Displaying publications 741 - 760 of 1883 in total

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  1. Flow injection potentiometric determination of paraquat in formulations and biological samples
    Saad B, Ariffin M, Saleh MI
    Talanta, 1998 Dec;47(5):1231-6.
    PMID: 18967428
    A flow injection potentiometric method for the rapid determination of paraquat in herbicide formulations and biological samples is described. It is based on the utilization of a flow-through potentiometric detector containing polyvinyl chloride-immobilised octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, a lipophilic plasticizer (tetra-n-undecyl 3,3',4,4'-benzophenone tetracarboxylate) and membrane additive potassium tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate. The detector was minimally interfered by the presence of constituents such as Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+), glucose, urea, lactic and citric acids at physiological levels, respectively. Good correlation between results of the proposed method and HPLC for the formulation samples was found, while results for the determination of paraquat in biological samples such as urine, vomitus and stomach washout was less satisfactory.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
  2. Study on the downward movement of carbofuran in two Malaysian soils
    Farahani GH, Sahid IB, Zakaria Z, Kuntom A, Omar D
    Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 2008 Sep;81(3):294-8.
    PMID: 18587522 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-008-9468-8
    The downward movement of carbofuran in two Malaysian soil types was studied using soil columns. The columns were filled with disturbed and undisturbed soils of either the Bagan Datoh soil (clay) or the Labu soil (sandy clay). The average total percentage of carbofuran in the leachate of the undisturbed Labu soil after 14 days of watering (80.8%) was approximately similar to that of the total amount from the disturbed soil (81.4%). However, carbofuran leaching was observed in the disturbed soil after the fourth day of watering whereas for the undisturbed soil, leaching occurred after the first watering. A similar trend was observed in the Bagan Datoh soil where the residue of carbofuran was detected after the first day of watering in the undisturbed soil column but only at the eighth day of watering in the disturbed soil column. The total percentage carbofuran in the leachate of disturbed and undisturbed soil columns from Bagan Datoh after 14 days of watering was 3.6% and 41.7%, respectively. The study showed that less leaching occurred in soil columns with high organic content such as the Bagan Datoh soil and especially so in disturbed soils where the organic matter was homogeneously mixed in all layers.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
  3. Method development for determination of fluroxypyr in soil
    Halimah M, Tan YA, Ismail BS
    J Environ Sci Health B, 2004;39(5-6):765-77.
    PMID: 15620085
    Four methods were developed for the analysis of fluroxypyr in soil samples from oil palm plantations. The first method involved the extraction of the herbicide with 0.05 M NaOH in methanol followed by purification using acid base partition. The concentrated material was subjected to derivatization and then cleaning process using a florisil column and finally analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) equipped with electron capture detector (ECD). By this method, the recovery of fluroxypyr from the spiked soil ranged from 70 to 104% with the minimum detection limit at 5 microg/kg. The second method involved solid liquid extraction of fluroxypyr using a horizontal shaker followed by quantification using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with UV detector. The recovery of fluroxypyr using this method, ranged from 80 to 120% when the soil was spiked with fluroxypyr at 0.1-0.2 microg/g soil. In the third method, the recovery of fluroxypyr was determined by solid liquid extraction using an ultrasonic bath. The recovery of fluroxypyr at spiking levels of 4-50 microg/L ranged from 88 to 98% with relative standard deviations of 3.0-5.8% with a minimum detection limit of 4 microg/kg. In the fourth method, fluroxypyr was extracted using the solid liquid extraction method followed by the cleaning up step with OASIS HLB (polyvinyl dibenzene). The recovery of fluroxypyr was between 91 and 95% with relative standard deviations of 4.2-6.2%, respectively. The limit of detection in method 4 was further improved to 1 pg/kg. When the weight of soil used was increased 4 fold, the recovery of fluroxypyr at spiking level of 1-50 microg/kg ranged from 82-107% with relative standard deviations of 0.5-4.7%.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
  4. Effects of pectinase clarification treatment on phenolic compounds of pummelo (Citrus grandis l. Osbeck) fruit juice
    Shah NN, Rahman RA, Shamsuddin R, Adzahan NM
    J Food Sci Technol, 2015 Aug;52(8):5057-65.
    PMID: 26243926 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1554-9
