    the cognitive processes by which doctors evaluate and
    analyse information from patients. It is a skill developed
    by experiential learning and is difficult to assess
    objectively. The script concordance test, an assessment
    tool introduced into the health sciences about 15 years
    ago, is a way of assessing clinical reasoning ability in
    an objective manner and allows comparisons of the
    decisions made by medical students and experts in
    situations of uncertainty.

    Methods: Twenty-six final year medical students from
    the International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur,
    were tested on their decision making skills regarding a
    young febrile patient. The students evaluated different
    pieces of information in five different scenarios and
    made decisions on a five-point Likert scale in the
    standard format of the script concordance test. Their
    decisions were compared to the decisions of a panel of
    experienced clinicians in Internal Medicine.

    Results: The script concordance test scores for the
    different scenarios were calculated with higher scores
    being indicative of greater concordance between the
    reasoning of students and doctors. The students showed
    poor concordance with doctors in evaluating clinical
    information. Overall, only 20 percent of the choices
    made by students were the same as the choices made by
    the majority of doctors.

    Conclusion: Medical students vary in their ability to
    interpret the significance of clinical information. Using
    the script concordance test, this preliminary study looked
    at the ability of final year medical students to interpret
    information about a patient with a febrile illness. The
    results showed poor concordance between students and
    doctors in the way they interpreted clinical information.
    The script concordance test has the potential to be a
    tool for teaching and assessing clinical reasoning.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition
  15. Evaluation of workshop for training house-officers and medical officers on medical emergencies using simulation for workplace preparedness
    Thiruselvi Subramaniam, Ann Jee Tan
    International e-Journal of Science, Medicine & Education, 2017;11(1):33-38.
    MyJurnal
    Background: House-officers and medical officers are at
    the forefront during medical emergencies in the ward
    and casualty which impose cognitive, communication,
    social and system challenges and yet, training in this
    area is commonly lacking. A workshop was conducted
    using simulation to provide training on some acute
    medical emergencies like cord prolapse, post- partum
    haemorrhage with collapse, poly-trauma and acute
    exacerbation of asthma.

    Objective: To determine the effectiveness of simulation
    in developing competency in managing selected clinical
    emergencies.

    Methodology: There were 22 participants consisting
    of house-officers, junior medical officers and nursing
    clinical instructors. Only doctors were included in
    the study. Four medical emergencies were chosen viz.:
    Cord prolapse; post- partum haemorrhage with collapse;
    poly-trauma and acute exacerbation of asthma. The
    simulated sessions were conducted using high fidelity
    manikins and simulated patients. Simulated patients
    were trained and moulage was applied accordingly. The
    skills stations were on airway equipment and techniques
    of application, latest cardiac life support algorithm and
    hands on chest compression using manikins.

    Results: A 5 point Likert scale used to rate the
    sessions. The skills station had 65% (n=13) rating as
    excellent and 35% (n=7) good. The skills simulation
    was rated excellent by 75% (n=15) and good by 25%
    (n=5) of participants. Verbal feedback was that it was
    very refreshing, informative, and helpful in terms of
    improving their skills.

