Displaying publications 41 - 60 of 150 in total

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  1. Fulltext Prosocial motives underlie scientific censorship by scientists: A perspective and research agenda
    Clark CJ, Jussim L, Frey K, Stevens ST, Al-Gharbi M, Aquino K, et al.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2023 Nov 28;120(48):e2301642120.
    PMID: 37983511 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2301642120
    Science is among humanity's greatest achievements, yet scientific censorship is rarely studied empirically. We explore the social, psychological, and institutional causes and consequences of scientific censorship (defined as actions aimed at obstructing particular scientific ideas from reaching an audience for reasons other than low scientific quality). Popular narratives suggest that scientific censorship is driven by authoritarian officials with dark motives, such as dogmatism and intolerance. Our analysis suggests that scientific censorship is often driven by scientists, who are primarily motivated by self-protection, benevolence toward peer scholars, and prosocial concerns for the well-being of human social groups. This perspective helps explain both recent findings on scientific censorship and recent changes to scientific institutions, such as the use of harm-based criteria to evaluate research. We discuss unknowns surrounding the consequences of censorship and provide recommendations for improving transparency and accountability in scientific decision-making to enable the exploration of these unknowns. The benefits of censorship may sometimes outweigh costs. However, until costs and benefits are examined empirically, scholars on opposing sides of ongoing debates are left to quarrel based on competing values, assumptions, and intuitions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis
  2. Pharmaceutical Policy Reforms to Regulate Drug Prices in the Asia Pacific Region: The Case of Australia, China, India, Malaysia, New Zealand, and South Korea
    Hasan SS, Kow CS, Dawoud D, Mohamed O, Baines D, Babar ZU
    Value Health Reg Issues, 2019 May;18:18-23.
    PMID: 30414506 DOI: 10.1016/j.vhri.2018.08.007
    Medicine price directly affects affordability and access to medicines particularly in countries where a major portion of pharmaceutical spending is through out-of-pocket payment, such as in the Asia Pacific region. We have undertaken a detailed appraisal of the pharmaceutical policy reforms to regulate drug prices in 3 developed (Australia, New Zealand, and South Korea) and 3 emerging (China, India, and Malaysia) economies of the Asia Pacific region. Despite continuous efforts by the authorities in adopting a wide range of reformatory pharmaceutical pricing policies to ensure affordability of medicines, these policies may not be optimal where drug prices were not lowered as expected (eg, in Korea). On the contrary, considerable price reductions of various pharmaceuticals have been observed in New Zealand and India because of the reform in pharmaceutical pricing policy. This review of pharmaceutical pricing reforms reinforces the need for constant monitoring by policy makers in Asia Pacific countries to regulate drug prices and to undertake reform in pharmaceutical pricing policies when necessary to ensure affordability and access to medicines.
    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis/legislation & jurisprudence*; Costs and Cost Analysis/trends
  3. The estimated cost of surgically managed isolated traumatic head injury secondary to road traffic accidents
    You X, Liew BS, Rosman AK, Dcsn, Musa KI, Idris Z
    Neurosurg Focus, 2018 05;44(5):E7.
    PMID: 29712526 DOI: 10.3171/2018.1.FOCUS17796
    OBJECTIVE Traumatic brain injury due to road traffic accidents occurs mainly in the younger age group in which injury-related disability leads to long-term impact on employment and economic and social consequences across the lifespan. This study was designed to assign a monetary cost (in Malaysian ringgits [RM]) to the treatment of patients with surgically treated isolated traumatic head injury as determined up to 1 year after injury. METHODS Relevant resource items used were identified and valued using the direct measurement of costs method, cost accounting methods, standard unit costs method, fees, charges and/or market prices method. These values were then tabulated to generate the total costs for each patient, via a combination of macro-costing and micro-costing methods. Malaysian currency values were converted to US dollars according to the average conversion rate for the period from January to May 2016: RM1 = US$0.2452. RESULTS This costing study analyzed data from 49 patients. The estimated cost for the 1st year of care for all patients was RM1,471,919.80 (US$360,914.735), with a mean (± SD) cost per case of RM30,039.18 ± 22,986.25 or $7365.61 ± $5636.23. The mean cost of care per case was RM11,041.35 ± 10,936.88 or $2707.34 ± $2681.72 for mild head injury, RM32,550.00 ± 20,998.76 or $7981.26 ± $5148.90 for moderate head injury, and RM36,917.86 ± 23,697.34 or $9052.26 ± $5810.59 for severe head injury. Severe head injury (p = 0.001), sustaining 2 or more intracranial pathologies (p = 0.01), having a poor Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score (GOS score 1-3) (p = 0.02), requiring a tracheostomy (p < 0.001), and contracting pneumonia (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with higher cost. Logistic regression analysis revealed that cost of care increased by RM591.60 or $145.06 per year increment of age (β = RM591.60, p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The mean cost of treatment for traumatic head injury is high compared to the per capita income of RM37,900 in 2016. The cost values generated in this study provide baseline cost estimates that the authors hope will be used as a guide to determine where adequate funding should be allocated to provide timely and appropriate delivery of care.
    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis/economics*; Costs and Cost Analysis/trends
  4. Fulltext Pharmacoeconomic evaluation and burden of illness of acute exacerbation of COPD in patients in Malaysia. [Abstract]
    Iqbal MS, Iqbal MZ, Barua A, Veettil SK, Wei LY, Kit LW, et al.
    Value Health, 2014 Nov;17(7):A594.
    PMID: 27202037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.2046
