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  1. Potential natural antioxidants: adjuvant effect of green tea polyphenols in periodontal infections
    Ramasamy C
    Infect Disord Drug Targets, 2015;15(3):141-52.
    PMID: 26321324
    OBJECTIVES: Polyphenols constitute the major component in green tea, which represent a cluster known as catechins. The presence of polyphenols, especially the amino acid theanine and catechins with its antioxidant properties in green tea make them ideal for medicinal- dental applications. The objective of the paper is to delineate the role of green tea polyphenols in periodontal disease.

    METHODS: The Pub med data base was searched for human clinical studies, reviews pertinent to application of green tea polyphenols in periodontal health dating from Sep 1980- Sep 2014.

    RESULTS: The retrieved inference from the epidemiological surveys, in vitro studies and overviews of polyphenols, postulate green tea as potential natural antioxidant. Green tea mouthwashes possess limitations, which make them ineffective during the chronic stages of periodontitis. Human studies reveal that the prognosis of periodontal disease is better when the green tea catechins are used via local drug delivery.

    CONCLUSION: The maintenance of periodontal health could be enhanced by emphasizing the habit of drinking green tea in periodontitis patients. The future scope of the research demands the analysis of polyphenols at molecular level to have a better understanding of its overwhelming applications.

    Matched MeSH terms: Periodontal Diseases/drug therapy*; Periodontitis/drug therapy*
  2. Fulltext Leptospermum flavescens Constituent-LF1 Causes Cell Death through the Induction of Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Lung Carcinoma Cells
    Navanesan S, Abdul Wahab N, Manickam S, Sim KS
    PLoS One, 2015;10(8):e0135995.
    PMID: 26287817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135995
    Leptospermum flavescens Sm. (Myrtaceae), locally known as 'Senna makki' is a smallish tree that is widespread and recorded to naturally occur in the montane regions above 900 m a.s.l from Burma to Australia. Although the species is recorded to be used traditionally to treat various ailments, there is limited data on biological and chemical investigations of L. flavescens. The aim of the present study was to investigate and understand the ability of L. flavescens in inducing cell death in lung cancer cells. The cytotoxic potentials of the extraction yields (methanol, hexane, ethyl acetate and water extracts as wells as a semi pure fraction, LF1) were evaluated against two human non-small cell lung carcinoma cell lines (A549 and NCI-H1299) using the MTT assay. LF1 showed the greatest cytotoxic effect against both cell lines with IC50 values of 7.12 ± 0.07 and 9.62 ± 0.50 μg/ml respectively. LF1 treated cells showed a sub-G1 region in the cell cycle analysis and also caused the presence of apoptotic morphologies in cells stained with acridine orange and ethidium bromide. Treatment with LF1 manifested an apoptotic population in cells that were evaluated using the Annexin V/ propidium iodide assay. Increasing dosage of LF1 caused a rise in the presence of activated caspase-3 enzymes in treated cells. Blockage of cell cycle progression was also observed in LF1-treated cells. These findings suggest that LF1 induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in treated lung cancer cells. Further studies are being conducted to isolate and identify the active compound as well to better understand the mechanism involved in inducing cell death.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy*; Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy*
  3. Fulltext The Growth Inhibitory Potential and Antimetastatic Effect of Camel Urine on Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro and In Vivo
    Romli F, Abu N, Khorshid FA, Syed Najmuddin SUF, Keong YS, Mohamad NE, et al.
