Displaying publications 101 - 120 of 197 in total

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  1. Fulltext A Rare Infection Following Snakebite
    Cheong, C.Y., Lee, C.K., Zuki Z.
    Malays Orthop J, 2010;4(1):-.
    MyJurnal
    Snakebite is very common especially in Asia. We report a rare case of Providencia rettgeri infection following snakebite on the foot. This patient was treated with early and aggressive wound debridement, daily wound dressing during hospitalization and then skin coverage with split skin graft. No anti-venom was given administered. Appropriate intravenous antibiotics were given to the patient while hospitalized and oral antibiotic were prescribed upon discharge. The outcome of this treatment was successful.
    Matched MeSH terms: Venoms
  2. Fulltext Phytochemical analysis and in-vitro effects of Ethanolic Tamarindus Indica seed extract on snake venom
    Soraya Ismail, Nur Farhana Azmi, Khin, Maung Maung, Oothuman, Pakeer
    International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2017;16(11):25-25.
    MyJurnal
    Snakebite has been categorised as a ‘neglected tropical disease’ by WHO
    in 2009 and it affects mainly the poorer countries like Africa and Asia. The standard
    treatment for snake envenomation is the anti-snake venom medication which can be
    very expensive, not readily available and specific against a snake species. This study
    was conducted to screen the phytochemical compounds of Tamarindus indica seed
    extract (TSE) and its in-vitro effects on snake venom of three snake species; namely
    Daboia russelli, Naja kaouthia and Ophiophagus hannah. (Copied from article).
    Matched MeSH terms: Snake Venoms
  3. A Combined SEM and TEM Studies of Microsporum canis After in Vitro Treatment with Atratoxin B1 from Holothuria Atra
    Darah I., Teo M, Ibrahim C.O.
    Sains Malaysiana, 1996;25.
    Atratoxin B1 which was extracted from a local sea cucumber, Holothuria atra is a potential antifungal agent against dermatophytes. Exposure of Microsporum canis mycelia inoculated into Sabouraud glucose agar medium to the 10 mg/ml atratoxin B1 solution, resulted in complete suppression of the fungal growth. Prolonged exposure to the atratoxin B] (72 hours) resulted with necrosis in a substantial portion of the existing hyphae. The main anomalies noted were the abnormally shaped hyphae and the alterations in its morphology and cytology.
    Atratoksin B] yang diekstrak daripada timun laut tempatan, Holothuria atra, adalah suatu agen antikulat yang berpotensi terhadap dermatofit. Pendedahan miselium Microsporum canis yang diinokulat ke dalam medium agar glukosa Sabouraud kepada larutan atratoksin B] berkepekatan 10 mg/ml, mengakibatkan penindasan lengkap dalam pertumbuhannya. Pendedahan yang lebih lama kepada larutan atratoksin B] (72 jam) mengakibatkan nekrosis berlaku pada sebahagian besar hifanya. Keganjilan yang jelas berlaku adalah ketidaknormalan pada bentuk hifanya dan juga pengubahsuaian yang terjadi pada morfologi dan sitologinya.
    Matched MeSH terms: Elapid Venoms
  4. A case of fatal envenomation by a captive puff adder (Bitis arietans) in Malaysia
    Husain Z, Wicaksono AC, Renault A, Md Zhahir SS, Ismail AK
    Toxicon, 2023 Mar 01;224:107023.
    PMID: 36640813 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107023
    The Puff Adder (Bitis arietans) is a viper native to Africa and the Middle East. Envenomation by this species often requires the administration of appropriate antivenom in order to achieve a favorable outcome. A patient was bitten in both hands by a captive B. arietans presented to a teaching hospital in Malaysia. The patient developed painful progressive swelling on both limbs that extended to the chest, hypotension, hypokalemia with worsening anemia, thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, and severe metabolic acidosis. The patient was managed supportively while waiting for the appropriate antivenom, Antivipmyn-Africa, from the Singapore Zoo. The patient developed cardiorespiratory arrest twice and did not recover from the second. The patient was pronounced dead 23 hours post-incident. The local unavailability of the appropriate antivenom may be the most important factor that contributed to the patient's death. There is also a need to amend the Malaysian Wildlife Act in order to prevent such cases from recurring.