    OBJECTIVES. Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) appears to be the main reason of hospitalization in COPD patients. Since substantial economic burden of COPD have not been previously studied in Malaysia, this study aimed at estimating and identifying different costs and related burden of illness in patients receiving treatment of AECOPD in a tertiary care hospital in Malaysia.
    METHODS. A prospective follow-up study was performed in Department of Accident and Emergency and Respiratory Medicine of the hospital. Data were derived on the basis of per exacerbation episode. Relationship between direct medical costs and disease severity was analyzed using various descriptive and inferential statistical approaches.
    RESULTS. Median actual direct medical costs and out-of-pocket costs were RM 457.68 (US$ 141.97) and RM 28.25 (US$ 8.76) per exacerbation respectively. Drug cost (41%) was the leading cost driver, followed by unit cost of treatment per bed (33.6%) and lab investigation cost (25.4%). However, food cost (44.2%) represented the largest proportion in out-of-pocket costs. More than 90% of actual direct medical costs were supported by the Government of Malaysia in the patients studied.
    CONCLUSIONS. Impacts of AECOPD in health care resources are worthy of attention. Cost information from pharmacoeconomic studies is important in decision making for health care professionals and policy makers in order to improve health care outcome and minimize costs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis
  5. A prospective prescription cost analysis of asthma medication. [Abstract]
    Khan AH, Aftab RA, Sulaiman SA, Ali I
    Value Health, 2015 Nov;18(7):A840.
    PMID: 26534490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2015.09.373
    Objectives: To review patient’s prescriptions and calculate direct cost for the treatment and management of asthma
    Methods: A prospective cross-sectional detailed review of 180 prescriptions written by 6 doctors was conducted at respiratory department of Hospital Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. Medication price was confirmed from the hospital formulary. Interview with the key personals were conducted to identify activities of each service provided to asthma patients. This was followed by determination of time taken to complete each activity using stopwatch. The duration was captured 15 times for each for three alternate days and summarized as the mean time (minutes) for each activity. The cost of each employee per single activity was obtained by multiplying the mean time (minute) spent by that employee doing a specific activity by his/her salary per minute
    Results: A total of 6 different classes of medications were prescribed to 180 asthma patients. β agonist was the most prescribed class of asthma medication that included Salbutamol 72 (39.8) and albuterol 20 (11) followed by Corticosteroids that included budisonide 59 (32.8%), prednisolone 16 (8.8%) and fluticasone 11 (6.1%). Fifty one (28.3%) units of budisonide/formoterol combination medication were prescribed followed by fluticasone/salmeterol 40 (22.2%). A total of RM 10610.79(USD) medication were prescribed to 180 asthma patients with average cost of RM 59.08 per patient. The combination medication of budisonide/formoterol RM.5253 (USD) made the majority of total cost of asthma medication. Spirometry was performed for all 180 patients at every hospital visit that costed RM 5400.00. The cost of services provided by doctors and nursing staff for 180 asthma patients for single visit was RM 1198.8 and RM 331.2 respectively
    Conclusions: Combination medication adds a substantial cost to over all asthma cost. Careful selection of asthma pharmacotherapy can greatly reduce medication cost without compromising on treatment outcomes
    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis
  6. Fulltext Expanding access to high-cost medicines through the E2 access program in Thailand: effects on utilisation, health outcomes and cost using an interrupted time-series analysis
    Sruamsiri R, Wagner AK, Ross-Degnan D, Lu CY, Dhippayom T, Ngorsuraches S, et al.
    BMJ Open, 2016;6(3):e008671.
    PMID: 26988346 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008671
    In 2008, the Thai government introduced the 'high-cost medicines E2 access program' as a part of the National List of Essential Medicines to increase patient access to medicines, improve clinical outcomes and make medicines more affordable. Our objective was to examine whether the 'high-cost medicines E2 access program' achieved its goals.
    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis
  7. Fulltext Assessing the burden of pneumonia using administrative data from Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines
    Azmi S, Aljunid SM, Maimaiti N, Ali AA, Muhammad Nur A, De Rosas-Valera M, et al.
    Int J Infect Dis, 2016 May 24;49:87-93.
    PMID: 27235085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.05.021
    To describe the incidence, mortality, cost, and length of stay (LOS) of hospitalized community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) in three Southeast Asian countries: Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines.
    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis
  8. Fulltext Dataset on the dynamic structural parameters of an old existing building exposed to earthquake loading before and after strengthening techniques - A case study, Lebanon
    Kassem MM, Mohamed Nazri F
    Data Brief, 2018 Dec;21:2262-2283.
    PMID: 30555866 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.11.077
    This paper provides data and information on Beirut Arab University׳s existing old building in Lebanon. The building was primarily designed to resist gravity loads only, with no attention to seismic or lateral load effects. The data shows that there is a need to improve the conditions of the existing old building by applying new features that function as seismic capacity resistance. The first feature was applied by adding RC-shear walls to the existing building, and the second feature was by implementing concentric steel bracing at the peripheral face of the building. In this article, a set of critical parameters to identify the seismic design of buildings was associated in this data. The parameters were described in terms of dynamic properties as follows: (a) natural fundamental period, (b) mode shapes, (c) torsional irregularity, (d) stiffness and ductility, and (e) plastic hinges formation. Particularly, the estimated cost analysis of added materials plays an important role in choosing the suitable retrofitting technique for old buildings.
