Displaying publications 41 - 60 of 170 in total

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  1. Fulltext The negative impact of living environment on intelligence quotient of primary school children in Baghdad City, Iraq: a cross-sectional study
    Ghazi HF, Isa ZM, Aljunid S, Shah SA, Tamil AM, Abdalqader MA
    BMC Public Health, 2012;12:562.
    PMID: 22839101 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-562
    Environmental factors play a very important role in the child development process, especially in a situation like that of Iraq. Thirteen years of economic sanctions followed by the 2003 war and 8 years of unstable security have affected the daily life of Iraqi families and children. The objective of this study was to assess the associations between living environment domains and child intelligence quotient (IQ) score.
  2. Fulltext Executive function and attention span in euthymic patients with bipolar 1 disorder
    Normala I, Abdul HA, Azlin B, Nik Ruzyanei NJ, Hazli Z, Shah SA
    Med J Malaysia, 2010 Sep;65(3):199-203.
    PMID: 21939168
    This is a cross sectional comparison study to assess executive function and attention span in euthymic patients with bipolar 1 disorder. It compares the performance of these two cognitive domains in 40 patients with bipolar 1 disorder to that of 40 healthy normal subjects using Trail Making (TMT), Digit Span (Forward and Backward) and Verbal Fluency (VF) tests. The association between demographic, clinical characteristics and performance in all tests were examined. Patients with bipolar illness showed significant impairment with moderate to large effect sizes (VF = 0.67, TMT A = 0.52, TMT B = 0.81, Digit Forward = 0.97, Digit backward = 1.10) in all tasks of executive and attention functioning. These impairments are observed in the absence of active mood symptoms while duration and severity of illness are not found to have an effect on both cognitive domains. Medications received by patients with bipolar disorder have significant association with performance on executive tasks. The results of this study add on to the existing global evidence of cognitive impairment in bipolar illness despite its cross cultural differences. Its presence in the absence of mania, depression or mixed episode indicates that cognitive impairment is stable even after symptoms recovery.
  3. Fulltext Knowledge of colorectal cancer among patients presenting with rectal bleeding and its association with delay in seeking medical advice
    Mohd Hashim S, Tong SF, Omar K, Abdul Rashid MR, Shah SA, Sagap I
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2011;12(8):2007-11.
    PMID: 22292642
    BACKGROUND: Knowledge is believed to be a driving factor for patients' early presentation for healthcare. This study was conducted to assess knowledge of colorectal cancer among subjects presenting with rectal bleeding and to determine its association with late presentation.

    METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 80 patients with rectal bleeding, aged 40 and above, was conducted between December 2008 and June 2009 in the endoscopy unit, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre. The research instruments used in this study was a self-administered questionnaire including data on duration of rectal bleeding, first medical consultation and knowledge of colorectal cancer.

    RESULTS: Sixty percent of subjects with rectal bleeding delayed seeking medical advice. Subjects were more aware of symptoms of non-colorectal cancers compared to symptoms of colorectal cancer. The majority of subjects (63.8%) correctly identified rectal bleeding as a symptom but were not aware of the best screening method to detect colorectal cancer. Half of the subjects knew increasing age and genetic background to be risk factors for colorectal carcinoma. However, knowledge of colorectal cancer was not found to be significantly associated with delay in seeking help.

    CONCLUSION: Findings indicate poor awareness of colorectal cancer among the subjects. Although public education of colorectal cancer is important for early presentation on rectal bleeding, further studies are advocated to evaluate other factors influencing patients' help seeking behavior other than knowledge.
  4. Fulltext Factors influencing late consultation among patients with rectal bleeding in University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre
    Hashim SM, Omar K, Fah TS, Rashid RA, Daud TI, Shah SA, et al.
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2010;11(5):1335-9.
    PMID: 21198288
    BACKGROUND: Patients' delay in the presentation with rectal bleeding had been identified as a factor for late diagnosis of colorectal cancer. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of delay in consulting a medical practitioner and identifying associated factors.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 80 patients with rectal bleeding, aged 40 and above, was conducted between December 2008 and June 2009 in the endoscopy unit, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre. The self-administered questionnaire included data on sociodemographic, concern of rectal bleeding, whether patients sought initial advice, any self treatment prior to medical consultation and patients' opinion on causes of their own rectal bleeding.