    Matched MeSH terms: Viper Venoms
  5. Fulltext Effect of Mucuna pruriens Seed Extract Pretreatment on the Responses of Spontaneously Beating Rat Atria and Aortic Ring to Naja sputatrix (Javan Spitting Cobra) Venom
    Fung SY, Tan NH, Sim SM, Aguiyi JC
    Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2012;2012:486390.
    PMID: 21785646 DOI: 10.1155/2012/486390
    Mucuna pruriens Linn. (velvet bean) has been used by native Nigerians as a prophylactic for snakebite. Rats pretreated with M. pruriens seed extract (MPE) have been shown to protect against the lethal and cardiovascular depressant effects of Naja sputatrix (Javan spitting cobra) venoms, and the protective effect involved immunological neutralization of the venom toxins. To investigate further the mechanism of the protective effect of MPE pretreatment against cobra venom toxicity, the actions of Naja sputatrix venom on spontaneously beating rat atria and aortic rings isolated from both MPE pretreated and untreated rats were studied. Our results showed that the MPE pretreatment conferred protection against cobra venom-induced depression of atrial contractility and atrial rate in the isolated atrial preparations, but it had no effect on the venom-induced contractile response of aortic ring preparation. These observations suggested that the protective effect of MPE pretreatment against cobra venom toxicity involves a direct protective action of MPE on the heart function, in addition to the known immunological neutralization mechanism, and that the protective effect does not involve action on blood vessel contraction. The results also suggest that M. pruriens seed may contain novel cardioprotective agent with potential therapeutic value.
    Matched MeSH terms: Elapid Venoms
  6. Incidence, clinical manifestation and general management of snake bites
    Trishnananda M
    Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1979 Jun;10(2):248-50.
    PMID: 524149
    There are regional patterns in snake-bites. Bites by cobras have a high incidence in Thailand and in the Philippines with a high case fatality rate. Among the venomous snakes of haemorrhagic nature, bites by Trimeresurus species such as green pit viper, Taiwan habu and Taiwan bamboo viper are important in Thailand and Taiwan for their high incidence of bite, although the case fatality rates are low. Bites by Malayan pit vipers are also important in Thailand and Malaysia because of their high incidence. Bites by sea snakes are more common in Malaysia than in the Philippines and Thailand.
    Matched MeSH terms: Snake Venoms
  7. Revisiting Notechis scutatus venom: on shotgun proteomics and neutralization by the "bivalent" Sea Snake Antivenom
    Tan CH, Tan KY, Tan NH
    J Proteomics, 2016 07 20;144:33-8.
    PMID: 27282922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.06.004
    Recent advances in proteomics enable deep profiling of the compositional details of snake venoms for improved understanding on envenomation pathophysiology and immunological neutralization. In this study, the venom of Australian tiger snake (Notechis scutatus) was trypsin-digested in solution and subjected to nano-ESI-LCMS/MS. Applying a relative quantitative proteomic approach, the findings revealed a proteome comprising 42 toxin subtypes clustered into 12 protein families. Phospholipases A2 constitute the most abundant toxins (74.5% of total venom proteins) followed by Kunitz serine protease inhibitors (6.9%), snake venom serine proteases (5.9%), alpha-neurotoxins (5.6%) and several toxins of lower abundance. The proteome correlates with N. scutatus envenoming effects including pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurotoxicity and consumptive coagulopathy. The venom is highly lethal in mice (intravenous median lethal dose=0.09μg/g). BioCSL Sea Snake Antivenom, raised against the venoms of beaked sea snake (Hydrophis schistosus) and N. scutatus (added for enhanced immunogenicity), neutralized the lethal effect of N. scutatus venom (potency=2.95mg/ml) much more effectively than the targeted H.schistosus venom (potency=0.48mg/ml). The combined venom immunogen may have improved the neutralization against phospholipases A2 which are abundant in both venoms, but not short-neurotoxins which are predominant only in H. schistosus venom.

