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Fulltext Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith: A Review of Its Ethnomedicinal, Chemical, and Pharmacological Uses

Yob NJ, Jofrry SM, Affandi MM, Teh LK, Salleh MZ, Zakaria ZA

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2011;2011:543216.
PMID: 21584247 DOI: 10.1155/2011/543216

Zingiber zerumbet Sm., locally known to the Malay as "Lempoyang," is a perennial herb found in many tropical countries, including Malaysia. The rhizomes of Z. zerumbet, particularly, have been regularly used as food flavouring and appetizer in various Malays' cuisines while the rhizomes extracts have been used in Malay traditional medicine to treat various types of ailments (e.g., inflammatory- and pain-mediated diseases, worm infestation and diarrhea). Research carried out using different in vitro and in vivo assays of biological evaluation support most of these claims. The active pharmacological component of Z. zerumbet rhizomes most widely studied is zerumbone. This paper presents the botany, traditional uses, chemistry, and pharmacology of this medicinal plant.
Fulltext Hepatoprotective activity of dried- and fermented-processed virgin coconut oil

Zakaria ZA, Rofiee MS, Somchit MN, Zuraini A, Sulaiman MR, Teh LK, et al.

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2011;2011:142739.
PMID: 21318140 DOI: 10.1155/2011/142739

The present study aims to determine the hepatoprotective effect of MARDI-produced virgin coconut oils, prepared by dried- or fermented-processed methods, using the paracetamol-induced liver damage in rats. Liver injury induced by 3 g/kg paracetamol increased the liver weight per 100 g bodyweight indicating liver damage. Histological observation also confirms liver damage indicated by the presence of inflammations and necrosis on the respective liver section. Interestingly, pretreatment of the rats with 10, but not 1 and 5, mL/kg of both VCOs significantly (P < .05) reduced the liver damage caused by the administration of paracetamol, which is further confirmed by the histological findings. In conclusion, VCO possessed hepatoprotective effect that requires further in-depth study.
Fulltext Antinociceptive Activity of Methanol Extract of Muntingia calabura Leaves and the Mechanisms of Action Involved

Sani MH, Zakaria ZA, Balan T, Teh LK, Salleh MZ

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2012;2012:890361.
PMID: 22611437 DOI: 10.1155/2012/890361

Muntingia calabura L. (family Elaeocarpaceae) has been traditionally used to relieve various pain-related ailments. The present study aimed to determine the antinociceptive activity of methanol extract of M. calabura leaves (MEMC) and to elucidate the possible mechanism of antinociception involved. The in vivo chemicals (acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction and formalin-, capsaicin-, glutamate-, serotonin-induced paw licking test) and thermal (hot plate test) models of nociception were used to evaluate the extract antinociceptive activity. The extract (100, 250, and 500 mg/kg) was administered orally 60 min prior to subjection to the respective test. The results obtained demonstrated that MEMC produced significant (P < 0.05) antinociceptive response in all the chemical- and thermal-induced nociception models, which was reversed after pretreatment with 5 mg/kg naloxone, a non-selective opioid antagonist. Furthermore, pretreatment with L-arginine (a nitric oxide (NO) donor), N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl esters (L-NAME; an inhibitor of NO synthase (NOS)), methylene blue (MB; an inhibitor of cyclic-guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway), or their combination also caused significant (P < 0.05) change in the intensity of the MEMC antinociception. In conclusion, the MEMC antinociceptive activity involves activation of the peripheral and central mechanisms, and modulation via, partly, the opioid receptors and NO/cGMP pathway.
An In Vitro Study of Retention and Marginal Adaptation of Endocrowns With Different Intracoronal Depths

