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  1. Identification of genes involved in the regulation of 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide-induced toxicity in T-47D mammary cells
    Tan ML, Tan HK, Oon CE, Kuroyanagi M, Muhammad TS
    Food Chem Toxicol, 2012 Feb;50(2):431-44.
    PMID: 22101062 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.001
    14-Deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide is one of the principle compounds of the medicinal plant, Andrographis paniculata Nees. This study explored the mechanisms of 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide-induced toxicity and non-apoptotic cell death in T-47D breast carcinoma cells. Gene expression analysis revealed that 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide exerted its cytotoxic effects by regulating genes that inhibit the cell cycle or promote cell cycle arrest. This compound regulated genes that are known to reduce/inhibit cell proliferation, induce growth arrest and suppress cell growth. The growth suppression activities of this compound were demonstrated by a downregulation of several genes normally found to be over-expressed in cancers. Microscopic analysis revealed positive monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining at 8h, indicating possible autophagosomes. TEM analysis revealed that the treated cells were highly vacuolated, thereby suggesting that 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide may cause autophagic morphology in these cells. This morphology may be correlated with the concurrent expression of genes known to affect lysosomal activity, ion transport, protein degradation and vesicle transport. Interestingly, some apoptotic-like bodies were found, and these bodies contained multiple large vacuoles, suggesting that this compound is capable of eliciting a combination of apoptotic and autophagic-like morphological characteristics.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy*
  2. Fulltext Targets and mechanisms of sulforaphane derivatives obtained from cruciferous plants with special focus on breast cancer - contradictory effects and future perspectives
    Jabbarzadeh Kaboli P, Afzalipour Khoshkbejari M, Mohammadi M, Abiri A, Mokhtarian R, Vazifemand R, et al.
    Biomed Pharmacother, 2020 Jan;121:109635.
    PMID: 31739165 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109635
    Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women. Therefore, discovery of new and effective drugs with fewer side effects is necessary to treat it. Sulforaphane (SFN) is an organosulfur compound obtained from cruciferous plants, such as broccoli and mustard, and it has the potential to treat breast cancer. Hence, it is vital to find out how SFN targets certain genes and cellular pathways in treating breast cancer. In this review, molecular targets and cellular pathways of SFN are described. Studies have shown SFN inhibits cell proliferation, causes apoptosis, stops cell cycle and has anti-oxidant activities. Increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) produces oxidative stress, activates inflammatory transcription factors, and these result in inflammation leading to cancer. Increasing anti-oxidant potential of cells and discovering new targets to reduce ROS creation reduces oxidative stress and it eventually reduces cancer risks. In short, SFN effectively affects histone deacetylases involved in chromatin remodeling, gene expression, and Nrf2 anti-oxidant signaling. This review points to the potential of SFN to treat breast cancer as well as the importance of other new cruciferous compounds, derived from and isolated from mustard, to target Keap1 and Akt, two key regulators of cellular homeostasis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy*
  3. Fulltext Diagnostic Efficacy of Synthesized 2D Digital Breast Tomosynthesis in Multi-ethnic Malaysian Population
    Mumin NA, Rahmat K, Fadzli F, Ramli MT, Westerhout CJ, Ramli N, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2019 02 06;9(1):1459.
    PMID: 30728394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37451-4
    Synthesized 2D images can be reconstructed from tomosynthesis images in breast imaging. This study aims to investigate the diagnostic efficacy of synthesized 2D images (C-View) in comparison to full field digital mammography (FFDM) when used with digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) in multi-ethnic Malaysian population. FFDM and C-View images (n = 380) were independently evaluated by three readers through Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) categorisation, breast density and lesion characterisation. Statistical analysis was done comparing sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of C-View + DBT with FFDM + DBT as standard of reference. Very good interreader agreement in BI-RADS category and density assessment between C-View + DBT and FFDM + DBT, with high sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of C-View + DBT when compared with FFDM + DBT. There was comparable PPV between C-View + DBT and FFDM + DBT, with histopathology as gold standard. High level of interreader agreement in BI-RADS category and density assessment for FFDM + DBT and C-View + DBT. There was good agreement between FFDM + DBT and C-View + DBT in mass characterization, and almost perfect agreement in calcification and asymmetric density. 52.2% lower radiation dose incurred when using C-View + DBT. Hence, synthesized 2D images are comparable to FFDM with reduction in radiation dose within the limits of Malaysian multi-ethnic population.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/ethnology
  4. Genetic counseling for patients and families with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer in a developing Asian country: an observational descriptive study
    Yoon SY, Thong MK, Taib NA, Yip CH, Teo SH
    Fam Cancer, 2011 Jun;10(2):199-205.