    SIGNIFICANCE: A shotgun proteomic approach adopted in this study revealed the compositional details of the venom of common tiger snake from Australia, Notechis scutatus. The proteomic findings provided additional information on the relative abundances of toxins and the detection of proteins of minor expression unreported previously. The potent lethal effect of the venom was neutralized by bioCSL Sea Snake Antivenom, an anticipated finding due to the fact that the Sea Snake Antivenom is actually bivalent in nature, being raised against a mix of venoms of the beaked sea snake (Hydrophis schistosus) and N. scutatus. However, it is surprising to note that bioCSL Sea Snake Antivenom neutralized N. scutatus venom much more effectively compared to the targeted sea snake venom by a marked difference in potency of approximately 6-fold. This phenomenon may be explained by the main difference in the proteomes of the two venoms, where H. schistosus venom is dominated by short-neurotoxins in high abundance - this is a poorly immunogenic toxin group that has been increasingly recognized in the venoms of a few cobras. Further investigations should be directed toward strategies to improve the neutralization of short-neurotoxins, in line with the envisioned production of an effective pan-regional elapid antivenom.

    Matched MeSH terms: Elapid Venoms/chemistry*
  8. Transient isotachophoresis-capillary zone electrophoresis with contactless conductivity and ultraviolet detection for the analysis of paralytic shellfish toxins in mussel samples
    Abdul Keyon AS, Guijt RM, Bolch CJ, Breadmore MC
    J Chromatogr A, 2014 Oct 17;1364:295-302.
    PMID: 25223612 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.074
    The accumulation of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in contaminated shellfish is a serious health risk making early detection important to improve shellfish safety and biotoxin management. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been proven as a high resolution separation technique compatible with miniaturization, making it an attractive choice in the development of portable instrumentation for early, on-site detection of PSTs. In this work, capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector (C(4)D) and UV detection were examined with counter-flow transient isotachophoresis (tITP) to improve the sensitivity and deal with the high conductivity sample matrix. The high sodium concentration in the sample was used as the leading ion while l-alanine was used as the terminating electrolyte (TE) and background electrolyte (BGE) in which the toxins were separated. Careful optimization of the injected sample volume and duration of the counter-flow resulted in limit of detections (LODs) ranging from 74.2 to 1020 ng/mL for tITP-CZE-C(4)D and 141 to 461 ng/mL for tITP-CZE-UV, an 8-97 fold reduction compared to conventional CZE. The LODs were adequate for the analysis of PSTs in shellfish samples close to the regulatory limit. Intra-day and inter-day repeatability values (percentage relative standard deviation, n=3) of tITP-CZE-C(4)D and tITP-CZE-UV methods for both migration time and peak height were in the range of 0.82-11% and 0.76-10%, respectively. The developed method was applied to the analysis of a contaminated mussel sample and validated against an Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC)-approved method for PSTs analysis by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection (FLD) after pre-column oxidation of the sample. The method presented has potential for incorporation in to field-deployable devices for the early detection of PSTs on-site.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mollusk Venoms/analysis*
  9. Fulltext In-vitro neurotoxicity of two Malaysian krait species (Bungarus candidus and Bungarus fasciatus) venoms: neutralization by monovalent and polyvalent antivenoms from Thailand
    Rusmili MR, Yee TT, Mustafa MR, Othman I, Hodgson WC
    Toxins (Basel), 2014 Mar;6(3):1036-48.
