Displaying publications 101 - 120 of 179 in total

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  1. Amin AM, Sheau Chin L, Teh CH, Mostafa H, Mohamed Noor DA, Sk Abdul Kader MA, et al.
    J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2017 Nov 30;146:135-146.
    PMID: 28873361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.08.018
    Clopidogrel high on treatment platelets reactivity (HTPR) has burdened achieving optimum therapeutic outcome. Although there are known genetic and non-genetic factors associated with clopidogrel HTPR, which explain in part clopidogrel HTPR, yet, great portion remains unknown, often hindering personalizing antiplatelet therapy. Nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) pharmacometabolomics analysis is useful technique to phenotype drug response. We investigated using 1H NMR analysis to phenotype clopidogrel HTPR in urine. Urine samples were collected from 71 coronary artery disease (CAD) patients who were planned for interventional angiographic procedure prior to taking 600mg clopidogrel loading dose (LD) and 6h post LD. Patients' platelets function testing was assessed with the VerifyNow® P2Y12 assay at 6h after LD. Urine samples were analysed using 1H NMR. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to identify metabolites associated with clopidogrel HTPR. In pre-dose samples, 16 metabolites were associated with clopidogrel HTPR. However, 18 metabolites were associated with clopidogrel HTPR in post-dose samples. The pathway analysis of the identified biomarkers reflected that multifactorial conditions are associated with clopidogrel HTPR. It also revealed the implicated role of gut microbiota in clopidogrel HTPR. Pharmacometabolomics not only discovered novel biomarkers of clopidogrel HTPR but also revealed implicated pathways and conditions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Coronary Artery Disease/drug therapy*; Coronary Artery Disease/urine*
  2. Oteh M, Azarisman SM, Hanim NM, Noorfaizan S
    Singapore Med J, 2009 Feb;50(2):e76-8.
    PMID: 19296018
    Congenital coronary artery anomalies are rare, with an incidence of about 0.06-1.3 percent of all patients undergoing cardiac catheterisation. They are commonly asymptomatic, but potentially serious lesions may lead to myocardial ischaemia, infarction and/or sudden cardiac death. The occurrence of a concomitant stenotic lesion is exceedingly rare. We report an 80-year-old man who presented with acute anterior myocardial infarction. Coronary angiography revealed severe proximal left anterior descending (LAD) and arteriovenous malformation (AVM) from the first septal branch of the LAD. The LAD stenosis and the AVM were successfully treated with two Jomed covered stents.
    Matched MeSH terms: Coronary Artery Disease/complications; Coronary Artery Disease/diagnosis
  3. Saw ST, Leong BDK, Abdul Aziz DA
    Vasc Health Risk Manag, 2020;16:215-229.
    PMID: 32606718 DOI: 10.2147/VHRM.S250735
    INTRODUCTION: Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and coronary artery disease (CAD) share common risk factors. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of undiagnosed AAA in patients with angiographically diagnosed significant CAD.

    PATIENTS AND METHODS: Male patients aged 50 years and above (including indigenous people) with angiographically diagnosed significant CAD in the recent one year were screened for AAA. Standard definition of abdominal aortic aneurysm and CAD was used. All new patients were followed up for six months for AAA events (ruptured AAA and AAA-related mortality).

    RESULTS: A total of 277 male patients were recruited into this study. The total prevalence of undiagnosed AAA in this study population was 1.1% (95% CI 0.2-3.1). In patients with high-risk CAD, the prevalence of undiagnosed AAA was 1.7% (95% CI 0.3-4.8). The detected aneurysms ranged in size from 35.0mm to 63.8mm. Obesity was a common factor in these patients. There were no AAA-related mortality or morbidity during the follow-up. Although the total prevalence of undiagnosed AAA is low in the studied population, the prevalence of sub-aneurysmal aortic dilatation in patients with significant CAD was high at 6.6% (95% CI 3.9-10.2), in which majority were within the younger age group than 65 years old.

    CONCLUSION: This was the first study on the prevalence of undiagnosed AAA in a significant CAD population involving indigenous people in the island of Borneo. Targeted screening of patients with high-risk CAD even though they are younger than 65 years old effectively discover potentially harmful asymptomatic AAA and sub-aneurysmal aortic dilatations.