    The purpose of this study is to investigate the changes occured on phenolic compounds between two Malaysian varieties of pummelo fruit juice: Ledang (PO55) and Tambun (PO52) post-enzymatic clarification. The changes in polyphenols composition were monitored using High Performance Liquid Chromatography Diode Array Detection and Folin Ciocalteu's method. Clarification treatment of pummelo fruit juice with a commercial pectinase was optimized based on incubation temperature, time and enzyme concentration. Both varieties of pummelo fruit juice were treated with different optimized variables which produced the highest clarities with the least effect to the juice physical quality. Tambun variety was found to have significantly more total phenolic compounds (p <0.05) in comparison to Ledang variety, possibly due to the amount of naringin. Three types of hydroxycinnamic acids (chlorogenic, caffeic and coumaric acid) and three compounds of flavanones (naringin, hesperidin and narirutin) were found in both fruit juices, where naringin and chlorogenic acid were the major contributor to the total phenolic content. Naringin, which gave out bitter aftertaste to the juice, was found to decrease, 1.6 and 0.59 % reduction in Ledang and Tambun respectively, post-enzymatic treatment. The decrease in naringin, albeit nominal, could be a potential benefit to the juice production in reducing the bitterness of the juice. Post-enzymatic analysis furthermore resulted in no significance differences (p <0.05) on the total phenolic compounds of both varieties. This study in summary provides a compositional database for Malaysian pummelo fruit juice of various phenolic compounds, which can provide useful information for evaluating the authenticity and the health benefits from the juice.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
  5. Fulltext Shape Optimization for Additive Manufacturing of Removable Partial Dentures--A New Paradigm for Prosthetic CAD/CAM
    Chen J, Ahmad R, Suenaga H, Li W, Sasaki K, Swain M, et al.
    PLoS One, 2015;10(7):e0132552.
    PMID: 26161878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132552
    With ever-growing aging population and demand for denture treatments, pressure-induced mucosa lesion and residual ridge resorption remain main sources of clinical complications. Conventional denture design and fabrication are challenged for its labor and experience intensity, urgently necessitating an automatic procedure. This study aims to develop a fully automatic procedure enabling shape optimization and additive manufacturing of removable partial dentures (RPD), to maximize the uniformity of contact pressure distribution on the mucosa, thereby reducing associated clinical complications. A 3D heterogeneous finite element (FE) model was constructed from CT scan, and the critical tissue of mucosa was modeled as a hyperelastic material from in vivo clinical data. A contact shape optimization algorithm was developed based on the bi-directional evolutionary structural optimization (BESO) technique. Both initial and optimized dentures were prototyped by 3D printing technology and evaluated with in vitro tests. Through the optimization, the peak contact pressure was reduced by 70%, and the uniformity was improved by 63%. In vitro tests verified the effectiveness of this procedure, and the hydrostatic pressure induced in the mucosa is well below clinical pressure-pain thresholds (PPT), potentially lessening risk of residual ridge resorption. This proposed computational optimization and additive fabrication procedure provides a novel method for fast denture design and adjustment at low cost, with quantitative guidelines and computer aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) for a specific patient. The integration of digitalized modeling, computational optimization, and free-form fabrication enables more efficient clinical adaptation. The customized optimal denture design is expected to minimize pain/discomfort and potentially reduce long-term residual ridge resorption.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pressure
  6. Vortex-assisted liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction (VALLLME) technique: A new microextraction approach for direct liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis analysis
    Makahleh A, Yap HF, Saad B
    Talanta, 2015 Oct 01;143:394-401.
    PMID: 26078176 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.05.011
    A new, rapid and sensitive microextraction technique named vortex-assisted liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction (VALLLME) is proposed. The complete extraction process involves two steps. First, a vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (VALLME) procedure was used to extract the analytes from a relatively large volume of sample (donor phase) to a small volume of organic solvent (intermediate phase). Next, a micro-vortex-assisted liquid-liquid extraction (µ-VALLE) was used to extract the target analytes from the intermediate phase to a smaller volume of aqueous solution (acceptor phase). The final extract (acceptor phase) can be directly injected into the high performance liquid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis units without any further treatments. The selection of the intermediate phase and the manipulation of pH are key parameters that ensure good extraction efficiency of the technique. The proposed technique has been successfully applied for the determination of carvedilol (used as model analyte) in biological fluid samples. The optimum extraction conditions were: toluene as intermediate phase (150 μL); pH of the donor phase, 9.5; vortex time of the VALLME, 45 s (maximum speed, 2500 rpm); 0.1M HCl (15 μL) as acceptor phase; vortexing time of the µ-VALLME, 75 s (maximum stirring speed, 2500 rpm) and salt concentration in the donor phase, 5% (w/v). Under these conditions, enrichment factors of 51- and 418-fold for VALLME step and VALLLME procedure, respectively, were achieved.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
  7. Fulltext A snapshot of stroke from Miri Hospital
    Grover CS, Thiagarajah S
    Med J Malaysia, 2014 Dec;69(6):268-72.
    PMID: 25934957 MyJurnal
    Our objective was to study the profile of cerebrovascular accidents and proportion of cerebral haemorrhage (CH) among stroke patients. This project was designed after we observed higher incidence of CH in Miri hospital as compared to conventionally reported data.