    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis
  9. Development and Practical Application of a Multiple-Criteria Decision Analysis Framework on Respiratory Inhalers: Is It Always Useful in the MOH Malaysia Medicines Formulary Listing Context?
    Yong YV, Mahamad Dom SH, Ahmad Sa'ad N, Lajis R, Md Yusof FA, Abdul Rahaman JA
    MDM Policy Pract, 2021 03 30;6(1):2381468321994063.
    PMID: 33855190 DOI: 10.1177/2381468321994063
    Objectives. The current health technology assessment used to evaluate respiratory inhalers is associated with limitations that have necessitated the development of an explicit formulary decision-making framework to ensure balance between the accessibility, value, and affordability of medicines. This study aimed to develop a multiple-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) framework, apply the framework to potential and currently listed respiratory inhalers in the Ministry of Health Medicines Formulary (MOHMF), and analyze the impacts of applying the outputs, from the perspective of listing and delisting medicines in the formulary. Methods. The overall methodology of the framework development adhered to the recommendations of the ISPOR MCDA Emerging Good Practices Task Force. The MCDA framework was developed using Microsoft Excel 2010 and involved all relevant stakeholders. The framework was then applied to 27 medicines, based on data gathered from the highest levels of available published evidence, pharmaceutical companies, and professional opinions. The performance scores were analyzed using the additive model. The end values were then deliberated by an expert committee. Results. A total of eight main criteria and seven subcriteria were determined by the stakeholders. The economic criterion was weighted at 30%. Among the noneconomic criteria, "patient suitability" was weighted the highest. Based on the MCDA outputs, the expert committee recommended one potential medicine (out of three; 33%) be added to the MOHMF and one existing medicine (out of 24; 4%) be removed/delisted from the MOHMF. The other existing medicines remained unchanged. Conclusions. Although this framework was useful for deciding to add new medicines to the formulary, it appears to be less functional and impactful for the removal/delisting existing medicines from the MOHMF. The generalizability of this conclusion to other formulations remains to be confirmed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis
  10. Fulltext To travel is to live: embracing the emerging field of travel psychiatry
    Flaherty G, Chai SY, Hallahan B
    BJPsych Bull, 2020 Apr 13.
    PMID: 32279684 DOI: 10.1192/bjb.2020.32
    For a person with mental illness, travelling abroad can be challenging but it can be easier when the traveller and healthcare practitioner have a clear understanding of the likely impact of travel on the illness and of the illness on the travel experience. Travel may also precipitate first presentations of mental illness or unmask previously undiagnosed mental disorders. We propose that mental health problems should receive greater recognition in travel medicine and that psychiatrists should collaborate more closely with travel medicine clinicians to ensure that their patients benefit from the opportunities afforded by international travel.
    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis
  11. Budget impact analysis of medicines: estimated values versus real-world evidence and the implications
    Faleiros DR, Alvares-Teodoro J, Nunes da Silva E, Godman BB, Gonçalves Pereira R, Gurgel Andrade EI, et al.
    Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res, 2021 May 27.
    PMID: 33971778 DOI: 10.1080/14737167.2021.1927716
    Objectives: Budget Impact Analyses (BIA) of medicines helps managers in promoting health systems' sustainability when assessing the role and value of new medicines. However, it is not clear whether BIAs typically underestimate or overestimate the impact on real-world budgets. This retroactive analysis seeks to compare estimated values obtained by a BIA and Real-World Evidence (RWE) to guide discussions.Methods: The estimated values were obtained through a BIA concerning the incorporation of adalimumab for the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis into the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) carried out retroactively and per international guidelines. RWE data was extracted from SUS computerized systems. We subsequently compared the number of treatments, costs, and Incremental Budget Impact (IBI).Results - The total number of treatments was underestimated by 10% (6,243) and the total expenditure was overestimated by 463% (US$ 4.7 billion). In five years, the total difference between the estimated values and real IBI reached US$ 1.1 billion. A current expenditure of US$ 1.0 was observed for every US$ 5.60 of estimated expenditure.Conclusion - The higher estimates from the BIA might cause decision makers to be more cautious with the introduction of a new medicine to reduce the opportunity costs for other interventions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis
  12. Fulltext Estimating direct medical costs of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Philippines: a protocol
    Ng JYS, Clement IJ, Jimeno C, Sy RA, Mirasol R, De La Pena P, et al.
    BMJ Open, 2020 07 28;10(7):e025696.
    PMID: 32723733 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025696
    INTRODUCTION: Diabetes and its complications are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the Philippines. The prevalence of diabetes in the Philippines has increased from 3.4 million in 2010 to 3.7 million in 2017. The government has formulated strategies to control this increase, for example, through its non-communicable disease prevention and control plan. However, there is scarce research on the financial burden of diabetes. Filling this gap may further help policymakers to make informed decisions while developing and implementing resource planning for relevant interventions. The primary objective of the current study is to estimate the direct medical costs associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

    METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This is a 1-year retrospective cohort study of patients with T2DM in 2016. Data will be collected from: (1) hospital databases from public institutions to estimate the cost of diabetes treatment and (2) physician interviews to estimate the cost of management of diabetes in outpatient care. We will perform descriptive and comparative analyses on direct medical costs and healthcare resource utilisation, stratified by the presence of diabetes-associated complications.

    ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Research ethics board approval has been obtained from the Department of Health Single Joint Research Ethics Board and Cardinal Santos Medical Center Research Ethics Review Committee. Findings from the study will be reported in peer-reviewed scientific journals and local researcher meetings.

    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis
  13. Fulltext Availability and affordability of medicines and cardiovascular outcomes in 21 high-income, middle-income and low-income countries
    Chow CK, Nguyen TN, Marschner S, Diaz R, Rahman O, Avezum A, et al.
    BMJ Glob Health, 2020 11;5(11).
    PMID: 33148540 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002640
    OBJECTIVES: We aimed to examine the relationship between access to medicine for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) among people at high risk of CVD in high-income countries (HICs), upper and lower middle-income countries (UMICs, LMICs) and low-income countries (LICs) participating in the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study.

    METHODS: We defined high CVD risk as the presence of any of the following: hypertension, coronary artery disease, stroke, smoker, diabetes or age >55 years. Availability and affordability of blood pressure lowering drugs, antiplatelets and statins were obtained from pharmacies. Participants were categorised: group 1-all three drug types were available and affordable, group 2-all three drugs were available but not affordable and group 3-all three drugs were not available. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazard models with nested clustering at country and community levels, adjusting for comorbidities, sociodemographic and economic factors.