    Matched MeSH terms: Coronary Artery Disease/mortality; Coronary Artery Disease/epidemiology*
  4. Cainzos-Achirica M, Rampal S, Chang Y, Ryu S, Zhang Y, Zhao D, et al.
    Atherosclerosis, 2015 Aug;241(2):350-6.
    PMID: 26071657 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.031
    OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), a convenient, non-radiating, readily available measurement of arterial stiffness, and coronary artery calcium (CAC), a reliable marker of coronary atherosclerosis, in a large sample of young and middle-aged asymptomatic adults; and to assess the incremental value of baPWV for detecting prevalent CAC beyond traditional risk factors.
    METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 15,185 asymptomatic Korean adults who voluntarily underwent a comprehensive health screening program including measurement of baPWV and CAC. BaPWV was measured using an oscillometric method with cuffs placed on both arms and ankles. CAC burden was assessed using a multi-detector CT scan and scored following Agatston's method.
    RESULTS: The prevalence of CAC > 0 and CAC > 100 increased across baPWV quintiles. The multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) for CAC > 0 comparing baPWV quintiles 2-5 versus quintile 1 were 1.06 (0.87-1.30), 1.24 (1.02-1.50), 1.39 (1.15-1.69) and 1.60 (1.31-1.96), respectively (P trend < 0.001). Similarly, the relative prevalence ratios for CAC > 100 were 1.30 (0.74-2.26), 1.59 (0.93-2.71), 1.74 (1.03-2.94) and 2.59 (1.54-4.36), respectively (P trend < 0.001). For CAC > 100, the area under the ROC curve for baPWV alone was 0.71 (0.68-0.74), and the addition of baPWV to traditional risk factors significantly improved the discrimination and calibration of models for detecting prevalent CAC > 0 and CAC > 100.
    CONCLUSIONS: BaPWV was independently associated with the presence and severity of CAC in a large sample of young and middle-aged asymptomatic adults. BaPWV may be a valuable tool for identifying apparently low-risk individuals with increased burden of coronary atherosclerosis.
    KEYWORDS: Arterial stiffness; Atherosclerosis; Coronary artery calcium; Pulse wave velocity; Subclinical disease
    Matched MeSH terms: Coronary Artery Disease/diagnosis*; Coronary Artery Disease/epidemiology; Coronary Artery Disease/physiopathology
  5. Krackhardt F, Kočka V, Waliszewski MW, Utech A, Lustermann M, Hudec M, et al.
    Open Heart, 2017 06 06;4(2):e000592.
    PMID: 28761678 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2017-000592
    OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of a polymer-free sirolimus coated, ultrathin strut drug-eluting stent (PF-SES) in an unselected patient population with a focus on acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Furthermore, stable coronary artery disease (CAD) with short (≤6 months) versus long (>6 months) dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) were also studied.

    METHODS: Patients who received PF-SES were investigated in an unselected large-scale international, single-armed, multicenter, 'all comers' observational study. The primary endpoint was the 9-month target lesion revascularisation (TLR) rate, whereas secondary endpoints included the 9-month major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and procedural success rates. A priori defined subgroups such as patients with ACS, diabetes, lesion subsets and procedural characteristics relative to DAPT were investigated.

    RESULTS: A total of 2877 patients of whom 1084 had ACS were treated with PF-SES (1.31±0.75 stents per patient). At 9 months, the accumulated overall TLR rate was 2.3% (58/2513). There was no significant difference between ACS and stable CAD (2.6% vs 2.1%, p=0.389). However, the overall MACE rate was 4.3% (108/2513) with a higher rate in patients with ACS when compared with the stable CAD subgroup (6.1%, 58/947 vs 3.2%, 50/1566, p<0.001).

    CONCLUSIONS: PF-SES angioplasty is safe and effective in the daily clinical routine with low rates of TLR and MACE in an unselected patient population. Our data are in agreement with prior clinical findings that extended DAPT duration beyond 6 months do not improve clinical outcomes in patients with stable CAD (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT02629575).

    TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02629575.