    RESULTS: The prevalence of delay in the presentation of rectal bleeding was 60%. Patients who were less worried (OR 9.6; 95% CI 3.3-27.5), who did not seek anyoneandapos;s advice (OR 11.8; 95% CI 3.8-36.8) and took some treatment before seeking medical consultation (OR 5.0; 95% CI 1.0-24.1) were significantly more likely to delay. Multiple logistic regression revealed that less worry of rectal bleeding and not seeking anyoneandapos;s advice were important predictors (p<0.05). The majority of patients attributed their bleeding to benign causes.

    CONCLUSION: A high proportion of patients with rectal bleeding in the high risk group delayed in seeking medical advice. Public education needs to focus on interventions to reduce the delay in presenting and diagnosis of colorectal carcinoma.
  5. Fulltext Work related determinants of breastfeeding discontinuation among employed mothers in Malaysia
    Amin RM, Said ZM, Sutan R, Shah SA, Darus A, Shamsuddin K
    Int Breastfeed J, 2011;6(1):4.
    PMID: 21342506 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4358-6-4
    This cross-sectional study assesses factors that contribute to discontinuing breastfeeding among employed mothers in Malaysia.
  6. A study of intima media thickness and their cardiovascular risk factors in patients with psoriatic arthritis
    Mazlan SA, bin Mohamed Said MS, Hussein H, binti Shamsuddin K, Shah SA, Basri H
    Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove), 2009;52(3):107-16.
    PMID: 20073422 DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2016.114
    INTRODUCTION: Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA) is an inflammatory arthritis associated with Psoriasis. Its recognition as an inflammatory disease distinct from Rheumatoid Arthritis has put forward for consideration several questions regarding its specific CVS mortality and morbidity (9, 11, 16, 26). Carotid intima media thickness is a useful surrogate and sensitive marker to determine atherosclerosis even in its subclinical stages (6, 14, 22, 27, 32).

    OBJECTIVE: Prevalence of carotid intima media thickness in patients with Psoriatic arthritis is unknown in Asian population. We aim to identify the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with psoriatic arthritis and disease activity association and its predictors in a series of patients with PsA attended to the rheumatology clinic, tertiary hospitals.

    METHODS: A total of 63 patients with PsA who fulfilled the CASPAR criteria were recruited from UKM Medical Centre and Hospital Putrajaya. Common carotid intima media thickness (IMT) was measured in both right and left carotid artery by using high resolution B-mode ultrasound. This was a cross sectional study first done in Malaysia for PsA patients.

    RESULTS: The positive IMT (IMT > 1.00 mm) among PsA was observed in 10 out of 63 patients (15.9 %) regardless of background cardiovascular risk. The mean +/- SD of IMT was 0.725 +/-0.260 mm for this study. Variables significantly associated with positive IMT (p < 0.05) included age at the time of study (p = 0.005), waist circumference (p = 0.001), Hypertension (p = 0.007), Diabetes (p = 0.002) and Metabolic syndrome (p = 0.001) and not associated with gender, ethnicity, duration of PsA disease, pattern of PsA, disease activity and severity. Above all, only age had positive IMT independent predictor (p = 0.032), with OR 1.116; 95 % CI (1.010-1.234).

    CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant association between CVS risk and positive Intima Media Thickness in Psoriatic Arthritis patients. Otherwise, there was no association in disease activity, disease severity and DMARDS therapy with positive Intima Media Thickness in Psoriatic Arthritis patients. The study was approved by Research and Ethics Committee of the faculty of medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia with project code FF-114-2008 and by Community Research Center (CRC) of National Institutes of Health (NIH) for the case study in Hospital Putrajaya with the project code NMRR-08-970-2125.
  7. Intravenous calcitriol versus paricalcitol in haemodialysis patients with severe secondary hyperparathyroidism
    Abdul Gafor AH, Saidin R, Loo CY, Mohd R, Zainudin S, Shah SA, et al.
    Nephrology (Carlton), 2009 Aug;14(5):488-92.
    PMID: 19298641 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2008.01058.x
    Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is common among haemodialysis patients. Intensive treatment with calcitriol is often complicated by hypercalcaemia, hyperphosphataemia and elevated calcium phosphorus (Ca X PO(4)) product. Paricalcitol is a vitamin D analogue developed to overcome some of the limitations of calcitriol therapy. The study objectives were to compare the response of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and the incidence of hypercalcaemia, hyperphosphataemia and elevated Ca X PO(4) product in patients with severe SHPT treated with either i.v. calcitriol or i.v. paricalcitol.
  8. Mammography screening: Female doctors'attitudes and practice in Sana'a, Yemen
    Al-Naggar RA, Isa ZM, Shah SA, Chen R, Kadir SY
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2009;10(5):743-6.
    PMID: 20104962
    A cross-sectional study was conducted at the main hospitals in Sana'a, Yemen to determine the attitude and practice of Yemen female doctors on mammography screening. Study subjects were all female doctors who were on duty during the questionnaire distribution. Those who agreed to participate were given the questionnaire to complete. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse socio-demographic variables and variables related to general health. Participants in this study were 105 female doctors with mean age of 32.1 years (SD = 7.17). Thirty-four respondents (36.6%) did not send asymptomatic women for mammography screening. The reasons were because of high cost (58.0%, n= 25), availability of other methods (23.3%, n= 10), instrument not available (11.6%, n= 5) and high risk of radiation (7.0%, n= 3). Twenty-five participants (26.9%) sent patients on regular basis if there was a family or personal history of breast cancer. Twenty-three participants (24.7%) sent the patients for mammogram screening every year regardless of the patients'history or symptoms. Although most doctors (36.5%) do not refer patients for mammography screening, seventy-seven (74.0%) indicated that they would refer patients for mammography screening on personal request by the patients. This study showed a low percentage of doctors who referred patients for routine mammography. The major reason given was the high cost of the procedure.
  9. Renal outcome following on- and off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery
    Ooi JS, Abdul Rahman MR, Shah SA, Dimon MZ
    Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann, 2008 Dec;16(6):468-72.
    PMID: 18984756
    A prospective study was carried out to compare the outcomes of patients with preexisting non-dialysis-dependent renal dysfunction who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting with or without cardiopulmonary bypass. Elective off-pump coronary artery bypass was performed in 29 patients with renal dysfunction. Their results were compared with those of a similar group of 35 patients who underwent the conventional on-pump coronary artery grafting. There was a significant deterioration in creatinine clearance in the on-pump group on days 1, 2, and 4 after surgery, while creatinine clearance in the off-pump group remained close to the baseline level. Both groups had improved to the preoperative creatinine clearance values on follow-up at 4 weeks. It was concluded that off-pump surgery provided better renal protection than the conventional on-pump technique in patients with preexisting non-dialysis-dependent renal dysfunction.
  10. Fulltext Colorectal cancer patients in a tertiary referral centre in Malaysia: a five year follow-up review
    Rashid MR, Aziz AF, Ahmad S, Shah SA, Sagap I
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2009;10(6):1163-6.
    PMID: 20192604
    BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the major malignancies in the world. In Malaysia, CRC is fast becoming the commonest cause of cancer death. Its etiology is complex, involving both environmental and genetic factors. This study looked at the profile and outcome of five-year follow-up of patients with CRC.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective case review study done on CRC patients at University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Patientsandapos; socio-demographic characteristics, modalities of treatment, cancer characteristics and outcome at 5-year follow up were extracted from the case records.