    Conclusion: The simulated skills training for the junior
    doctors was very well received and maybe beneficial for
    work preparedness and in the long run address patient
    safety.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition
  16. Fulltext Learning assessment model for invasion category games in year 4 physical education
    Liza Saad, Azali Rahmat, Norkhalid Salimin
    Jurnal Sains Sukan & Pendidikan Jasmani, 2016;5(1):35-48.
    MyJurnal
    Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education 5(1): 35-48, 2016 - This study aimed to
    determine the validity and reliability of Learning Assessment Model for Invasion Category
    Games in Year 4 Physical Education. This study uses a holistic instrument for assessing
    student performance standards for the assessment of Invasion Category Games that includes
    teacher observation that consisted of psychomotor, cognitive and affective domain.
    Measuring instruments were constructed based on five main sources that were the Handbook
    of Physical Education Teaching, Curriculum and Assessment Document Standard of Physical
    Education, Physical Education textbooks, Professional Circular No. 1/2014 and the Malaysia
    Education Blueprint 2013-2025. All sources are used as a guide and reference so that the
    instruments to assess are built in conformity with the requirements and needs of physical
    education. The study found that the validity of the instrument Learning Assessment Model
    for the invasion category games is high for both the legality of the process. The reliability of
    the instruments Learning Assessment Model for the offensive category game between the two
    testers for the achievement level of students learning in the three domains showed a strong
    relationship. Based on the findings, this Learning Assessment Model is suitable to be used as
    a standard instrument for assessing the level of student mastery of the Invasion Category
    Games in Physical Education. The implication of the study is Learning Assessment Model
    can become a more realistic and holistic assessment instrument and can be used to measure
    the level of students in line with school-based assessment requirements as outlined in the Malaysia Education Blueprint 2013-2025.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition
  17. Greater Cognitive Effort for Better Learning: Tailoring an Instructional Design for Learners with Different Levels of Knowledge and Motivation
    Kuldas S, Satyen L, Ismail HN, Hashim S
    Psychol Belg, 2014 Aug 08;54(4):350-373.
    PMID: 30479408 DOI: 10.5334/pb.aw
    The capacity limitation of working memory is a widely recognised determinant of human learning. A cognitive load exceeding the capacity hampers learning. Cognitive load can be controlled by tailoring an instructional design to levels of learner prior knowledge. However, such as design does not necessarily motivate to use the available capacity for better learning. The present review examines literatures on the effects of instructional design, motivation, emotional state, and expertise level on cognitive load and cognitive effort, which ultimately affect working memory performance and learning. This examination suggests further studies on the effects of motivation and negative emotional states on the use of working memory. Prospective findings would help better explain and predict individual differences in the use of working memory for cognitive learning and task performance.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition
  18. Health-Care Workers' Perception of Patients' Suicide Intention and Factors Leading to It: A Qualitative Study
    Wee LH, Ibrahim N, Wahab S, Visvalingam U, Yeoh SH, Siau CS
    Omega (Westport), 2020 Dec;82(2):323-345.
    PMID: 30482086 DOI: 10.1177/0030222818814331
    This study explored health-care workers' perception of patients' suicide intention and their understanding of factors leading to particular interpretations. Semistructured face-to-face in-depth interviews were conducted with 32 health-care workers from a general hospital in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Interview data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using the interpretative phenomenological analysis. The health-care workers were found to have four types of perceptions: to end life, not to end life, ambivalence about intention, and an evolving understanding of intention. Factors leading to their perceptions of patients' suicide intention were patient demographics, health status, severity of ideation/attempt, suicide method, history of treatment, moral character, communication of suicide intention, affective/cognitive status, availability of social support, and health-care workers' limited knowledge of patients' condition/situation. Insufficient knowledge and negative attitudes toward suicidal patients led to risk minimization and empathic failure, although most health-care workers used the correct parameters in determining suicide intention.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition
  19. Fulltext Keberkesanan kaunseling kelompok tingkah laku kognitif terhadap kemarahan dan agresif dalam kalangan banduan penjara lelaki
    Norzihan A, Rohany N, Mohd Suhaimi M, Nor Ba’yah Abdul K
    Jurnal Psikologi Malaysia, 2016;30:40-51.
    The aim of this study is to examine the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural group counselling on anger and aggression among male prisoners in Malaysian prisons. A total of 40 male prisoners were involved in this study. Subjects were assigned into treatment group (N=20) and control group (N=20) through purposive sampling method. Subjects were then divided into small groups (two treatment groups) and (two control groups) which each group consisting of 10 prisoners. The treatment groups attended eight sessions of group counselling process. State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2) and Aggression Questionnaire (AQ) were used as questionnaires to measure anger emotion and aggression behaviour. Data were analysed by using the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) at 0.05 significant level. The results showed significant differences in the mean of pre-test and post-test on STAXI-2 scales such as state anger, trait anger and anger expression-out between the experimental group and control group. However, the results showed no significant differences for the scales of anger expression-in, anger control-out, and anger control-in between the groups. The results also showed significant differences in the mean of pre-test and post-test on aggression between the experimental group and control group. The implications of the findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition
  20. Fulltext The Effectiveness of a Web-Based Health Education Tool, WESIHAT 2.0, among Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
    Vanoh D, Shahar S, Razali R, Ali NM, Manaf ZA, Mohd Noah SA, et al.
    J Alzheimers Dis, 2019;70(s1):S255-S270.
    PMID: 31256116 DOI: 10.3233/JAD-180464
    BACKGROUND: Intervention strategies, especially online based approaches, are considered to be beneficial in improving the health of the senior. The effectiveness of such approaches is yet to be determined.

    OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the web-based application, WESIHAT 2.0©, for improving cognitive function, physical fitness, biochemical indices, and psychosocial variables among older adults in Klang Valley, Malaysia. The cost analysis of WESIHAT 2.0© was also determined.

    METHOD: The study utilized a two-arm randomized controlled trial with 25 subjects in each of the intervention and control groups. The participants chosen for the study included those who were 60 years and above with at least secondary education and had internet access using a computer at home. The intervention group was exposed to the website (30 minutes per day, 4 days per week) for six months, while the control group was given health education pamphlets. Activity-Based Costing method was used to determine the cost saved using WESIHAT 2.0© as compared to using the pamphlet.

    RESULTS: Significant intervention effects were observed for self-perception of disability and informational support scores. WESIHAT 2.0© was able to save costs in improving the self-perception of disability score and the informational support score at MYR 6.92 and MYR 13.52, respectively, compared to the conventional method.

    CONCLUSION: WESIHAT 2.0© was able to save costs in improving the self-perceived disability and informational support scores for the intervention group.

    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition
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