    PMID: 21318382 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-011-9420-7
    Genetic counseling (GC) and genetic testing are vital risk management strategies in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndromes. Hitherto, cancer genetic testing amongst Asians has been described only in developed and high-income Asian countries. We studied the uptake and acceptance of GC and genetic testing services to Asian BRCA carriers in a middle-income country. A total of 363 patients were tested by full sequencing and large rearrangement analysis of both BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in the Malaysian Breast Cancer (MyBrCa) Genetic Study. Of these, 49 index patients (13.5%) were found to carry deleterious mutations. GC pre- and post- result disclosures were provided and these groups of patients and their families were studied. GC and genetic testing were accepted by 82% of Malaysian patients at high risk for HBOC syndromes. However, risk assessment was limited by large, geographically dispersed, often polygamous or polyandrous families, and the lack of complete cancer registry. Cultural taboos about cancer diagnoses, social marginalization and lack of regulatory control of genetic discrimination were significant concerns. Only 78% of index patients informed their families of their risks and 11% of relatives came forward when offered free counseling and testing. Even when GC and genetic testing are provided at no cost, there remain significant societal and regulatory barriers to effective cancer genetic services in this underserved Asian population. Families believe there is a need for regulatory protection against genetic discrimination. Further studies are needed in the area of increasing awareness about the potential benefits of GC and genetic testing in Asians.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/genetics*
  5. CHEK2*1100delC does not contribute to risk to breast cancer among Malay, Chinese and Indians in Malaysia
    Thirthagiri E, Cheong LS, Yip CH, Teo SH
    Fam Cancer, 2009;8(4):355-8.
    PMID: 19399639 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-009-9244-x
    A truncating mutation (1100delC) in the cell cycle checkpoint kinase-2 gene, CHEK2, has been identified as a risk factor for familial and sporadic breast cancer in some Northern and Western European populations. However, the prevalence of CHEK2*1100delC in breast cancer appears to be population dependent. We analysed the prevalence of CHEK2*1100delC in 668 breast cancer cases, of which 542 were invasive breast cancers, from a hospital-based cohort of breast cancer patients from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The variant was not found in any patients in this cohort, suggesting that CHEK2*1100delC is rare in our population, and unlikely to contribute significantly to risk to breast cancer among the Malay, Chinese and Indian ethnic groups in Malaysia. This suggests that screening for this allele should not be routinely conducted in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/genetics*
  6. The BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes in Early-Onset Breast Cancer Patients
    Saleem M, Ghazali MB, Wahab MAMA, Yusoff NM, Mahsin H, Seng CE, et al.
    Adv Exp Med Biol, 2020;1292:1-12.
    PMID: 29687286 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_147
    Approximately 5-10% of breast cancers are attributable to genetic susceptibility. Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are the best known genetic factors to date. The goal of this study was to determine the structure and distribution of haplotypes of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in early-onset breast cancer patients. We enrolled 70 patients diagnosed with early-onset breast cancer. A total of 21 SNPs (11 on BRCA1 and 10 on BRCA2) and 1 dinucleotide deletion on BRCA1 were genotyped using nested allele-specific PCR methods. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis was conducted, and haplotypes were deduced from the genotype data. Two tightly linked LD blocks were observed on each of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Variant-free haplotypes (TAT-AG for BRCA1 and ATA-AAT for BRCA2) were observed at a frequency of more than 50% on each gene along with variable frequencies of derived haplotypes. The variant 3'-subhaplotype CGC displayed strong LD with 5'-subhaplotypes GA, AA, and GG on BRCA1 gene. Haplotypes ATA-AGT, ATC-AAT, and ATA-AAC were the variant haplotypes frequent on BRCA2 gene. Although the clinical significance of these derived haplotypes has not yet been established, it is expected that some of these haplotypes, especially the less frequent subhaplotypes, eventually will be shown to be indicative of a predisposition to early-onset breast cancer.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/genetics*
  7. Breast cancer hormone receptor testing in Asia: is it time to think again on expected positivity rates and methods of scoring?