Tiew EC, Azis N, Teh LA, Shukor S, Goo CL

Oper Dent, 2024 Jul 01;49(4):403-411.
PMID: 38978316 DOI: 10.2341/23-063-L

BACKGROUND: Marginal adaptation and retention of endocrowns are crucial for the success and survival of endocrowns. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different materials and intracoronal depth on the retention and marginal adaptation of CAD/CAM fabricated all-ceramic endocrowns.
METHODS: Thirty-six mandibular premolar teeth with an average surface area of 64.49 mm2 were prepared to receive CAM/CAM fabricated endocrowns. Samples were divided randomly and equally into groups of lithium disilicate with 2 mm intracoronal depth (LD2), lithium disilicate with 4 mm intracoronal depth (LD4), polymer infiltrated ceramic network with 2 mm intracoronal depth (PICN2) and polymer infiltrated ceramic network with 4 mm intracoronal depth (PICN4). All endocrowns were cemented using ParaCore resin cement with 14N pressure and cured for 20 seconds. Fifty measurements of absolute marginal discrepancy (AMD) were done using a stereomicroscope after cementation. After 24 hours, all samples were subjected to thermocycling before the retention test. This involved using a universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min and applying a load of 500N. The maximum force to detach the crown was recorded in newtons and the mode of failure was identified.
RESULTS: Two-way ANOVA revealed that the AMD for PICN was statistically significantly better than lithium disilicate (p=0.01). No statistically significant difference was detected in the AMD between the two intracoronal depths (p=0.72). PICN and endocrowns with 4 mm intracoronal depth had statistically significant better retention (p<0.05). 72.22% of the sample suffered from cohesive failures and 10 LD endocrowns suffered adhesive failures.
CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of this study, we found that different materials and intracoronal depths can indeed influence the retention of CAD/CAM fabricated endocrowns. Based on the controlled setting findings, PICN was found to have better retention and better marginal adaptation than similar lithium disilicate premolar endocrowns.
Role of pharmacodiagnostic of CYP2C9 variants in the optimization of warfarin therapy in Malaysia: a 6-month follow-up study

Ngow H, Teh LK, Langmia IM, Lee WL, Harun R, Ismail R, et al.

Xenobiotica, 2008 Jun;38(6):641-51.
PMID: 18570163 DOI: 10.1080/00498250801999087

1. A retrospective study was conducted to explore the importance of CYP2C9 genotyping for the initiation and maintenance therapy of warfarin in clinical practice. A total of 191 patients on warfarin therapy in a local hospital were recruited after written informed consent. Their medical records were reviewed and no intervention of warfarin dose was performed. 2. A total of 5 ml of blood were taken from each subject for DNA extraction and identification of 1, 2, 3 and 4 CYP2C9 alleles, using a nested-allele-specific-multiplex-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Half the patients were Malays and the remaining were Chinese. 3. Two genotypes were detected; 93.2% had CYP2C9 1/1 and 6.8% were CYP2C9 1/3. Warfarin doses were higher in patients with CYP2C91/1. Patients with the 1/3 genotype experienced a higher rate of serious and life-threatening bleeding; 15.4 versus 6.2 per 100 patients per 6 months. 4. The observation clearly highlights the inadequacy of the current dosing regimens and the need to move toward a more individualized approach to warfarin therapy. Prospective clinical studies are now being conducted to assess dosing algorithms that incorporate the contribution of the genotype to allow the individualization of warfarin dose.
Muntingia calabura: a review of its traditional uses, chemical properties, and pharmacological observations

Mahmood ND, Nasir NL, Rofiee MS, Tohid SF, Ching SM, Teh LK, et al.

Pharm Biol, 2014 Dec;52(12):1598-623.
PMID: 25068675 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.908397

Different parts of Muntingia calabura L. (Elaeocarpaceae), or "kerukup siam" in Malay, have been reported to possess medicinal value, supported by a number of scientific studies.
Fulltext Draft Genome Sequence of a Clinical Isolate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strain PR05

Ismail A, Teh LK, Ngeow YF, Norazmi MN, Zainul ZF, Tang TH, et al.

Genome Announc, 2013;1(3).
PMID: 23788553 DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.00397-13

We report the annotated genome sequence of a clinical isolate, Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain PR05, which was isolated from the human cerebrospinal fluid of a patient diagnosed with tuberculosis.
Clinical relevance of VKORC1 (G-1639A and C1173T) and CYP2C9*3 among patients on warfarin

Teh LK, Langmia IM, Fazleen Haslinda MH, Ngow HA, Roziah MJ, Harun R, et al.

J Clin Pharm Ther, 2012 Apr;37(2):232-6.
PMID: 21507031 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2011.01262.x

Testing for cytochrome P450-2C9 (CYP2C9) and vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) variant alleles is recommended by the FDA for dosing of warfarin. However, dose prediction models derived from data obtained in one population may not be applicable to another. We therefore studied the impact of genetic polymorphisms of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 on warfarin dose requirement in Malaysia.
Fulltext Analysis of α1 and α2 globin genes among patients with hemoglobin Adana in Malaysia

Lee TY, Lai MI, Ismail P, Ramachandran V, Tan JA, Teh LK, et al.