    Integr Cancer Ther, 2017 12;16(4):540-555.
    PMID: 27338742 DOI: 10.1177/1534735416656051
    Although it may sound unpleasant, camel urine has been consumed extensively for years in the Middle East as it is believed to be able to treat a wide range of diseases such as fever, cold, or even cancer. People usually take it by mixing small drops with camel milk or take it directly. The project aims to study the effects of camel urine in inhibiting the growth potential and metastatic ability of 4T1 cancer cell line in vitro and in vivo. Based on the MTT result, the cytotoxicity of camel urine against 4T1 cell was established, and it was dose-dependent. Additionally, the antimetastatic potential of camel urine was tested by running several assays such as scratch assay, migration and invasion assay, and mouse aortic ring assay with promising results in the ability of camel urine to inhibit metastatic process of the 4T1 cells. In order to fully establish camel urine's potential, an in vivo study was carried out by treating mice inoculated with 4T1 cells with 2 different doses of camel urine. By the end of the treatment period, the tumor in both treated groups had reduced in size as compared to the control group. Additional assays such as the TUNEL assay, immunophenotyping, cytokine level detection assay, clonogenic assay, and proteome profiler demonstrated the capability of camel urine to reduce and inhibit the metastatic potential of 4T1 cells in vivo. To sum up, further study of anticancer properties of camel urine is justified, as evidenced through the in vitro and in vivo studies carried out. Better results were obtained at higher concentration of camel urine used in vivo. Apart from that, this project has laid out the mechanisms employed by the substance to inhibit the growth and the metastatic process of the 4T1 cell.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy*; Neoplasm Metastasis/drug therapy*
  4. Long-term patterns of safety and efficacy of bleeding prophylaxis with turoctocog alfa (NovoEight(®) ) in previously treated patients with severe haemophilia A: interim results of the guardian(™) 2 extension trial
    Ozelo M, Misgav M, Abdul Karim F, Lentz SR, Martin-Salces M, Matytsina I, et al.
    Haemophilia, 2015 Sep;21(5):e436-9.
    PMID: 26058730 DOI: 10.1111/hae.12737
    Matched MeSH terms: Hemophilia A/drug therapy*; Hemorrhage/drug therapy*
  5. Dengue infection associated hemophagocytic syndrome: Therapeutic interventions and outcome
    Wan Jamaludin WF, Periyasamy P, Wan Mat WR, Abdul Wahid SF
    J Clin Virol, 2015 Aug;69:91-5.
    PMID: 26209387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.06.004
    Infection associated hemophagocytic syndrome is increasingly recognized as a potentially fatal complication of dengue fever. It should be suspected with prolonged fever beyond seven days associated with hepatosplenomegaly, hyperferritinemia, worsening cytopenias and development of multiorgan dysfunction. Surge of similar pro-inflammatory cytokines observed in dengue associated hemophagocytic syndrome and multiorgan dysfunction may indicate they are part of related inflammatory spectrum. A proportion of patients recovered with supportive therapy, however most required interventions with corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin or chemotherapy. We report three cases of dengue associated IAHS with good outcome following early recognition and treatment with dexamethasone and intravenous immunoglobulin.
    Matched MeSH terms: Dengue/drug therapy*; Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic/drug therapy*
  6. Prevalence of albicans and non-albicans candiduria in a Malaysian medical centre
    Ding CH, Wahab AA, Muttaqillah NA, Tzar MN
    J Pak Med Assoc, 2014 Dec;64(12):1375-9.
    PMID: 25842581