    RESULTS: Of 163 466 participants, there were 93 200 with high CVD risk from 21 countries (mean age 54.7, 49% female). Of these, 44.9% were from group 1, 29.4% from group 2 and 25.7% from group 3. Compared with participants from group 1, the risk of MACEs was higher among participants in group 2 (HR 1.19, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.31), and among participants from group 3 (HR 1.25, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.50).

    CONCLUSION: Lower availability and affordability of essential CVD medicines were associated with higher risk of MACEs and mortality. Improving access to CVD medicines should be a key part of the strategy to lower CVD globally.

    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis
  14. Fulltext Bilateral Proximal Femur Fractures in a Patient with Renal Tubular Acidosis: A Case Report
    Charl SS, Shahrul-Hisham S, Mohamad-Sha S
    Malays Orthop J, 2018 Mar;12(1):42-44.
    PMID: 29725512 MyJurnal DOI: 10.5704/MOJ.1803.009
    The diagnosis of pathological fractures is on the rise. The morbidity involved does not only burden the patient and their families but it has a great toll on the healthcare system as well. Early identification of the patient at risk is an invaluable tool to cut cost and improve the patient's quality of life. Multiple renal pathologies have been highlighted in relation to the risk of pathological fractures; however, complications in renal tubular acidosis have been rarely documented. Nevertheless, prompt action with adequate and relevant patient education ultimately can reduce the associated morbidity. We present a case of poor control of the disease and its debilitating pathological fracture complications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis
  15. Fulltext Cost implication analysis of concrete and Masonry waste in construction project
    Kasvar, K.K., Nagapan, S., Abdullah, A.H., Ullah, K., Deraman, R., Yunus, R., et al.
    Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2017;25(105):177-184.
    MyJurnal
    Concrete and masonry waste are the main types of waste typically generated at a construction project. There is a lack of studies in the country regarding the cost implication of managing these types of construction waste To address this need in Malaysia, the study is carried out to measure the disposal cost of concrete and masonry waste. The study was carried out by a site visit method using an indirect measurement approach to quantify the quantity of waste generated at the project. Based on the recorded number of trips for waste collection, the total expenditure to dispose the waste were derived in three construction stages. Data was collected four times a week for the period July 2014 to July 2015. The total waste generated at the study site was 762.51 m3 and the cost incurred for the 187 truck trips required to dispose the waste generated from the project site to the nearby landfill was RM22,440.00. The findings will be useful to both researchers and policy makers concerned with construction waste.
    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis
  16. Fulltext Field evaluation of magnetic actuator driven switchgear in Malaysia
    Mohd Dzaki, Mohd Amir, Sanuri, Ishak
    Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2017;25(102):61-68.
    MyJurnal
    Magnetic actuator driven switchgear is a new medium voltage switchgear technology. In this switchgear, the conventional spring mechanism which is used to operate the circuit breaker is replaced with a magnetic actuator mechanism. The suitability of this technology in the Malaysian utility network specifically in highly loaded areas with frequent switching was assessed via a field evaluation. Preliminary results indicated that magnetic actuator driven switchgear perform commendably on the safety aspect, on-site performance monitoring and online diagnostic test results. However, there are several concerns that need to be addressed such as the ease of installation, substation system requirements, high life cycle cost and reliability of components, before this technology can be used widely.
    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis
  17. Fulltext Occupational accident cost estimation: a case study in wood based related industries
    Jafri Mohd Rohani, Hood Atan, Wan Harun Wan Hamid, Mohamed Fitri Johari, Edly Ramly
    Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 2015;12(1):109-116.
    MyJurnal
    This objective of the study is to estimate occupational accident cost in manufacturing industries, especially in
    wood based related industries. The study attempts to identify, define, and classify the cost components of occupational
    accident related cost and to catalogue the various economic approaches used to estimate the entire costs of occupational
    accident and to propose the risk prevention plan. The study uses local specific approach by reviewing company
    historical records on occupational accident as reported in JKKP 6, JKKP 8, JKKP 9 and company internal investigation
    reports. For each occupational accident, the site safety officer in charge, human resource and, account employee,
    supervisor, victim, related co-workers and relatives were interviewed in order to estimate direct costs, indirect costs,
    prevention costs and other personal cost related to the accident. Other related information such as personal data of the
    victim, type of injuries, location of injuries and cause of injuries were recorded. A total of 24 occupational accidents
    data for the past five years were analyzed in the cost of accident summary report to determine the overall ratio of direct
    to indirect cost and ratio of total cost of accident to prevention cost. A further analysis was carried out to determine
    the most significant cost of accident related to demographic profiles for Malaysian and Non Malaysian employees. In
    conclusion, this study has determined the ratio of direct to indirect cost of occupational accident and has proposed the
    risk prevention plan with additional information on cost of accident and cost of prevention.
    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis
  18. Fulltext Web-based interactive accident cost calculator for manufacturing industry
    Jafri Mohd Rohani, Hood Atan, Wan Harun Wan Hamid, Mohamed Fitri Johari, Wan Lokman Wan Bedurdin, Hafizah Ithnin
    Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 2015;12(1):155-160.
    MyJurnal
    Currently accident cost calculations involve lengthy process of data collection procedures. Accident cost
    calculations can be categorized into direct and indirect costs. Many manufacturing industries are having difficulties
    in identifying and quantifying the accident cost category. Besides, it involves manual data collection which is time
    consuming and has high tendency to make errors throughout the process. The data collection process also involves
    various parties. For example, getting direct cost data from human resource department while indirect cost data need
    to be obtained from manufacturing and safety department. The objective of this study is to propose Web-Based
    interactive Accident Cost Calculator (WBACC) for manufacturing industries. This WBACC has two options; option
    1: calculations based on input data at the time of accident. Option 2: calculations based on historical data such as
    previous accident records. Option 1 is much simpler because it only requires accident demographic data while option
    2 is much more complex. However, option 2 is more accurate compared to option 1. This proposed WBACC can be
    used by safety and health practitioners to convince their top management in making decisions especially on safety
    budget allocation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis
  19. Assessing the Accuracy of Low-cost Surgical Guides Generated Using Ridge Mapping by Means of Cone Beam Computerized Tomography
    Gupta K, Singh S, Singh S
    J Contemp Dent Pract, 2019 Aug 01;20(8):907-914.
    PMID: 31797846
    AIM: Assessing the accuracy of surgical guides generated with the help of a simple chair side ridge mapping technique by comparing the planned implant position with the achieved implant position on post-op computerized tomography scans.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, 20 implant sites in patients were selected. Ridge mapping was done through a vacuum press template at three buccal (B1, B2, B3), three lingual (L1, L2, L3), and one crestal (C) points for each implant site. Readings were transferred onto the cast, and surgical guides were fabricated for implant placement. Postoperative cone beam computerized tomography (CBCT) was done to assess planned and achieved implant position. Comparison was done between soft tissue depths and implant distance from the crest of alveolar bone determined by the ridge mapping technique with measurements done on CBCT. The points used for ridge mapping were used as the reference for measurements. The data were analyzed using paired t test. p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