    Rhodes A, Teoh KH, See MH, Ganesan K, Looi LM
    Pathology, 2020 Apr;52(3):385-387.
    PMID: 32107079 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2019.12.006
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms*
  8. Fulltext Postpartum women's perception of antenatal breastfeeding education: a descriptive survey
    Tan ML, Foong SC, Ho JJ, Foong WC, Mohd R, Harun Z
    Int Breastfeed J, 2020 10 14;15(1):85.
    PMID: 33054789 DOI: 10.1186/s13006-020-00328-2
    BACKGROUND: Antenatal breastfeeding education (ANBE) is provided to all pregnant women attending Ministry of Health (MOH) clinics and some private health facilities in Malaysia, in line with the WHO/UNICEF Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI). However, the 6 month exclusive breastfeeding prevalence remains relatively low in Malaysia, suggesting that there may be a gap between what is currently taught and what is received by the women.

    OBJECTIVES: To determine how women perceived their ANBE experience in the first 8 weeks postpartum including what was useful and what they would like to have been included, sources of ANBE and infant feeding practices at the time of survey.

    METHODS: Women during their first 8 weeks postpartum who attended MOH clinics in Penang State, Malaysia were surveyed using a self-administered questionnaire in April and May 2015. Categorical responses were presented as numbers and proportions while free text responses were compiled verbatim and categorised into themes. The perceptions of primiparous and multiparous women were compared. Multivariate logistic regression adjusted to known confounders was used to determine if ANBE was associated with exclusive breastfeeding at the time of survey.

    RESULTS: A total of 421 women completed the 15-item questionnaire (84% response rate) of which 282 were complete and available for analysis. Of these, 95% had received ANBE, majority (88%) from MOH clinics. Almost all women found it useful. However, there were areas both in the delivery (e.g. too short) and the content (e.g. nothing new) that were described as not useful; and areas they would like more coverage (e.g. milk expression, storage and overcoming low milk supply). The exclusive breastfeeding prevalence at the time of survey was 61%. ANBE was significantly associated with exclusive breastfeeding even after adjusting for confounders (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 8.1, 95% confidence interval 1.7, 38.3).

    CONCLUSIONS: ANBE is widely implemented and perceived as useful and may be associated with exclusive breastfeeding. Our findings give insight into content that women would like more of and how delivery of ANBE could be improved, including individualized sessions and communicating at a suitable level and language. Future studies could focus on the quality of ANBE delivery.

    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Feeding/psychology*
  9. Fulltext The differential expression of aqueous soluble proteins in breast normal and cancerous tissues in relation to ethnicity of the patients; Chinese, Malay and Indian
    Liang S, Singh M, Gam LH
    Dis Markers, 2010;28(3):149-65.
    PMID: 20534901 DOI: 10.3233/DMA-2010-0694
    Female breast cancer is one of the leading causes of female mortality worldwide. In Malaysia, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women. Of the women in Malaysia, the Chinese have the highest number of breast cancer cases, followed by the Indian and the Malay. The most common type of breast cancer is infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC). A proteomic approach was applied in this study to identify changes in the protein profile of cancerous tissues compared with normal tissues from 18 patients; 8 Chinese, 6 Malay and 4 Indian were analysed. Twenty-four differentially expressed hydrophilic proteins were identified. We evaluated the potential of these proteins as biomarkers for infiltrating ductal carcinoma based on their ethnic-specific expressions. Three of the upregulated proteins, calreticulin, 14-3-3 protein zeta and 14-3-3 protein eta, were found to be expressed at a significantly higher level in the cancerous breast tissues when compared with the normal tissues in cases of infiltrating ductal carcinoma. The upregulation in expression was particularly dominant in the Malay cohort.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast/metabolism*
  10. Fulltext Stimulated Ag Nanoparticles by Pulsed Laser Ablation for Breast Cancer Treatment
    Wan Mohd Shukri WN, Bakhtiar H, Islam S, Bidin N, Baba S, Hamdan S, et al.
    Biomed Environ Sci, 2021 Feb 20;34(2):119-123.