    RESULTS: A total of 107 case records of patients were analyzed. Peak age of CRC presentation was 40-69 years (71.1%). Male to female ratio was 1.2:1 with Chinese predominance (52.3%). Anaemia and its related symptoms including per rectal bleeding was the commonest clinical presentation. The median duration of clinical presentation was 13 weeks (IQR 21.8). More than two-thirds presented as non-emergency cases (69.2%). Most patients presented with Dukes C stage (40.2%). The overall 5-year survival rate was 40% with local recurrence rate of 19.6%. Metastasis after curative-intend treatment (surgery with adjuvant therapy) developed in 26% of patients. Lower recurrence (p = 0.016, OR = 0.205) and metastatic disease (p = 0.02, OR = 0.24) found among the Chinese patients. Almost half of the patients defaulted follow up care (43%), most often within the first year of treatment (22.4%) and the Chinese were the least likely to default (p= 0.04, OR = 0.45).

    CONCLUSION: Socio-demographic profile of CRC patients in UKMMC is comparable to Asia pacific region. Apparent delay in seeking treatment gives rise to poor overall survival and local recurrence rates.
  11. Fulltext (E)-2-Meth-oxy-N'-(2,4,6-trihy-droxy-benzyl-idene)benzohydrazide
    Taha M, Baharudin MS, Ismail NH, Shah SA, Yousuf S
    Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2013 Feb 1;69(Pt 2):o277.
    PMID: 23424550 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536813001748
    In the title hydrazone derivative, C(15)H(14)N(2)O(5), the benzene rings are twisted by 7.55 (8)° with respect to each other. The azomethine double bond adopts an E conformation. The mol-ecular structure is stabilized by intra-molecular O-H⋯N and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, generating S6 ring motifs. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked into a three-dimensional network by O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
  12. Fulltext (E)-N'-(4-Chloro-benzyl-idene)-2-meth-oxy-benzohydrazide
    Baharudin MS, Taha M, Ismail NH, Shah SA, Yousuf S
    Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2013 Feb 1;69(Pt 2):o276.
    PMID: 23424549 DOI: 10.1107/S160053681300175X
    In the title hydrazone derivative, C(15)H(13)ClN(2)O(2), the dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 2.36 (2)°. An intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond is present. In the crystal, N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into chains running parallel to the b axis.
  13. Fulltext Emergence of chikungunya seropositivity in healthy Malaysian adults residing in outbreak-free locations: chikungunya seroprevalence results from the Malaysian Cohort
    Azami NA, Salleh SA, Shah SA, Neoh HM, Othman Z, Zakaria SZ, et al.
    BMC Infect Dis, 2013;13:67.
    PMID: 23379541 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-67
    In 1998, Malaysia experienced its first chikungunya virus (CHIKV) outbreak in the suburban areas followed by another two in 2006 (rural areas) and 2008 (urban areas), respectively. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of documented data regarding the magnitude of CHIKV exposure in the Malaysian population. The aim of this study was to determine the extent of chikungunya virus infection in healthy Malaysian adults residing in outbreak-free locations.
  14. Fulltext N'-[(E)-2,3-Dihy-droxy-benzyl-idene]-2-meth-oxy-benzohydrazide
    Taha M, Baharudin MS, Ismail NH, Shah SA, Yousuf S
    Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2012 Dec 1;68(Pt 12):o3256.
    PMID: 23468775 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536812042390
    The title compound, C15H14N2O4 adopts an E conformation about the azomethine double bond. Intra-molecular N-H⋯O and O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds generate S(6) rings and help to establish the molecular conformation. The dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 17.84 (10)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by O-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a two-dimensional network with a herring-bone pattern arranged parallel to the bc plane.
  15. Fulltext N'-[(E)-2-Hy-droxy-5-meth-oxy-benzyl-idene]-2-meth-oxy-benzohydrazide
    Baharudin MS, Taha M, Ismail NH, Shah SA, Yousuf S
    Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2012 Dec 1;68(Pt 12):o3255.
    PMID: 23468774 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536812042389
    The mol-ecule of the title compound, C16H16N2O4, adopts an E conformation about the azomethine C=N double bond. The dihedral angle formed by the benzene rings is 18.88 (9)°. The mol-ecular conformation is stabilized by an intra-molecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bond, which forms an S(6) ring. In the crystal, the mol-ecules are linked into chains parallel to [001] by N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The chains are further connected into a three-dimensional network by π-π stacking inter-actions with centroid-centroid distances of 3.6538 (10) and 3.8995 (11) Å.
  16. Fulltext Solubility enhancement of simvastatin by arginine: thermodynamics, solute-solvent interactions, and spectral analysis
    Meor Mohd Affandi MM, Tripathy M, Shah SA, Majeed AB
    Drug Des Devel Ther, 2016;10:959-69.
    PMID: 27041998 DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S94701
    We examined the solubility of simvastatin in water in 0.01 mol·dm(-3), 0.02 mol·dm(-3), 0.04 mol·dm(-3), 0.09 mol·dm(-3), 0.18 mol·dm(-3), 0.36 mol·dm(-3), and 0.73 mol·dm(-3) arginine (ARG) solutions. The investigated drug is termed the solute, whereas ARG the cosolute. Phase solubility studies illustrated a higher extent of solubility enhancement for simvastatin. The aforementioned system was subjected to conductometric and volumetric measurements at temperatures (T) of 298.15 K, 303.15 K, 308.15 K, and 313.15 K to illustrate the thermodynamics involved and related solute-solvent interactions. The conductance values were used to evaluate the limiting molar conductance and association constants. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔG (0), ΔH (0), ΔS (0), and E s) for the association process of the solute in the aqueous solutions of ARG were calculated. Limiting partial molar volumes and expansibilities were evaluated from the density values. These values are discussed in terms of the solute-solvent and solute-cosolute interactions. Further, these systems were analyzed using ultraviolet-visible analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and (13)C, (1)H, and two-dimensional nuclear overhauser effect spectroscopy nuclear magnetic resonance to complement thermophysical explanation.
  17. Anxiety and Depression among Breast Cancer Patients in an Urban Setting in Malaysia
    Hassan MR, Shah SA, Ghazi HF, Mohd Mujar NM, Samsuri MF, Baharom N
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2015;16(9):4031-5.
    PMID: 25987081
    BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is one of the most feared diseases among women and it could induce the development of psychological disorders like anxiety and depression. An assessment was here performed of the status and to determine contributory factors.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among breast cancer patients at University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center (UKMMC), Kuala Lumpur. A total of 205 patients who were diagnosed between 2007 until 2010 were interviewed using the questionnaires of Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HADS). The associated factors investigated concerned socio-demographics, socio economic background and the cancer status. Descriptive analysis, chi-squared tests and logistic regression were used for the statistical test analysis.

    RESULTS: The prevalence of anxiety was 31.7% (n=65 ) and of depression was 22.0% (n=45) among the breast cancer patients. Age group (p= 0.032), monthly income (p=0.015) and number of visits per month (p=0.007) were significantly associated with anxiety. For depression, marital status (p=0.012), accompanying person (p=0.041), financial support (p-0.007) and felt burden (p=0.038) were significantly associated. In binary logistic regression, those in the younger age group were low monthly income were 2 times more likely to be associated with anxiety. Having less financial support and being single were 3 and 4 times more likely to be associated with depression.

    CONCLUSIONS: In management of breast cancer patients, more care or support should be given to the young and low socio economic status as they are at high risk of anxiety and depression.