Genet. Mol. Res., 2016 Apr 07;15(2).
PMID: 27173219 DOI: 10.4238/gmr.15027400

Hemoglobin (Hb) Adana [HBA2: c179G>A (or HBA1); p.Gly60Asp] is a non-deletional α-thalassemia variant found in Malaysia. An improvement in the molecular techniques in recent years has made identification of Hb Adana much easier. For this study, a total of 26 Hb Adana α-thalassemia intermedia and 10 Hb Adana trait blood samples were collected from patients. Common deletional and non-deletional α-thalassemia genotypes were determined using multiplex gap polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and multiplex ARMS PCR techniques. Identification of the Hb Adana location on the α-globin gene was carried out using genomic sequencing and the location of the mutation was confirmed via restriction fragment length polymorphism-PCR. Among the 36 samples, 24 (66.7%) had the -α(3.7)/α(Cd59)α mutation, while the -α(3.7)/α(Cd59)α mutation accounted for 2 samples (5.6%) and the remaining 10 (27.8%) samples were α/α(Cd59)α. All 36 samples were found to have the Hb Adana mutation on the α2-globin gene. The position of the α-globin gene mutation found in our cases was similar to that reported in Indonesia (16%) but not to that in Turkey (0.6%). Our results showed that the Hb Adana mutation was preferentially present in the α2-globin genes in Malays compared to the other ethnicities in Malaysia. Thus, the Malays might have similar ancestry based on the similarities in the Hb Adana position.
Isolating the metabolic pathways involved in the hepatoprotective effect of Muntingia calabura against CCl4-induced liver injury using LC/MS Q-TOF

Rofiee MS, Yusof MI, Abdul Hisam EE, Bannur Z, Zakaria ZA, Somchit MN, et al.

J Ethnopharmacol, 2015 May 26;166:109-18.
PMID: 25792013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.03.016

Muntingia calabura L. has been used in Southeast Asia and tropical America as antipyretic, antiseptic, analgesic, antispasmodic and liver tonic. This study aims to determine the acute toxicity and the metabolic pathways involved in the hepatoprotective mechanism of M. calabura.
A simple and rapid genotyping method for beta-2 receptor (beta2 AR) gene using allele specific multiplex PCR

Romaino SM, Teh LK, Zilfalil BA, Thong CP, Ismail AA, Amir J, et al.

J Clin Pharm Ther, 2004 Feb;29(1):47-52.
PMID: 14748897 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2710.2003.00535.x

Polymorphism of the beta2-adrenergic receptor (beta2 AR) gene is an important determinant of the function of this receptor. It affects receptor down-regulation and beta2-agonist responses. It has also been a focus of interest in attempts to elucidate the genetic basis of asthma, hypertension, obesity and cystic fibrosis. Several different techniques have been established to determine beta2 AR genotypes but none of these methods are simple enough to detect simultaneously all the five alleles of our research interest (Arg16/Gly16, -20T/C, Gln27/Glu27, -47T/C and Thr164/Ile164).
Antiribosomal P protein antibodies in different populations of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

Teh LS, Lee MK, Wang F, Manivasagar M, Charles PJ, Nicholson GD, et al.

Br J Rheumatol, 1993 Aug;32(8):663-5.
PMID: 8348266

We report a significantly increased prevalence of antiribosomal P protein antibodies in Malaysian Chinese patients (38%) with SLE compared to white Caucasian (13%) and Afro-Caribbean (20%) patients. The increased prevalence was not due to a generalized increase in autoantibody production because anti-dsDNA and anti-SSA antibodies were present in comparable frequencies in the three ethnic groups while anti-Sm and anti-SSB antibodies were rarely found in the Malaysian Chinese patients.
Protect global values of the Southern Ocean ecosystem

Brooks CM, Ainley DG, Jacquet J, Chown SL, Pertierra LR, Francis E, et al.

Science, 2022 Nov 04;378(6619):477-479.
PMID: 36264826 DOI: 10.1126/science.add9480

Climate change and fishing present dual threats.
In vitro antiproliferative and antioxidant activities of the extracts of Muntingia calabura leaves

Zakaria ZA, Mohamed AM, Jamil NS, Rofiee MS, Hussain MK, Sulaiman MR, et al.