    METHODS: This was a prospective observational study conducted from 1st June 2008 to 31st May 2009. All patients admitted in both male and female wards of the Medical Unit with the first incidence of a stroke were recruited for analysis. CT scan brain was done in all patients.

    RESULTS: Total admissions in one year in the medical department were 3204 patients, both male and female together, out of which 215 were due to a first incidence of stroke; Stroke accounted for 6.7% of admissions and 16.8% of deaths in medical unit. 139 (64.7%) were ischaemic strokes and 76 (35.3%) were cerebral haemorrhages. The incidence of CH (35.3%) was high compared to regional data. 71.7% (154) patients had preexisting hypertension. Higher incidence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus and aspirin intake was noted in the ischaemic group. Also compliance to treatment for hypertension was better in the Ischaemic group with more defaults in CH category (P<0.01). Significantly more deaths were noted in patients with higher systolic blood pressure on presentation, poor Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and those with dysphagia.

    CONCLUSION: Every third stroke was due to cerebral hemorrhage; CH patients were largely unaware of their hypertension or were altogether treatment naïve or defaulters while compliance was far better in ischaemic stroke category.
    Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure
  8. Fulltext Reverse engineering of Ayurvedic lipid based formulation, ghrita by combined column chromatography, normal and reverse phase HPTLC analysis
    Duraipandi S, Selvakumar V, Er NY
    BMC Complement Altern Med, 2015;15:62.
    PMID: 25885542 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0568-9
    Ghritas are ayurvedic lipid based preparations in which oil or ghee is boiled with prescribed kasaya (polyherbal decoction) and kalka (fine paste of herbs) until the evaporation of aqueous phase transfers the contents into oily phase. The polyherbal decoction used in the preparation predominantly contains water soluble Active Botanical Ingredients (ABIs).
    Matched MeSH terms: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
  9. Fulltext Clinical presentation, severity and progression of primary angle closure in malay and chinese patients
    Liza-Sharmini AT, Ng GF, Nor-Sharina Y, Khairil Anuar MI, Nik Azlan Z, Azhany Y
    Med J Malaysia, 2014 Dec;69(6):245-51.
    PMID: 25934953 MyJurnal
    OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical presentation, severity and progression of primary angle closure between Chinese and Malays residing in Malaysia.

    METHODS: A comparative retrospective record review study was conducted involving one hundred (200 eyes) Malay and fifty eight (116 eyes) Chinese patients. They were selected from medical records of Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan and Hospital Pulau Pinang, Penang, Malaysia. The selected patients were re-diagnosed based on the International Society of Geographical and Epidemiological classification. The clinical data on presentation including the presence of systemic diseases were documented. Progression of the disease was based on available reliable visual fields and optic disc changes of patients who have been on follow-up for at least five years.

    RESULTS: Malay patients presented at older age (61.4 years SD 8.4) compared to Chinese (60.6 years SD 8.3). There was significant higher baseline Intraocular Pressure (IOP) among Malays (34.7 SD 18.5mmHg) compared to Chinese (30.3 SD 16.7mmHg) (p=0.032). The Chinese patients presented with significantly better visual acuity (p<0.001) and less advanced cup to disc changes (p=0.001) compared to Malays. Malay patients progressed faster than the Chinese. Majority progressed within 1 year of diagnosis. Malays without laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI) have a 4 fold (95% CI 1.4, 10.9) risk of progression. Higher baseline IOP, more advanced visual field defect and absence of LPI was identified as significant predictors associated with progression.