    PMID: 24625762 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6031036
    Bungarus candidus and Bungarus fasciatus are two species of krait found in Southeast Asia. Envenoming by these snakes is often characterized by neurotoxicity and, without treatment, causes considerable morbidity and mortality. In this study, the in vitro neurotoxicity of each species, and the effectiveness of two monovalent antivenoms and a polyvalent antivenom, against the neurotoxic effects of the venoms, were examined in a skeletal muscle preparation. Both venoms caused concentration-dependent inhibition of indirect twitches, and attenuated responses to exogenous nicotinic receptor agonists, in the chick biventer preparation, with B. candidus venom being more potent than B. fasciatus venom. SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis indicated different profiles between the venoms. Despite these differences, most proteins bands were recognized by all three antivenoms. Antivenom, added prior to the venoms, attenuated the neurotoxic effect of the venoms. Interestingly, the respective monovalent antivenoms did not neutralize the effects of the venom from the other Bungarus species indicating a relative absence of cross-neutralization. Addition of a high concentration of polyvalent antivenom, at the t90 time point after addition of venom, partially reversed the neurotoxicity of B. fasciatus venom but not B. candidus venom. The monovalent antivenoms had no significant effect when added at the t90 time point. This study showed that B. candidus and B. fasciatus venoms display marked in vitro neurotoxicity in the chick biventer preparation and administration of antivenoms at high dose is necessary to prevent or reverse neurotoxicity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Elapid Venoms/toxicity*
  10. Fulltext Pharmacokinetics of Naja sumatrana (equatorial spitting cobra) venom and its major toxins in experimentally envenomed rabbits
    Yap MK, Tan NH, Sim SM, Fung SY, Tan CH
    PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2014 Jun;8(6):e2890.
    PMID: 24901441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002890
    BACKGROUND: The optimization of snakebite management and the use of antivenom depend greatly on the knowledge of the venom's composition as well as its pharmacokinetics. To date, however, pharmacokinetic reports on cobra venoms and their toxins are still relatively limited. In the present study, we investigated the pharmacokinetics of Naja sumatrana (Equatorial spitting cobra) venom and its major toxins (phospholipase A2, neurotoxin and cardiotoxin), following intravenous and intramuscular administration into rabbits.

    PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The serum antigen concentration-time profile of the N. sumatrana venom and its major toxins injected intravenously fitted a two-compartment model of pharmacokinetics. The systemic clearance (91.3 ml/h), terminal phase half-life (13.6 h) and systemic bioavailability (41.9%) of N. sumatrana venom injected intramuscularly were similar to those of N. sputatrix venom determined in an earlier study. The venom neurotoxin and cardiotoxin reached their peak concentrations within 30 min following intramuscular injection, relatively faster than the phospholipase A2 and whole venom (Tmax=2 h and 1 h, respectively). Rapid absorption of the neurotoxin and cardiotoxin from the injection site into systemic circulation indicates fast onsets of action of these principal toxins that are responsible for the early systemic manifestation of envenoming. The more prominent role of the neurotoxin in N. sumatrana systemic envenoming is further supported by its significantly higher intramuscular bioavailability (Fi.m.=81.5%) compared to that of the phospholipase A2 (Fi.m.=68.6%) or cardiotoxin (Fi.m.=45.6%). The incomplete absorption of the phospholipase A2 and cardiotoxin may infer the toxins' affinities for tissues at the injection site and their pathological roles in local tissue damages through synergistic interactions.

    CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results suggest that the venom neurotoxin is absorbed very rapidly and has the highest bioavailability following intramuscular injection, supporting its role as the principal toxin in systemic envenoming.

    Matched MeSH terms: Cobra Venoms/pharmacokinetics*
  11. Fulltext Fatal and severe box jellyfish stings, including Irukandji stings, in Malaysia, 2000-2010
    Lippmann JM, Fenner PJ, Winkel K, Gershwin LA
    J Travel Med, 2011 Jul-Aug;18(4):275-81.