    To determine the proportion of albicans and non-albicans candiduria in a hospital setting and to ascertain if fluconazole is still suitable as empirical antifungal therapy based on antifungal susceptibility patterns of Candida species.
    Matched MeSH terms: Candidiasis/drug therapy*; Urinary Tract Infections/drug therapy*
  7. Fulltext A randomized controlled trial of increased dose and frequency of albendazole with standard dose DEC for treatment of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaremics in Odisha, India
    Kar SK, Dwibedi B, Kerketa AS, Maharana A, Panda SS, Mohanty PC, et al.
    PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2015 Mar;9(3):e0003583.
    PMID: 25781977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003583
    Although current programmes to eliminate lymphatic filariasis have made significant progress it may be necessary to use different approaches to achieve the global goal, especially where compliance has been poor and 'hot spots' of continued infection exist. In the absence of alternative drugs, the use of higher or more frequent dosing with the existing drugs needs to be explored. We examined the effect of higher and/or more frequent dosing with albendazole with a fixed 300 mg dose of diethylcarbamazine in a Wuchereria bancrofti endemic area in Odisha, India. Following screening, 104 consenting adults were randomly assigned to treatment with the standard regimen annually for 24 months (S1), or annually with increased dose (800 mg albendazole)(H1) or with increased frequency (6 monthly) with either standard (S2) or increased (H2) dose. Pre-treatment microfilaria counts (GM) ranged from 348 to 459 mf/ml. Subjects were followed using microfilaria counts, OG4C3 antigen levels and ultrasound scanning for adult worm nests. Microfilarial counts tended to decrease more rapidly with higher or more frequent dosing at all time points. At 12 months, Mf clearance was marginally greater with the high dose regimens, while by 24 months, there was a trend to higher Mf clearance in the arm with increased frequency and 800 mg of albendazole (76.9%) compared to other arms, (S1:64%, S2:69.2% & H1:73.1%). Although higher and/or more frequent dosing showed a trend towards a greater decline in antigenemia and clearance of "nests", all regimens demonstrated the potential macrofilaricidal effect of the combination. The higher doses of albendazole did not result in a greater number or more severe side effects. The alternative regimens could be useful in the later stages of existing elimination programmes or achieving elimination more rapidly in areas where programmes have yet to start.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Therapy, Combination; Elephantiasis, Filarial/drug therapy*
  8. Cavernous sinus thrombosis secondary to sinusitis
    Amran M, Sidek DS, Hamzah M, Abdullah JM, Halim AS, Johari MR, et al.
    J Otolaryngol, 2002 Jun;31(3):165-9.
    PMID: 12121021
    Matched MeSH terms: Sinusitis/drug therapy; Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis/drug therapy
  9. Pathological case of the month. Ki-1-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma involving muscle
    Menon BS, Maziah W, Samarendra M, Toha A
    Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 2001 Mar;155(3):411-2.
    PMID: 11231812
    Matched MeSH terms: Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy; Muscle Neoplasms/drug therapy
  10. Differential permethrin susceptibility of head lice sampled in the United States and Borneo
    Pollack RJ, Kiszewski A, Armstrong P, Hahn C, Wolfe N, Rahman HA, et al.
    Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 1999 Sep;153(9):969-73.
    PMID: 10482215 DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.153.9.969
    BACKGROUND: Pediculiasis is treated aggressively in the United States, mainly with permethrin- and pyrethrin-containing pediculicides. Increasingly frequent anecdotal reports of treatment failure suggest the emergence of insecticidal resistance by these lice.