    CONCLUSION: The Malays presented with more advanced angle closure glaucoma as compared to the Chinese in Malaysia. Aggressive disease progression was observed in Malays with the onset of optic neuropathy. Effective public awareness and aggressive management is important to prevent blindness in the Malaysian population.
    Matched MeSH terms: Intraocular Pressure
  10. Survey of fungal counts and natural occurrence of aflatoxins in Malaysian starch-based foods
    Abdullah N, Nawawi A, Othman I
    Mycopathologia, 1998;143(1):53-8.
    PMID: 10205885
    In a survey of starch-based foods sampled from retail outlets in Malaysia, fungal colonies were mostly detected in wheat flour (100%), followed by rice flour (74%), glutinous rice grains (72%), ordinary rice grains (60%), glutinous rice flour (48%) and corn flour (26%). All positive samples of ordinary rice and glutinous rice grains had total fungal counts below 10(3) cfu/g sample, while among the positive rice flour, glutinous rice flour and corn flour samples, the highest total fungal count was more than 10(3) but less than 10(4) cfu/g sample respectively. However, in wheat flour samples total fungal count ranged from 10(2) cfu/g sample to slightly more than 10(4) cfu/g sample. Aflatoxigenic colonies were mostly detected in wheat flour (20%), followed by ordinary rice grains (4%), glutinous rice grains (4%) and glutinous rice flour (2%). No aflatoxigenic colonies were isolated from rice flour and corn flour samples. Screening of aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1 and aflatoxin G2 using reversed-phase HPLC were carried out on 84 samples of ordinary rice grains and 83 samples of wheat flour. Two point four percent (2.4%) of ordinary rice grains were positive for aflatoxin G1 and 3.6% were positive for aflatoxin G2. All the positive samples were collected from private homes at concentrations ranging from 3.69-77.50 micrograms/kg. One point two percent (1.2%) of wheat flour samples were positive for aflatoxin B1 at a concentration of 25.62 micrograms/kg, 4.8% were positive for aflatoxin B2 at concentrations ranging from 11.25-252.50 micrograms/kg, 3.6% were positive for aflatoxin G1 at concentrations ranging from 25.00-289.38 micrograms/kg and 13.25% were positive for aflatoxin G2 at concentrations ranging from 16.25-436.25 micrograms/kg. Similarly, positive wheat flour samples were mostly collected from private homes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
  11. Evaluation of miniature manometric techniques for the measurement of esophageal body pressure waves
    Shanmuganathan G, Ritz MA, Holloway RH, Di Matteo AC, Omari TI
    J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2000 Dec;15(12):1362-9.
    PMID: 11197044
    BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Perfused miniature manometric assemblies with lumina of 0.4-0.5 mm i.d. have been developed. Reduced luminal size offers the advantages of reduced assembly bulk and increased assembly complexity with greater numbers of lumina and lower manometric infusion volumes because of a slower perfusion rate. This study investigated the recording fidelity of miniature manometric assemblies in the measurement of esophageal peristalsis.

    METHODS: Four miniature manometric assemblies, each containing manometric lumina of either 0.4 or 0.5 mm i.d., were evaluated at 100 and 180 cm lengths. The fidelity of miniature manometric luminal recordings were evaluated in vivo during esophageal peristalsis by using a simultaneous comparison with the standard lumina and an intraluminal strain gauge.

    RESULTS: During esophageal peristalsis, miniature manometric lumina recorded the peak amplitude of pressure waves, with an accuracy at perfusion rates of 0.04 mL/min (0.4 mm, i.d.) and 0.15 mL/min (0.5 mm, i.d.).

    CONCLUSION: Miniature manometric assemblies of lengths that are practical for use in humans are suitable for recording esophageal peristalsis.