    PMID: 21722240 DOI: 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2011.00531.x
    Jellyfish are a common cause of injury throughout the world, with fatalities and severe systemic events not uncommon after tropical stings. The internet is a recent innovation to gain information on real-time health issues of travel destinations, including Southeast Asia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cnidarian Venoms/poisoning*
  12. A bite by the Twin-Barred Tree Snake, Chrysopelea pelias (Linnaeus, 1758)
    Ismail AK, Weinstein SA, Auliya M, Sabardin DM, Herbosa TJ, Saiboon IM, et al.
    Clin Toxicol (Phila), 2010 Mar;48(3):222-6.
    PMID: 20345298 DOI: 10.3109/15563650903550964
    The Twin-Barred Tree Snake, Chrysopelea pelias, is a colubrine that, like other members of the genus Chrysopelea, is able to glide in the arboreal strata. Little is known about the effects of its bite. This report is the first clinically documented bite by this relatively uncommon rear-fanged species.
    Matched MeSH terms: Snake Venoms/toxicity*
  13. Rediscovering the antibiotics of the hive
    Boukraâ L, Sulaiman SA
    Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov, 2009 Nov;4(3):206-13.
    PMID: 19673699
    Honey and other bee products were subjected to laboratory and clinical investigations during the past few decades and the most remarkable discovery was their antibacterial activity. Honey has been used since ancient times for the treatment of some diseases and for the healing of wounds but its use as an anti-infective agent was superseded by modern dressings and antibiotic therapy. However, the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria has confounded the current use of antibiotic therapy leading to the re-examination of former remedies. Honey, propolis, royal jelly and bee venom have a strong antibacterial activity. Even antibiotic-resistant strains such as epidemic strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Vancomycine resistant Enterococcus (VRE) have been found to be as sensitive to honey as the antibiotic-sensitive strains of the same species. Sensitivity of bacteria to bee products varies considerably within the product and the varieties of the same product. Botanical origin plays a major role in its antibacterial activity. Propolis has been found to have the strongest action against bacteria. This is probably due to its richness in flavonoids. The most challenging problems of using hive products for medical purposes are dosage and safety. Honey and royal jelly produced as a food often are not well filtered, and may contain various particles. Processed for use in wound care, they are passed through fine filters which remove most of the pollen and other impurities to prevent allergies. Also, although honey does not allow vegetative bacteria to survive, it does contain viable spores, including clostridia. With the increased availability of licensed medical stuffs containing bee products, clinical use is expected to increase and further evidence will become available. Their use in professional care centres should be limited to those which are safe and with certified antibacterial activities. The present article is a short review of recent patents on antibiotics of hives.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bee Venoms/pharmacology
  14. Fulltext Venom-gland transcriptome and venom proteome of the Malaysian king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah)
    Tan CH, Tan KY, Fung SY, Tan NH
    BMC Genomics, 2015;16:687.
    PMID: 26358635 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1828-2
    The king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) is widely distributed throughout many parts of Asia. This study aims to investigate the complexity of Malaysian Ophiophagus hannah (MOh) venom for a better understanding of king cobra venom variation and its envenoming pathophysiology. The venom gland transcriptome was investigated using the Illumina HiSeq™ platform, while the venom proteome was profiled by 1D-SDS-PAGE-nano-ESI-LCMS/MS.
    Matched MeSH terms: Venoms/metabolism*
  15. Immunological cross-reactivity and neutralization of the principal toxins of Naja sumatrana and related cobra venoms by a Thai polyvalent antivenom (Neuro Polyvalent Snake Antivenom)
    Leong PK, Fung SY, Tan CH, Sim SM, Tan NH
    Acta Trop, 2015 Sep;149:86-93.