    OBJECTIVE: To confirm or refute the susceptibility of head lice sampled in the United States to permethrin.

    DESIGN: Survey. Head lice were removed from children residing where pediculicides are readily available and where such products are essentially unknown. Their survival was compared following exposure to residues of graded doses of permethrin in an in vitro bioassay.

    SETTING: School children from Massachusetts, Idaho, and Sabah (Malaysian Borneo).

    SUBJECTS: In the United States, 75 children aged 5 to 8 years. In Sabah, 59 boys aged 6 to 13 years. Virtually all sampled US children had previously been treated with pediculicides containing pyrethrins or permethrin; none of the Sabahan children were so exposed.

    MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Survival of head lice exposed to permethrin.

    RESULTS: Permethrin did not affect head lice sampled from chronically infested US children who had previously been treated for pediculiasis. The slope of the dose-response regression line for these lice did not differ significantly from zero (P = .66). This pediculicide immobilized lice sampled in Sabah. Mortality correlated closely with permethrin concentration (P = .008).

    CONCLUSIONS: Head lice in the United States are less susceptible to permethrin than are those in Sabah. The pyrethroid susceptibility of the general population of head lice in the United States, however, remains poorly defined. Accordingly, these relatively safe over-the-counter preparations may remain the pediculicides of choice for newly recognized louse infestations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lice Infestations/drug therapy*; Scalp Dermatoses/drug therapy*
  11. Fulltext A 3 year case study of alcohol related psychotic disorders at Hospital Seremban
    George S, Chin CN
    Med J Malaysia, 1998 Sep;53(3):223-6.
    PMID: 10968157
    This paper reports the characteristics and psychopathology of alcohol dependents with alcohol induced psychotic disorder admitted to the Seremban Hospital. The method is that of a case study of all alcohol dependents with alcohol induced psychotic disorder admitted to the Psychiatric Ward, Hospital Seremban over 3 years (1993-1995). There were 34 subjects, 30 Indians, 3 Chinese and 1 Malay with a mean age of 43 years. 32 were men and predominantly of Social Class IV and V (91%). They had a mean duration of drinking of 14.2 years and had a mean weekly consumption of 69.5 units of alcohol. There was a family history of alcohol dependence in (44%). The majority (68%) consumed samsu with beer the second choice. Auditory hallucinations (26) and delusions (16) were common while visual hallucinations (3) and depression (2) were less frequent. Speech disorder occurred in 4 subjects. 2 developed delirium tremens and 1 died. Liver function test was normal in 55%. All except the death from delirium tremens responded to treatment with a combination of anxiolytics, thiamine and antipsychotics and were rapidly discharged. The mean stay was 7 days. However, (68%) did not return for follow up and only 4 were abstinent from alcohol at the time of follow up.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Therapy, Combination; Psychotic Disorders/drug therapy
  12. Systemic Candida infection in University hospital 1997-1999: the distribution of Candida biotypes and antifungal susceptibility patterns
    Ng KP, Saw TL, Na SL, Soo-Hoo TS
    Mycopathologia, 2001;149(3):141-6.
    PMID: 11307597
    A total of 102 Candida species were isolated from blood cultures from January 1997 to October 1999. Using assimilation of carbohydrate test, 52 (51.0%) of the Candida sp. were identified as C. parapsilosis, 25.5% (26) were C. tropicalis. C. albicans made up 11.8% (12), 6.9% (7) were C. rugosa, 3.8% (4) C. glabrata and 1% (1) C. guilliermondii. No C. dubliniensis was found in the study. In vitro antifungal susceptibility tests showed that all Candida species were sensitive to nystatin, amphotericin B and ketoconazole. Although all isolates remained sensitive to fluconazole, intermediate susceptibility was found in 3 C. rugosa isolates. Antifungal agents with high frequency of resistance were econazole, clotrimazole, miconazole and 5-fluorocytosine. Candida species found to have resistance to these antifungal agents were non-C. albicans.
    Matched MeSH terms: Candidiasis/drug therapy; Cross Infection/drug therapy
  13. Fulltext Contralateral pleural effusion during chemotherapy for tuberculous pleural effusion
    Puri MM, Arora VK
    Med J Malaysia, 2000 Sep;55(3):382-4.
    PMID: 11200723
    A 25 year old woman developed a right pleural effusion 6 weeks after commencement of short course chemotherapy for left sided tuberculous pleural effusion. Since the patient improved following continuation of the same treatment, it is presumed to be a case of paradoxical response to anti-tuberculosis treatment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Therapy, Combination; Tuberculosis/drug therapy
  14. Fulltext Efficacy of albendazole in the treatment of Trichuris trichuria and Giardia intestinalis infection in rural Malay communities