Am J Chin Med, 2011;39(1):183-200.
PMID: 21213408

The in vitro antiproliferative and antioxidant activities of the aqueous, chloroform and methanol extracts of Muntingia calabura leaves were determined in the present study. Assessed using the 3,(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) (MTT) assay, the aqueous and methanol extracts of M. calabura inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7, HeLa, HT-29, HL-60 and K-562 cancer cells while the chloroform extract only inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7, HeLa, HL-60 and K-562 cancer cells. Interestingly, all extracts of M. calabura, which failed to inhibit the MDA-MB-231 cells proliferation, did not inhibit the proliferation of 3T3 (normal) cells, indicating its safety. All extracts (20, 100 and 500 μg/ml) were found to possess antioxidant activity when tested using the DPPH radical scavenging and superoxide scavenging assays with the methanol, followed by the aqueous and chloroform, extract exhibiting the highest antioxidant activity in both assays. The total phenolic content for the aqueous, methanol and chloroform extracts were 2970.4 ± 6.6, 1279.9 ± 6.1 and 2978.1 ± 4.3 mg/100 g gallic acid, respectively. In conclusion, the M. calabura leaves possess potential antiproliferative and antioxidant activities that could be attributed to its high content of phenolic compounds, and thus, needs to be further explored.
Fulltext Hepatoprotective Activity of Methanolic Extract of Bauhinia purpurea Leaves against Paracetamol-Induced Hepatic Damage in Rats

Yahya F, Mamat SS, Kamarolzaman MF, Seyedan AA, Jakius KF, Mahmood ND, et al.

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2013;2013:636580.
PMID: 23853662 DOI: 10.1155/2013/636580

In an attempt to further establish the pharmacological properties of Bauhinia purpurea (Fabaceae), hepatoprotective potential of methanol extract of B. purpurea leaves (MEBP) was investigated using the paracetamol- (PCM-) induced liver toxicity in rats. Five groups of rats (n = 6) were used and administered orally once daily with 10% DMSO (negative control), 200 mg/kg silymarin (positive control), or MEBP (50, 250, and 500 mg/kg) for 7 days, followed by the hepatotoxicity induction using paracetamol (PCM). The blood samples and livers were collected and subjected to biochemical and microscopical analysis. The extract was also subjected to antioxidant study using the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay with the total phenolic content (TPC) also determined. From the histological observation, lymphocyte infiltration and marked necrosis were observed in PCM-treated groups (negative control), whereas maintenance of the normal hepatic structural was observed in group pretreated with silymarin and MEBP. Hepatotoxic rats pretreated with silymarin or MEBP exhibited significant decrease (P < 0.05) in ALT and AST enzyme level. Moreover, the extract also exhibited antioxidant activity and contained high TPC. In conclusion, MEBP exerts potential hepatoprotective activity that could be partly attributed to its antioxidant activity and high phenolic content and thus warrants further investigation.
Fulltext The risk of recurrence in breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen: polymorphisms of CYP2D6 and ABCB1

Teh LK, Mohamed NI, Salleh MZ, Rohaizak M, Shahrun NS, Saladina JJ, et al.

AAPS J, 2012 Mar;14(1):52-9.
PMID: 22183189 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-011-9313-6

CYP2D6 plays a major role in the metabolism of tamoxifen, and polymorphism of P-glycoprotein has been associated with resistance of many drug therapies. This study investigates the clinical impact of genetic variants of CYP2D6 and ABCB1 in breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen. Blood samples from 95 breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen were collected and genotyped for CYP2D6 and ABCB1 variants using allele-specific PCR method. Recurrence risks were calculated using Kaplan-Meier analysis and compared using the log-rank test. Patients carrying CYP2D6*10/*10 and heterozygous null allele (IM) showed higher risks of developing recurrence and metastasis (OR 13.14; 95% CI 1.57-109.94; P = 0.004) than patients with CYP2D6*1/*1 and *1/*10 genotypes. Patients with homozygous CC genotypes of ABCB1 C3435T showed a shorter time to recurrence. Patients who were CYP2D6 IM and homozygous CC genotype of C3435T have statistically significant higher risks of recurrence (P = 0.002). Similarly, median time to recurrence in these patients was only 12 months (95% CI = 0.79-23.2) compared to those without this combination which was 48 months (95% CI = 14.7-81.2). Patients with CYP2D6 IM and homozygous CC genotype of ABCB1 C3435T have shorter times to recurrence. The results confirmed the findings of previous studies and support FDA recommendation to perform pre-genotyping in patients before the choice of therapy is determined in breast cancer patients.

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