    Matched MeSH terms: Pressure
  12. A direct high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of therminol 66 contamination in commercial glycerin and fatty acids
    Moh MH, Tang TS, Tan GH
    J Chromatogr Sci, 2001 Dec;39(12):508-12.
    PMID: 11767238
    A simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of Therminol 66 thermal heating fluid in glycerin and fatty acids is developed. Sample solutions dissolved in methanol-tetrahydrofuran (50:50, v/v) are injected directly into a reversed-phase C18 column and eluted with a methanol and water mixture (88:12, v/v). The concentration of the thermal heating fluid is monitored by fluorescence detection at 257 nm (excitation) and 320 nm (emission). The calibration graph obtained from various concentrations of the thermal heating fluid in the methanol and tetrahydrofuran mixture is linear (correlation coefficient = 0.999), and the limit of detection is 0.01 microg/mL. Spiked glycerin containing 0.1 to 1.0 microg/g of the thermal heating fluid also gives good linearity with a mean recovery of 95.3%. The mean intra- and interassay precision are 1.80-6.51% and 5.71-9.03%, respectively, at the 0.1-microg/g level. The method is simple and does not require any pretreatment step, thus it is ideal for quality assurance purposes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
  13. Change in endotracheal tube cuff pressure during nitrous oxide anaesthesia: a comparison between air and distilled water cuff inflation
    Ahmad NL, Norsidah AM
    Anaesth Intensive Care, 2001 Oct;29(5):510-4.
    PMID: 11669433
    In this prospective, randomized controlled trial, changes in endotracheal tube cuff pressure were studied in 60 patients undergoing elective surgery under general anaesthesia with nitrous oxide and oxygen. The cuffs were inflated with either air or distilled water. The mean pressure in the air-filled cuffs increased steadily throughout the procedure, reaching 47.5 +/- 7.3 cmH2O at one hour compared with 31.6 +/- 2.4 cmH2O mean pressure in the water-filled cuffs. The pressure and the rate of rise in cuff pressure were significantly lower (P<0.05) in the water-filled cuffs throughout the hour of study. When an endotracheal tube cuff is distended with water, the rise in cuff pressure during nitrous oxide anaesthesia is lower than that of an air-filled cuff.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pressure
  14. Application of the artificial neural network in quantitative structure-gradient elution retention relationship of phenylthiocarbamyl amino acids derivatives
    Tham SY, Agatonovic-Kustrin S
    J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2002 May 15;28(3-4):581-90.
    PMID: 12008137
    Quantitative structure-retention relationship(QSRR) method was used to model reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) separation of 18 selected amino acids. Retention data for phenylthiocarbamyl (PTC) amino acids derivatives were obtained using gradient elution on ODS column with mobile phase of varying acetonitrile, acetate buffer and containing 0.5 ml/l of triethylamine (TEA). Molecular structure of each amino acid was encoded with 36 calculated molecular descriptors. The correlation between the molecular descriptors and the retention time of the compounds in the calibration set was established using the genetic neural network method. A genetic algorithm (GA) was used to select important molecular descriptors and supervised artificial neural network (ANN) was used to correlate mobile phase composition and selected descriptors with the experimentally derived retention times. Retention time values were used as the network's output and calculated molecular descriptors and mobile phase composition as the inputs. The best model with five input descriptors was chosen, and the significance of the selected descriptors for amino acid separation was examined. Results confirmed the dominant role of the organic modifier in such chromatographic systems in addition to lipophilicity (log P) and molecular size and shape (topological indices) of investigated solutes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
  15. Fulltext Splenorrhaphy: omental pouch
    Lazim TR, Salleh M, Bakar AS
    Med J Malaysia, 1995 Jun;50(2):145-9.
    PMID: 7565184
    This work studies the efficacy of an autogenous viable omental pouch as a means of splenorrhaphy for saving the traumatised spleen. One sheep and 9 goat spleens were mobilised and their vascular pedicles clamped. All spleens were subjected to AAST grade IV trauma. The injured spleens were put into omental pouches and manual pressure was applied for 10 minutes after removal of the vascular clamp. Bleeding was controlled in 8 animals which became fully active 12-36 hours postoperatively. Two animals died, one due to aspiration of gastric contents during surgery and the other due to bleeding 24 hours postoperatively. All remaining spleens were harvested after 6 weeks. They were surrounded by a fibrous capsule and the previously inflicted injuries were easily identifiable. Viable omental pouch based on left epiploic vascular pedicle offers itself as a good autogenous alternative other methods used for saving the injured spleen. This method has been used in two humans so far.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pressure
  16. A study on the effect of operating parameters on the cross-flow microfiltration of yeasts
    Hashim MA, Sen Gupta B
    Bioseparation, 1997;7(1):17-23.