    Penggabean M, Norhayati, Oothuman P, Fatmah MS
    Med J Malaysia, 1998 Dec;53(4):408-12.
    PMID: 10971985
    A community study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of a 3-day course of 400 mg albendazole daily in the treatment of Trichuris trichiura and Giardia intestinalis infection. This treatment regimen was effective in the treatment of Trichuris trichiura and Giardia intestinalis infection with cure rates of 91.5% and 96.6% respectively. Uses of a 3-day course of 400 mg albendazole daily should be considered in mass or targeted soil-transmitted helminths chemotherapy particularly in areas where the prevalence of Trichuris trichiura is high and polyparasitism is common.
    Matched MeSH terms: Giardiasis/drug therapy*; Nematode Infections/drug therapy*
  15. Fulltext Treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection with interferon alfa and ribavirin: sustained response in two patients with transfusion dependent thalassaemia
    Hamidah A, Yong JF, Zulkifli HI, Jamal R
    Med J Malaysia, 2002 Sep;57(3):353-6.
    PMID: 12440276
    We describe two cases of transfusion dependent thalassaemics with chronic hepatitis C virus infection whom were treated successfully with interferon and ribavirin, following failure of response or relapse after an initial response to interferon monotherapy. They had sustained virological response for more than twelve months after completing therapy. Transfusion requirements were significantly increased during the combination therapy, probably due to ribavirin-induced haemolysis. Serum ferritin level decreased significantly during the treatment. Combination therapy with interferon alfa and ribavirin may be a feasible treatment option for some nonresponders to prior interferon monotherapy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Therapy, Combination; Hepatitis C, Chronic/drug therapy*
  16. Acute myeloid leukaemia with tell-tale computed tomography scans
    Fadilah SA, Cheong SK, Maimunah A, Toh ST, Shamin AS
    Postgrad Med J, 2001 Nov;77(913):733-4, 737-9.
    PMID: 11677287
    Matched MeSH terms: Aspergillosis/drug therapy; Lung Diseases, Fungal/drug therapy
  17. Hansenula anomala infection in a neonate
    Wong AR, Ibrahim H, Van Rostenberghe H, Ishak Z, Radzi MJ
    J Paediatr Child Health, 2000 Dec;36(6):609-10.
    PMID: 11115044
    We present an unusual neonatal fungal infection, Hansenula anomala in a very low birthweight infant who underwent abdominal surgery for an omphalocele. Despite treatment with adequate doses of amphotericin B, the yeast continued to grow from the blood culture, and was only eradicated with the use of oral ketoconazole.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross Infection/drug therapy; Fungemia/drug therapy
  18. Fulltext Intravenous followed by oral ofloxacin in the treatment of community acquired lower respiratory tract infections in adults requiring hospitalisation
    Liam CK, Aziah AM, Lim KH, Wong CMM
    Med J Malaysia, 2000 Sep;55(3):304-7.
    PMID: 11200708
    Forty patients were treated with ofloxacin for community acquired lower respiratory tract infections. Eighteen pathogens were isolated in sputum; Streptococcus pneumoniae (4) and Haemophilus influenzae (4) were the most common, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (3), Klebsiella spp. (2), Staphylococcus anreus (2), Pseudomonas spp. (2), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1). Ofloxacin 200 mg every 12 hours was administered for an average of 3.7 days intravenously followed by 5.4 days orally. Response to therapy was judged to be cure in 38 (95%; 95% C.I., 85%-95%) patients, failure in one (2.5%) and "indeterminate" in one (2.5%).
    Matched MeSH terms: Respiratory Tract Infections/drug therapy*; Community-Acquired Infections/drug therapy*
  19. Pefloxacin and ciprofloxacin in the treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis in males [corrected]
    Cheong LL, Chan RK, Nadarajah M
    Genitourin Med, 1992 Aug;68(4):260-2.
    PMID: 1328033
    To study the effectiveness of single-dose pefloxacin and ciprofloxacin in the treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis in males.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gonorrhea/drug therapy*; Urethritis/drug therapy*
  20. Survey for drug-resistant trichostrongyle nematodes in ten commercial goat farms in west Malaysia
    Rahman WA
    Trop Anim Health Prod, 1994 Nov;26(4):235-8.
    PMID: 7900221
    The prevalence of drug-resistant parasites in goats in West Malaysia has rarely been reported. Ten commercial goat farms were surveyed for resistance to anthelminthics by measuring the reduction in faecal egg counts (FECs) after treatment with levamisole, pyrantel pamoate and fenbendazole. Resistance to fenbendazole was seen in most farms; there was no evidence of resistance to levamisole but some resistance to pyrantel pamoate was detected on one farm. The significance of the findings are discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Trichostrongyloidiasis/drug therapy; Goat Diseases/drug therapy
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