    PMID: 33685570 DOI: 10.3967/bes2021.017
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/therapy*
  11. Fulltext Perceptions and practice of exclusive breastfeeding among Malay women in Kelantan, Malaysia: a qualitative approach
    Tengku AT, Wan AM, Zaharah S, Rohana AJ, Nik Normanieza NM
    Malays J Nutr, 2012 Apr;18(1):15-25.
    PMID: 23717858 MyJurnal
    Despite evidence from various studies on exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) being best for infants, many women do not or are unable to practise EBF. This study aimed to examine perceptions on EBF and its influencing factors among a sample of Malay women in rural and urban areas in Kelantan, Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Feeding/psychology*
  12. Common cancer biomarkers of breast and ovarian types identified through artificial intelligence
    Pawar S, Liew TO, Stanam A, Lahiri C
    Chem Biol Drug Des, 2020 09;96(3):995-1004.
    PMID: 32410355 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13672
    Biomarkers can offer great promise for improving prevention and treatment of complex diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes. These can be used as either diagnostic or predictive or as prognostic biomarkers. The revolution brought about in biological big data analytics by artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to identify a broader range of genetic differences and support the generation of more robust biomarkers in medicine. AI is invigorating biomarker research on various fronts, right from the cataloguing of key mutations driving the complex diseases like cancer to the elucidation of molecular networks underlying diseases. In this study, we have explored the potential of AI through machine learning approaches to propose that these methods can act as recommendation systems to sort and prioritize important genes and finally predict the presence of specific biomarkers. Essentially, we have utilized microarray datasets from open-source databases, like GEO, for breast, lung, colon, and ovarian cancer. In this context, different clustering analyses like hierarchical and k-means along with random forest algorithm have been utilized to classify important genes from a pool of several thousand genes. To this end, network centrality and pathway analysis have been implemented to identify the most potential target as CREB1.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/metabolism*
  13. Fulltext α-Mangostin Nanoparticles Cytotoxicity and Cell Death Modalities in Breast Cancer Cell Lines
    Herdiana Y, Wathoni N, Shamsuddin S, Muchtaridi M
    Molecules, 2021 Aug 24;26(17).
    PMID: 34500560 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175119
    α-Mangostin (AMG) is a potent anticancer xanthone that was discovered in mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.). AMG possesses the highest opportunity for chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic therapy. AMG inhibits every step in the process of carcinogenesis. AMG suppressed multiple breast cancer (BC) cell proliferation and apoptosis by decreasing the creation of cancerous compounds. Accumulating BC abnormalities and their associated molecular signaling pathways promotes novel treatment strategies. Chemotherapy is a commonly used treatment; due to the possibility of unpleasant side effects and multidrug resistance, there has been substantial progress in searching for alternative solutions, including the use of plant-derived natural chemicals. Due to the limitations of conventional cancer therapy, nanotechnology provides hope for effective and efficient cancer diagnosis and treatment. Nanotechnology enables the delivery of nanoparticles and increased solubility of drugs and drug targeting, resulting in increased cytotoxicity and cell death during BC treatment. This review summarizes the progress and development of AMG's cytotoxicity and the mechanism of death BC cells. The combination of natural medicine and nanotechnology into a synergistic capital will provide various benefits. This information will aid in the development of AMG nanoparticle preparations and may open up new avenues for discovering an effective BC treatment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy*
  14. Fulltext ROC analysis of MAMMEX and SOUNDEX — expert systems for the diagnoses of breast diseases
    Ngah, U.K., Aziz, S.A., Aziz, M.E., Murad, M., Mahdi, N.M.N., Shakaff, A.Y.M., et al.
    ASM Science Journal, 2008;2(1):1-11.