    Matched MeSH terms: Coronary Artery Disease
  6. Haude M, Lee SWL, Worthley SG, Silber S, Verheye S, Rosli MA, et al.
    Catheter Cardiovasc Interv, 2020 05 01;95(6):1076-1084.
    PMID: 31489742 DOI: 10.1002/ccd.28483
    OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of the novel combined sirolimus-eluting endothelial progenitor cell capture Combo stent (OrbusNeich, Fort Lauderdale, FL) at 5 years in the REMEDEE (Randomized study to Evaluate the safety and effectiveness of an abluMinal sirolimus coated bio-Engineered stEnt) trial.

    BACKGROUND: Drug-eluting stents have limited restenosis and reintervention but are complicated by late and very late thrombosis and accelerated neoatherosclerosis. Alternative or adjunctive technologies are needed to address these limitations.

    METHODS: A total of 183 patients with de novo lesions in native coronary arteries were randomized 2:1 to Combo (n = 124) or Taxus Liberté (n = 59). Primary endpoint was 9 month angiographic in-stent late lumen loss and the secondary endpoint was the occurrence of major adverse events (MACE) through 5-year follow-up.

    RESULTS: Compared with Taxus, after 5 years the Combo stent was associated with similar rates of MACE (18.3% vs. 16.9%, p = .89), cardiac death (0.8% vs. 5.1%, p = .07), myocardial infarction (4.1% vs. 3.4%, p = .81), target lesion (9.4% vs. 10.2%, p = .78), and target vessel revascularization (14.4% vs. 11.9%, p = .73). No cases of definite stent thrombosis were reported in the Combo group. The follow-up rate at 5 years was 97.7%.

    CONCLUSION: At 5-year follow-up, the Combo stent remained clinically safe and effective with an overall low rate of MACE comparable to Taxus.

    Matched MeSH terms: Coronary Artery Disease/mortality; Coronary Artery Disease/pathology; Coronary Artery Disease/therapy*
  7. Subramaniam K, Siew SF, Mahmood MS
    Malays J Pathol, 2019 Apr;41(1):51-54.
    PMID: 31025638
    Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is a rare event and commonly associated with pregnancy and female gender. This condition can reduce or completely obstruct the blood flow to the heart, causing a myocardial ischaemia, abnormalities in heart rhythm or sudden death. We present a case of a 28-year-old Indian male with no previous medical illness who complained sudden onset of chest pain prior to his death. Autopsy revealed a left anterior descending coronary artery dissection associated with plaque rupture. The anterior wall of left ventricle showed contraction band necrosis. There was also atheroma present in the right coronary artery which was insignificant. Histologically, dissection was associated with atherosclerosis. There was no evidence of vasculitis. The cause of death was given as coronary artery dissection due to coronary artery atherosclerosis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Coronary Artery Disease
  8. Liu WJ, Musa R, Chew TF, Lim CTS, Morad Z, Bujang MAB
    Am J Med Sci, 2018 04;355(4):322-330.
    PMID: 29661345 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2017.11.015
    BACKGROUND: The effect of dialysis treatment is complex, with both clinical and socio-psychological effects. In this study, we aimed to assess the psychological status of this growing population of end-stage renal disease.

    METHODS: Using the Short Form of Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS21) questionnaire, we aimed (1) to measure the psychological states of hemodialysis (HD) or peritoneal dialysis (PD) subjects from 15 sites, (2) to compare DASS21 scores between HD and PD, and (3) to identify the associated demographic and medical factors of better psychological states.

    RESULTS: A total of 1,332 were eligible for analysis. Stress (48%) recorded the highest negative emotional states, followed by depression (37%) and anxiety (20%). By multivariate analysis, normal body mass index weight status, religion and absence of coronary artery disease were associated with lower score for depression, anxiety and stress, respectively. Tertiary education was associated with the lowest score in depression and anxiety, whereas HD had a lower score in stress than PD. A younger age was associated with worse DASS21 score of anxiety and stress.

    CONCLUSIONS: Obesity, religion and coronary artery disease were significantly associated with all 3 symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress. Older age has a protective effect on anxiety and stress. Further study is needed to evaluate the relationship between these significant factors and each psychological state.