    RESULTS: On comparing the mean values of soft tissue depths from the ridge mapping and CBCT data, insignificant differences were found at B1, B2, L1, L2, L3, and C, but significant differences were found at B3. On comparing the implant distances from alveolar bone from both the data, insignificant differences were found at B, B2, B3, L1, L2, and L3 and significant difference was found at the crest in the mean values.

    CONCLUSION: Under the limitations of the above study, it can be concluded that a simple chairside procedure like ridge mapping can be used as an effective way for guided implant placement in sufficient available alveolar bone.

    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis
  20. Interpretation of upper-storey canopy area in subtropical broadleaved forests in Okinawa Island using laser scanning data
    Noor Janatun Naim, Azita Ahmad Zawawi, Masami Shiba
    Sains Malaysiana, 2015;44:107-113.
    Conventional forest inventory practice took huge of effort, and is time- and cost- consuming. With the aid of remote sensing technology by light detection and ranging (LiDAR), those unbearable factors could be minimized. LiDAR is able to capture forest characteristic information and is well known for estimating forest structure accurately in many studies. Forest monitoring related to forest resource inventory (FRI) becomes more effective by utilizing LiDAR data and it is tremendously useful, especially to distinguish information on density, growth and distribution of trees in a selected area. In this study, LiDAR data was utilized aimed to delineate crown cover and estimate upper-storey canopy area in Yambaru Forest using object-based segmentation and classification techniques. Agreement between field survey and LiDAR data analysis showed that only 33.7% of upper-storey canopy area was successfully delineated. The low accuracy level of canopy detection in Yambaru Forest area was expected mainly due to tree structure, density and topographic condition.
    Matched MeSH terms: Costs and Cost Analysis
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