    PMID: 9615610
    The effects of pump speed, cumulative permeate volume and concentration of feed (yeast cells) on the permeate flux have been studied on a batch cross-flow microfiltration process. The experiments were conducted for two different cellulose acetate membrane modules of 0.2 micron and 0.45 micron pore size. A three factor experiment was designed for this purpose and the effect of the operating parameters on the filtration rate was studied by the analysis of variance (ANOVA). It is concluded from the analysis of the experimental data that pump speed has the maximum bearing upon the permeate rate within the operating range of parameters. Fouling conditions were examined in the light of colloids deposition on membranes due to surface interactions. However this paper looks into the relationship and sensitivity of the operating parameters in a cross-flow microfiltration unit rather than exploring the theoretical principles behind the observed phenomena.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pressure
  17. Fulltext Cor pulmonale due to obstructive sleep apnoea
    Liam CK
    Med J Malaysia, 1993 Sep;48(3):347-50.
    PMID: 8183151
    A 47 year old man with a long history of chronic loud snoring and daytime sleepiness presented with hypercapnic respiratory failure and right ventricular failure. The diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) leading to the 'obesity-hypoventilation syndrome', was supported by the findings of an overnight cardio-respiratory monitoring during sleep. His symptoms and arterial blood gases improved following treatment with nocturnal nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).
    Matched MeSH terms: Positive-Pressure Respiration
  18. Modelling the mechanical response of skin in vivo using the Bossinesq and the Michell stress functions
    Wan Abas WA, Asseli MR
    Biomed Mater Eng, 1994;4(7):463-71.
    PMID: 7881330
    Local strains acting across an area of skin loaded uniaxially in vivo are converted to stresses using the standard elastic formulae. The stress values are compared to those obtained using the classical Bossinesq and Michell stress functions. The results indicate that these functions are capable of describing the response of the skin, both in the low load and the high load regions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hydrostatic Pressure
  19. Spectrum concept of neuroleptic malignant syndrome
    Adityanjee, Singh S, Singh G, Ong S
    Br J Psychiatry, 1988 Jul;153:107-11.
    PMID: 3224231
    Although neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) was initially thought to be a rare, idiosyncratic complication, the incidence estimates have been rising over the years. A part of this increase can be explained on the basis of an over-inclusive definition of NMS. The unitary concept of NMS has been challenged recently and a spectrum concept has been enunciated on the basis of findings of retrospective chart-reviews which have used too broad a definition of NMS. The authors describe three cases of neuroleptic-related toxicity with different clinical presentations which appeared in a manner apparently supporting the spectrum concept. They discuss this controversial concept critically, however, and caution against its overzealous use in routine clinical practice owing to its far-reaching clinical implications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Blood Pressure
  20. Simple and rapid LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of flavoxate and 3-methyl-flavone-8-carboxylic acid in human plasma: Application to a bioequivalence study
    Loh GOK, Wong EYL, Tan YTF, Wee HC, Ng RS, Lee CY, et al.
    J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2021 Feb 05;194:113758.
    PMID: 33248861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113758
    A simple, rapid, sensitive, and reproducible LC-MS/MS method was developed for simultaneous quantification of flavoxate and 3-methyl-flavone-8-carboxylic (MFCA) in human plasma, using diphenhydramine HCl as internal standard (IS). The chromatographic separation was achieved using Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C18 - Fast LC column (100 × 2.1mmID, 2.7 μm) fitted with UHPLC Guard Poroshell 120 EC-C18 (5 × 2.1 mmID, 2.7 μm). The mobile phase consisted of 0.1 % v/v formic acid and acetonitrile (30:70, v/v) run at a flow rate of 0.40 mL/min. The standard calibration curve was linear over the concentration range of 2.00 - 2,000.31 ng/mL and 240.00 - 24,000.04 ng/mL for flavoxate and MFCA. For flavoxate and MFCA, the within-run precision was 0.81-6.67 % and 1.68-4.37 %, while accuracy was 100.21-108.25 % and 103.99-110.28 %. The between-run precision was 2.01-9.14 % and 2.31-11.11 %, and accuracy was 96.09-103.33 % and 102.37-109.52 %. The extended run precision was 7.78-11.04 % and 2.22-3.33 %, while accuracy was 100.72-101.88 % and 102.34-105.60 %. Flavoxate and MFCA in plasma were stable 4 h at bench top (short term), 24 h in autosampler and instrumentation room (post-preparative), after 7 freeze-thaw cycles, and 89 days in the freezer. Both analytes and IS stock solutions were stable for 31 days when kept at room temperature (25 ± 4 °C) and refrigerated (2-8 °C). The validated method was successfully applied to a bioequivalence study of two flavoxate formulations involving 24 healthy volunteers.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
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