    PMID: 26026717 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.05.020
    The low potency of cobra antivenom has been an area of concern in immunotherapy for cobra envenomation. This study sought to investigate factors limiting the neutralizing potency of cobra antivenom, using a murine model. We examined the immunological reactivity and neutralizing potency of a Thai polyvalent antivenom against the principal toxins of Naja sumatrana (Equatorial spitting cobra) venom and two related Asiatic cobra venom α-neurotoxins. The antivenom possesses moderate neutralizing potency against phospholipases A2 (P, potency of 0.98mg/mL) and moderately weak neutralizing potency against long-chain α-neurotoxins (0.26-0.42mg/mL) but was only weakly effective in neutralizing the short-chain α-neurotoxins and cardiotoxins (0.05-0.08mg/mL). The poor neutralizing potency of the antivenom on the low molecular mass short-chain neurotoxins and cardiotoxins is presumably the main limiting factor of the efficacy of the cobra antivenom. Our results also showed that phospholipase A2, which exhibited the highest ELISA reactivity and avidity, was most effectively neutralized, whereas N. sumatrana short-chain neurotoxin, which exhibited the lowest ELISA reactivity and avidity, was least effectively neutralized by the antivenom. These observations suggest that low immunoreactivity (low ELISA reactivity and avidity) is one of the reasons for poor neutralization of the cobra venom low molecular mass toxins. Nevertheless, the overall results show that there is a lack of congruence between the immunological reactivity of the toxins toward antivenom and the effectiveness of toxin neutralization by the antivenom, indicating that there are other factors that also contribute to the weak neutralization capacity of the antivenom. Several suggestions have been put forward to overcome the low efficacy of the cobra antivenom. The use of a 'proper-mix' formulation of cobra venoms as immunogen, whereby the immunogen mixture used for hyperimmunization contains a mix of various types of α-neurotoxins and cardiotoxins in sufficient amount, may also help to improve the efficacy and broaden the neutralization spectrum of the antivenom.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cobra Venoms/immunology
  16. Fulltext Effective equine immunization protocol for production of potent poly-specific antisera against Calloselasma rhodostoma, Cryptelytrops albolabris and Daboia siamensis
    Sapsutthipas S, Leong PK, Akesowan S, Pratanaphon R, Tan NH, Ratanabanangkoon K
    PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2015 Mar;9(3):e0003609.
    PMID: 25774998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003609
    Snake envenomation has been estimated to affect 1.8 million people annually with about 94,000 deaths mostly in poor tropical countries. Specific antivenoms are the only rational and effective therapy for these cases. Efforts are being made to produce effective, affordable and sufficient antivenoms for these victims. The immunization process, which has rarely been described in detail, is one step that needs to be rigorously studied and improved especially with regard to the production of polyspecific antisera. The polyspecific nature of therapeutic antivenom could obviate the need to identify the culprit snake species. The aim of this study was to produce potent polyspecific antisera against 3 medically important vipers of Thailand and its neighboring countries, namely Cryptelytrops albolabris "White lipped pit viper" (CA), Calleoselasma rhodostoma "Malayan pit viper" (CR), and Daboia siamensis "Russell's viper" (DS). Four horses were immunized with a mixture of the 3 viper venoms using the 'low dose, low volume multi-site' immunization protocol. The antisera showed rapid rise in ELISA titers against the 3 venoms and reached plateau at about the 8th week post-immunization. The in vivo neutralization potency (P) of the antisera against CA, CR and DS venoms was 10.40, 2.42 and 0.76 mg/ml, respectively and was much higher than the minimal potency limits set by Queen Soavabha Memorial Institute (QSMI). The corresponding potency values for the QSMI monospecific antisera against CA, CR and DS venoms were 7.28, 3.12 and 1.50 mg/ml, respectively. The polyspecific antisera also effectively neutralized the procoagulant, hemorrhagic, necrotic and nephrotoxic activities of the viper venoms. This effective immunization protocol should be useful in the production of potent polyspecific antisera against snake venoms, and equine antisera against tetanus, diphtheria or rabies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Viper Venoms/immunology*
  17. Purification and properties of the L-amino acid oxidase from monocellate cobra (Naja naja kaouthia) venom
    Tan NH, Swaminathan S
    Int. J. Biochem., 1992 Jun;24(6):967-73.