    Matched MeSH terms: Coronary Artery Disease
  9. Karupaiah T, Chee SS
    Malays J Nutr, 1997;3(2):117-130.
    MyJurnal
    Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is recognised as an important public health problem in Malaysia. Hyperlipidaemia is one of the main risk factors related to CHD. The mainstay of treatment is diet therapy which should be maintained even if drug treatment is indicated. Since dietitians are the primary providers of dietary treatment to hyperlipidaemic patients, this retrospective study attempts to report the dietary approaches and methodologies adopted by Malaysian dietitians in managing their patients. A postal questionnaire covering various aspects of dietary management of hyperlipidaemia were sent to 47 dietitians practicing in private and government hospitals. A response rate of 53 % was elicited. The survey found that there was a disparity amongst the respondents in the approach to the dietary management of hyperlipidaemia in Malaysia. This was largely due to the absence of a standardised dietary protocol for general lipid lowering in patients with hyperlipidaemia.
    Study site: Private and public hospitals in Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Coronary Artery Disease
  10. Ngow, H.A., Wan Khairina, W.M.N.
    MyJurnal
    Coronary artery spasm can result in acute coronary syndrome. This vasospastic syndrome can cause profound morbidity and mortality as a significant proportion of patients continue to have angina despite optimal medical therapy. We illustrate the dilemma in managing a young woman who presented with non ST-segment myocardial infarction as a result of it. She did not have the conventional risks for coronary artery disease except the family history of myocardial infarction. Vasospasm was demonstrated at the mid right coronary artery which resolved with intracoronary nitroglycerine during angiogram. Most women with no significant heart disease following demonstration of normal or “near normal” coronary arteries after angiography are offered no treatment beyond reassurance each year. New data suggest that this approach may no longer be appropriate and the prognosis in such patient is not as benign as previously thought. We discuss the management dilemma of such patient with associated mild atherosclerotic plaque.
    Matched MeSH terms: Coronary Artery Disease
  11. Ummi Nadiah Yusoff, Diana Mahat, Azahadi Omar, Teh, Chien Huey, Norzawati Yoep, Riyanti Saari
    Int J Public Health Res, 2013;3(1):249-258.
    MyJurnal
    Mortality estimates are important parameters for health monitoring and are routinely used as evidence for health policy and planning. This study aimed to estimate the mortality component of Burden of Disease in Malaysia in 2008. The 2008 mortality data from the Statistics Department were used to estimate cause-specific mortality (by age and sex) in Malaysia. Data were coded using the ICD10 (International Classification of Disease) coding. Calculation of mortality component of Burden of Disease (ie: Years of Life Lost (YLL) was done using the standard Global Burden of Disease Methodology. The total estimated deaths in Malaysia in 2008 were 124,857, of which 72,202 (57.8%) were males. The total years of life lost (YLL) for the Malaysian population in 2008 was 1.51 million in which 0.92 million (60.7%) was among males. Almost three quarter (68%) of the burden of premature deaths resulted from non-communicable diseases, followed by communicable diseases (20%) and injury (12%). Among the top three leading causes of YLL were ischaemic heart disease (17.1%), stroke (9.6%) and road traffic injuries (8.3%). In Malaysia, premature mortality mainly contributed by non-communicable diseases followed by communicable diseases and injury. A multi-agency collaboration is needed to prevent premature death and to improve quality of life.
    Matched MeSH terms: Coronary Artery Disease
  12. Alhusseiny AH, Al-Nimer MS, Mohammad FI, Ali Jadoo SA
    Int J Cardiol, 2016 Nov 15;223:514-518.
    PMID: 27552568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.08.244
    Serum annexin A5 (anxA5) level is significantly increased in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Hematological indices are significantly increased in patients with ischemic heart disease. This study aimed to demonstrate the changes in the distribution of blood cells and the levels of anxA5 in patients presented with significant low ejection fraction ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) in comparison with corresponding patients with ischemic heart disease.
    Matched MeSH terms: Coronary Artery Disease
  13. Ho, SE, Noor Siah, A.A., Zaidah, Z., Teoh, KH, Gurbinder, J.S., Ismail, M.S., et al.
    Medicine & Health, 2010;5(2):77-85.
    MyJurnal
    Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) surgery has increased the survival rate for individuals suffering from myocardial infarction or coronary ischemia. The present study aimed to examine the perception of quality of life amongst post CABG patients at the National Heart Institute Malaysia. A total of 69 post CABG patients, were studied using the Medical Outcomes Short Form 36 (SF-36). The findings showed that post CABG respondents possessed good level of quality of life (SF-36) physically and mentally. There were significant differences between the role physical in the physical functioning domains of quality of life with gender (t=0.286, p