    MyJurnal
    The incidences of breast cancer have been rising at an alarming rate. Mass breast screening programmes involving mammography and ultrasound in certain parts of the world have also proven their benefits in early detection. However, radiologists may be confronted with increased workload. An attempt has been made in this paper to rectify part of the problems faced in this area. Expert systems based on the interpretation of mammographic and ultrasound images for classifying patient cases could be utilized by doctors (expert and non-expert) in screening. These softwares consist of MAMMEX (for mammogram) and SOUNDEX (for breast ultrasound) could be used to deduce cases according to Breast Imaging Recording and Data System (BI-RADS), based on patients’ history, physical and clinical assessment, mammograms and breast ultrasound images. A total of 179 retrospective cases from the Radiology Department, hospital of the University of Science Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan were used in this study. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was implemented, based on the usage of a two-class forced choice of classifying suspicious and malignant findings as positive with normal, benign and probably benign classified as negative. Results yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.997 with the least standard error value of 0.003 for MAMMEX while an AUC of 0.996 with the least standard error of 0.004 was accomplished for SOUNDEX. A system which very closely simulated radiologists was also successfully developed in this study. The ROC curve analysis indicated that the expert systems developed were of high performance and reliability.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast; Breast Neoplasms
  15. Fulltext Advanced Stage at Presentation Remains a Major Factor Contributing to Breast Cancer Survival Disparity between Public and Private Hospitals in a Middle-Income Country
    Kong YC, Bhoo-Pathy N, Subramaniam S, Bhoo-Pathy N, Taib NA, Jamaris S, et al.
    Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2017 04 16;14(4).
    PMID: 28420149 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14040427
    Background: Survival disparities in cancer are known to occur between public and private hospitals. We compared breast cancer presentation, treatment and survival between a public academic hospital and a private hospital in a middle-income country. Methods: The demographics, clinical characteristics, treatment and overall survival (OS) of 2767 patients with invasive breast carcinoma diagnosed between 2001 and 2011 in the public hospital were compared with 1199 patients from the private hospital. Results: Compared to patients in the private hospital, patients from the public hospital were older at presentation, and had more advanced cancer stages. They were also more likely to receive mastectomy and chemotherapy but less radiotherapy. The five-year OS in public patients was significantly lower than in private patients (71.6% vs. 86.8%). This difference was largely attributed to discrepancies in stage at diagnosis and, although to a much smaller extent, to demographic differences and treatment disparities. Even following adjustment for these factors, patients in the public hospital remained at increased risk of mortality compared to their counterparts in the private hospital (Hazard Ratio: 1.59; 95% Confidence Interval: 1.36-1.85). Conclusion: Late stage at diagnosis appears to be a major contributing factor explaining the breast cancer survival disparity between public and private patients in this middle-income setting.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/pathology*
  16. Locus of control, quality of life, anxiety, and depression among Malaysian breast cancer patients: The mediating role of uncertainty
    Pahlevan Sharif S
    Eur J Oncol Nurs, 2017 Apr;27:28-35.
    PMID: 28279393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejon.2017.01.005
    PURPOSE: The main objective of this study was to investigate the mediating role of uncertainty in the relationship between locus of control with quality of life, anxiety, and depression.

    METHODS: A descriptive and correlational survey was conducted in a private hospital in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. A convenience sample of 118 Malaysian breast cancer patients voluntarily participated in the study and responded to a set of questionnaires including: socio-demographic questionnaire, the short form of Locus of Control Scale, the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast (FACT-B), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Short-Form Mishel Uncertainty in Illness Scale (SF-MUIS).

    RESULTS: The results revealed that breast cancer patients with higher internal locus of control and lower external locus of control experience a higher quality of life, lower anxiety, and lower depression. Also, uncertainty mediated the relationship between locus of control with quality of life and depression (quasi-significant).

    CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicated the need for early, targeted psychological interventions seeking to gradually shift cancer patients' locus of control from external to internal in order to improve their quality of life and reduce their depression and anxiety. Moreover, health care providers by providing relevant information to cancer patients, especially for externally oriented patients, can reduce their uncertainty which in turn would improve their quality of life.

    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/psychology*
  17. Knowledge, attitude and practice in breast-feeding among working mothers in Temerloh, Pahang
    Omar, K.
    Malaysian Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 1998;10(2):40-45.