    PMID: 1612186
    1. The L-amino acid oxidase of the monocellate cobra (Naja naja kaouthia) venom was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. The molecular weight of the enzyme was 112,200 as determined by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration chromatography, and 57,400 as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 2. The enzyme had an isoelectric point of 8.12 and a pH optimum of 8.5. It showed remarkable thermal stability, and, unlike many venom L-amino acid oxidase, was also stable in alkaline medium. The enzyme was partially inactivated by freezing. 3. The enzyme was very active against L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine, moderately active against L-tryptophan, L-methionine, L-leucine, L-norleucine, L-arginine and L-norvaline. Other L-amino acids were oxidized slowly or not oxidized. 4. Kinetic studies suggest the presence of a side-chain binding site in the enzyme, and that the binding site comprises of at least four hydrophobic subsites.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cobra Venoms/enzymology*
  18. Isolation and characterization of an acidic lethal phospholipase Az from Malayan cobra (Naja naja sputatrix) venom
    Tan NH, Arunmozhiarasi A
    Biochem. Int., 1989 Apr;18(4):785-92.
    PMID: 2764979
    An acidic, lethal phospholipase Az was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from the venom of the Malayan cobra (Naja naja sputatrix). The enzyme has an isoelectric point of 5.58, a molecular weight of 12000, and a medium lethal dose (LD50) of 0.86 micrograms/g in mice by intravenous injection. The enzyme also exhibited weak anticoagulant and edema-forming activities. The amino acid composition of the enzyme is similar to those of other cobra venom phospholipases Az.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cobra Venoms/analysis*
  19. Substrate specificity of king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) venom L-amino acid oxidase
    Tan NH, Saifuddin MN
    Int. J. Biochem., 1991;23(3):323-7.
    PMID: 2044840
    1. Substrate specificity of purified king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) venom L-amino acid oxidase was investigated. 2. The enzyme was highly specific for the L-enantiomer of amino acid. Effective oxidation of L-amino acid by the enzyme requires the presence of a free primary alpha-amino group but the alpha-carboxylate group is not as critical for the catalysis. 3. The enzyme was very active against L-Lys, L-Phe, L-Leu, L-Tyr, L-Tryp, L-Arg, L-Met, L-ornithine, L-norleucine and L-norvaline and moderately active against L-His, L-cystine and L-Ileu. Other L-amino acids were oxidized slowly or not oxidized. 4. The data suggest the presence of a side chain binding site in the enzyme, and that the binding site comprises at least five 'subsites': the hydrophobic subsites a, b and c; and the two 'amino' binding subsites d and e. Subsite b appears to be able to accommodate two methylene/methyl carbons.
    Matched MeSH terms: Elapid Venoms/analysis*
  20. Acidimetric assay for phospholipase A using egg yolk suspension as substrate
    Tan NH, Tan CS
    Anal Biochem, 1988 May 1;170(2):282-8.
    PMID: 3394929
    A convenient acidimetric assay for phospholipase A using egg yolk suspension as substrate has been developed. The substrate mixture consists of 1 part egg yolk, 1 part 8.1 mM sodium deoxycholate, and 1 part 18 mM calcium chloride. Phospholipase A activity is measured by following the initial rate of pH change, which is linear between pH 8.0 and 7.75 and is proportional to enzyme concentration over a wide range. The assay is highly reproducible, with a coefficient of variation of 3%, and as sensitive as most established assays for phospholipase A. The assay uses inexpensive and easily available substrate and is simple to perform. It is particularly useful for monitoring phospholipase A activity in chromatography fractions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cobra Venoms/analysis
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