    Matched MeSH terms: Coronary Artery Disease
  14. Azizi Ayub, Awang Mat Zainal, Rafidah Hanim Mokhtar
    MyJurnal
    Plasma total homocysteine levels (tHcy) is lowered by high insulin levels, and it can be elevated in insulin-resistant states. However, it is uncertain whether plasma tHcy and insulin or any components of the metabolic syndrome has any relationship among hypertensive individuals. In this study the tHcy and insulin concentrations were measured by enzyme immunoassay techniques in samples from 41 (27 male and 14 female) participants. Components of the metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance) profiles were also evaluated. The participants’ age ranged from 31 to 67 years (mean+SEM, 52.1±1.3 years), body mass index from 20.2 to 38.3 kg/m2 (27.2±0.7 kg/m2), plasma tHcy concentration from 6.9 to 16.2 μmol/L (11.0±0.4 μmol/L), and plasma insulin 3.0 to 16.6 μIU/mL (7.3±0.5 μIU/mL). A significant negative correlation was found between tHcy concentrations and insulin levels (r=-0.358, P=0.011), but not with other variables (P>0.05). In conclusion, the tHcy concentration is significantly related to plasma insulin in hypertensive subjects. tHcy concentrations were independent of the components of the metabolic syndrome and other risk factors of coronary heart disease in hypertensive subjects.
    Matched MeSH terms: Coronary Artery Disease
  15. Rajashekar Rao, B., Parineetha, P.B., Venkata Raman, V.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: The study was conducted to look for the effects of polycythaemia on Glycosylated Haemoglobin (GHb) levels and to the see the correlations between the levels of haemoglobin, GHb, blood glucose, and lipid profi les including Atherogenic Index of plasma (AIP), in type 2 diabetics living 5800ft above sea level at Gangtok in Sikkim, India. GHb is used to predict the risk of long term complications of Diabetes mellitus (DM) like coronary artery disease (CAD). Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of Group I (Type 2 DM male patients with PPG levels 200mg/dl) and age matched healthy males formed the control group. Results: In Group I, GHb levels correlated positively with AIP, but not with TC/HDL-C ratio. In Group II, both PPG and GHb levels correlated positively with Total cholesterol (TC), LDL Cholesterol, TC /HDL-C ratio and AIP. This shows that higher PPG levels are associated with more Atherogenic lipid profi les. Study also showed higher GHb levels in controls at 7.61%, and correlated positively with postprandial glucose (PPG) levels (r = 0.92). Conclusion: In predicting risk for future CAD, PPG levels and AIP can be used as an adjunct parameter.
    Matched MeSH terms: Coronary Artery Disease
  16. Ramzisham, A.R.M., Joanna, O.S.M., Talal, A.R., Shahrulakmal, S., Maskon, O., Noorfaizan, S., et al.
    MyJurnal
    A 29-year-old, smoker, diabetic, hypertensive and hypercholesterolemic man was diagnosed of having severe coronary artery disease with a critical left main stem stenosis. On-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) was performed using conduits from the left internal mammary artery as well as the left radial artery and right saphenous vein which were both harvested endoscopically. He was discharged after a week of uneventful recovery. This case emphasizes on the best possible management of conduits selection, intraoperative myocardial protection and the risk factors modifi cation in achieving a long term graft patency and avoiding premature cardiac related death.
    Matched MeSH terms: Coronary Artery Disease
  17. Lee, K., Yunus, M., Loong, Y. Y., Shamsuddin, A., Zubaidah, J., Rosna, A. R.
    MyJurnal
    Hypertension is one of the major risk factors for coronary heart disease and the most important factor for cerebrovascular diseases. Adherence to treatment is a fundamental pre-requisite for therapeutic benefit in hypertensive patients. Adherence is a complex behavioural process that is strongly influenced by the way in which patients live, as well as the psychological and social support system.
    Aim: To understand and conceptualize the experience of people on long-term antihypertensive treatment Method: Qualitative analysis using semi-structured interviews with ten hypertensive patients from the medical clinic of Kuala Lumpur General Hospital.
    Results: Although the participants were aware of having high blood pressure they declined receiving any treatment at the early stage of the disease. Fear of death and disease complications are reinforcements for participants to adhere to medication. They perceived the label of “hypertension” will affect their self-identity and social role. Positive thinking regarding medication assists participants to adhere to treatment. Conversely, participants who perceived medication negatively also adhere to a medication regime, as adherence behaviour satisfies the family. Participants justified modifying their regimen or taking Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) as they believe know the their body best. However, participants wished to obtain more information regarding hypertension and its treatment from the doctors.
    Conclusion: In finding the fine balance between stepping in and holding back treatment and care, health professionals need to know their clients in context. This balance can only be achieved by establishing processes of negotiation within an ongoing therapeutic relationship.