  18. Evaluation of auditory hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia: A validation study of the Malay version of Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (PSYRATS)
    Wahab S, Zakaria MN, Sidek D, Abdul Rahman AH, Shah SA, Abdul Wahab NA
    Psychiatry Res, 2015 Aug 30;228(3):462-7.
    PMID: 26142835 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.06.014
    The Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (PSYRATS) is the most widely used validated scale to measure the specific symptoms of auditory hallucination and delusion. The aim of this study was to validate and to examine the psychometric properties of the auditory hallucination component of the Malay PSYRATS (MyPSYRATS). The research was done in the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center (UKMMC) among 51 schizophrenia inpatients and outpatients who had experienced or reported verbal auditory hallucination. The psychometric properties of MyPSYRATS (auditory hallucination) were studied and a comparison was made between the psychometric properties obtained and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). The internal consistency of MyPSYRATS was good as revealed by Cronbach's alpha value. Factor analysis replicated three components (emotional, cognitive, and physical) similar to the factorial structure of the original auditory hallucination scale. However, two items were regrouped under the emotional component. Spearman's rank-order correlation showed a significant positive relationship between the total score of auditory hallucinations and PANSS auditory hallucinations item (P3). In conclusion, the auditory hallucination domain of MyPSYRATS is a reliable and valid assessment tool for further clinical applications.

    Study site: Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (PPUKM)
  19. Improvement in binge eating in non-diabetic obese individuals after 3 months of treatment with liraglutide - A pilot study
    Robert SA, Rohana AG, Shah SA, Chinna K, Wan Mohamud WN, Kamaruddin NA
    Obes Res Clin Pract, 2015 May-Jun;9(3):301-4.
    PMID: 25870084 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2015.03.005
    We examined the effects of liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue on appetite and plasma ghrelin in non-diabetic obese participants with subclinical binge eating (BE). Forty-four obese BE participants (mean age: 34±9 years, BMI: 35.9±4.2kg/m(2)) were randomly assigned to intervention or control groups for 12 weeks. All participants received standard advice for diet and exercise. Binge eating score, ghrelin levels and other anthropometric variables were evaluated at baseline and at the end of the study. Participants who received liraglutide showed significant improvement in binge eating, accompanied by reduction in body weight, BMI, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose and total cholesterol. Ghrelin levels were significantly increased which may potentially diminish the weight loss effects of liraglutide beyond the intervention.
  20. Protective effects of total alkaloidal extract from Murraya koenigii leaves on experimentally induced dementia
    Mani V, Ramasamy K, Ahmad A, Parle M, Shah SA, Majeed AB
    Food Chem Toxicol, 2012 Mar;50(3-4):1036-44.
    PMID: 22142688 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.037
    Dementia is a syndrome of gradual onset and continuous decline of higher cognitive functioning. It is a common disorder in older persons and has become more prevalent today. The fresh leaves of Murraya koenigii are often added to various dishes in Asian countries due to the delicious taste and flavor that they impart. These leaves have also been proven to have health benefits. In the present study, the effect of total alkaloidal extract from M. koenigii leaves (MKA) on cognitive functions and brain cholinesterase activity in mice were determined. In vitro β-secretase 1 (BACE1) inhibitory activity was also evaluated. The total alkaloidal extract was administered orally in three doses (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg) for 15 days to different groups of young and aged mice. Elevated plus maze and passive avoidance apparatus served as the exteroceptive behavioral models for testing memory. Diazepam-, scopolamine-, and ageing-induced amnesia served as the interoceptive behavioral models. MKA (20 and 30 mg/kg, p.o.) showed significant improvement in memory scores of young and aged mice. Furthermore, the same doses of MKA reversed the amnesia induced by scopolamine (0.4 mg/kg, i.p.) and diazepam (1 mg/kg, i.p.). Interestingly, the brain cholinesterase activity was also reduced significantly by total alkaloidal extract of M. koenigii leaves. The IC50 value of MKA against BACE1 was 1.7 μg/mL. In conclusion, this study indicates MKA to be a useful remedy in the management of Alzheimer's disease and dementia.
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