    MyJurnal
    A cross-sectional study using structured questionnaires was conducted to determine the level of knowledge, attitude and practice on breast-feeding among working mothers. A total of 200 working mothers who attended the Child Health Clinics in Temerloh, for their chil-dren's third DPT/Polio vaccination were interviewed. Eighty-nine percent of the mothers successfully initiat-ed breast-feeding. However, there was a rapid decline in breast-feeding each month especially during the period when the mothers returned to work. Only 33.5% of the mothers had at least one experience in expressing and feeding expressed breast milk to their babies and only 47% reported that they had been taught by health work-ers. The mothers scored highest on the 'benefits of breast-feeding' with a mean knowledge score of 77.9% and lowest on "storage of expressed breast milk" (35.4%). Overall the mothers showed a positive attitude towards breast-feeding. The two main reasons given for stopping breast-feeding were "work" (61.4%) and "insufficient milk" (57.9%). In conclusion, other areas of breast-feeding besides benefits such as "expressing and storing breast milk" and "how" to practise breast-feeding while working away from home are also impor-tant for working mothers.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Feeding*
  18. Fulltext Aloe emodin enhances tamoxifen cytotoxicity effect on ER a-positive breast cancer cells, MCF-7, through downregulation of MEK1 and MEK2
    Amin, I.M., Sheikh Abdul Kadir, S.H., Isa, M.R., Rosdy. N.M.M.N.M., Hasani NAH
    JUMMEC, 2016;19(1):1-10.
    MyJurnal
    The positive response to tamoxifen in ERa-positive breast cancer patients is usually of a short duration as many
    of the patients eventually develop resistance. Our preliminary results show that aloe emodin extracted from
    the leaves of the Aloe barbadensis Miller demonstrated a cytotoxicity that is selective to ERa-positive breast
    cancer cells (MCF-7), but not to ERa-negative breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) and to the control cells (MCF-
    10A). The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that aloe emodin may enhance the response of
    MCF-7 cells to treatment with tamoxifen. MCF-7 cells were treated with aloe emodin alone, tamoxifen alone
    or a combination of emodin and tamoxifen, at their respective IC50 concentrations and at different time points
    of 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours. The respective IC50s were the concentrations of aloe emodin and tamoxifen
    required to achieve 50% inhibition of the cells in the study. Cell viability and apoptosis were determined using
    trypan blue exclusion and DNA fragmentation assays, respectively. The involvement of RAS/MEKs/ERKs genes
    of MAPK signalling pathways with aloe emodin was determined using QuantiGene 2.0 Plex assay. Data was
    evaluated using the one-way ANOVA test. Our findings showed that aloe emodin enhanced the cytotoxicity of
    tamoxifen on MCF-7 cells through apoptosis by downregulation of MEK1/2 genes. Our research may provide a
    rational basis for further in vivo studies to verify the efficacy of a combination of aloe emodin and tamoxifen
    on the viability of ERa-positive-breast cancer cells.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast; Breast Neoplasms
  19. The effect of the type of feeding on weight gain and illnesses in infants
    Dugdale AE
    Br J Nutr, 1971 Nov;26(3):423-32.
    PMID: 5171959
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Feeding*
  20. The thiamine content of human milk in Malaya. I. The normal level of thiamine in milk from Malay, Chinese and Indian women
    Simpson IA, Chow AY
    J Trop Pediatr (Lond), 1956 Jun;2(1):3-17.
    PMID: 24544028 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.tropej.a057405
    (1) The use of the thiochrome method for the estimation of thiamine in human milk is discussed, with special reference to the possible production of an artefact, following the incubation of the milk with pepsin, in addition to the use of takadiastase (clarase). No evidence could be found to suggest that an artefact resembling thiamine was produced by the method of analysis described.
    (2) The thiamine content of 91 samples of full lactation human milk from apparently "normal" Malay, Chinese and Indian women in Malaya is recorded. The mean milk thiamine level of 11.3 ug/100 ml. found is considerably lower than the levels recorded for milk samples from apparently "normal " women in the United Kingdom and the U.S.A.; and slightly lower than that recorded in Australia. The results suggest that the dietary
    intake of thiamine in Malaya is inadequate to maintain optimum thiamine levels in the milk of lactating women.
    (3) No significant difference was found in the mean thiamine content of milk from women of the three principal racial groups in Malaya ; nor was any significant difference found to be associated with the parity or age of the women or, in the case of full lactation milks, with the time after parturition at which the sample was collected. No significant difference was found in samples collected from the same woman at different times of the day or before and after a main meal.
    (4) Marked differences were found in the thiamine content of samples of milk from individual women, and the possible reasons for this are discussed.
    (5) The examfnation of 48 samples of milk collected during the first month after parturition confirmed previous recorded observations that the thiamine content of such milks, initially low, gradually increases to reach "normal" levels towards the end of the first month of lactation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast*
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