    Study site: medical clinic of Kuala Lumpur General Hospital.
    Matched MeSH terms: Coronary Artery Disease
  18. Osman J, Tan SC, Lee PY, Low TY, Jamal R
    J Biomed Sci, 2019 May 22;26(1):39.
    PMID: 31118017 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0535-8
    Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a sudden, unexpected death that is caused by the loss of heart function. While SCD affects many patients suffering from coronary artery diseases (CAD) and heart failure (HF), a considerable number of SCD events occur in asymptomatic individuals. Certain risk factors for SCD have been identified and incorporated in different clinical scores, however, risk stratification using such algorithms is only useful for health management rather than for early detection and prediction of future SCD events in high-risk individuals. In this review, we discuss different molecular biomarkers that are used for early detection of SCD. This includes genetic biomarkers, where the majority of them are genomic variants for genes that encode for ion channels. Meanwhile, protein biomarkers often denote proteins that play roles in pathophysiological processes that lead to CAD and HF, notably (i) atherosclerosis that involves oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as (ii) cardiac tissue damage that involves neurohormonal and hemodynamic regulation and myocardial stress. Finally, we outline existing challenges and future directions including the use of OMICS strategy for biomarker discovery and the multimarker panels.
    Matched MeSH terms: Coronary Artery Disease
  19. Agarwal A, Vyas S, Kumar R
    Malays Fam Physician, 2015;10(3):35-7.
    PMID: 27570607
    Wellen's syndrome is a pre-infarction stage of coronary artery disease characterised by predefined clinical and electrocardiographic (ECG) criteria of a subgroup of patients with myocardial ischaemia. Early recognition and appropriate intervention of this syndrome carry significant diagnostic and prognostic value. We report this unusual syndrome in an elderly man who presented with recurrent angina and characteristic ECG changes as T-waves inversion in the precordial leads, especially in V2-V6 during pain-free periods and ECG obtained during episodes of pain demonstrating upright T-waves with possible elevated ST segments from V1-V4. Cardiac enzymes were positive and coronary angiography revealed critical stenosis in the proximal left anterior descending artery. It is important to timely identify this condition and intervene appropriately as these patients may develop extensive myocardial infarction that carries a significant morbidity and mortality.
    Matched MeSH terms: Coronary Artery Disease
  20. Muhammad Faizan A. Shukor, Noor Akmal Shareela Ismail, Wan Zurinah Wan Ngah
    Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:2543-2556.
    Coronary artery disease (CAD) predominantly manifests in older population above the age of 60 years old. The incidence
    of CAD in younger individuals has been reported and is called premature CAD (pCAD). The prevalence for pCAD in
    individuals below 45 years old is about 3-10% worldwide. Advances in risk prediction are of great importance as
    absolute values of risk factors sometimes correlate poorly with individuals. The measurement of traditional risk factors
    such as cholesterol level and blood pressure might be inadequate to predict risk for pCAD and therefore new biomarkers
    are required. The introduction of omics technology offers insight into the mechanism and interactions involved during
    disease progression and open the possibilities of discovering new biomarkers. Currently, new potential biomarkers for
    pCAD have been explored such as homocysteine, apolipoproteins, microRNAs and single nucleotide polymorphisms. In
    this review, we discussed the associated risk factors for pCAD, several reported and newly proposed biomarkers and
    their potential to be used clinically.
    Matched MeSH terms: Coronary Artery Disease
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