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Pharmacological Evaluation of the Recuperative Effect of Morusin Against Aluminium Trichloride (AlCl3)-Induced Memory Impairment in Rats

Gupta G, Chellappan DK, Agarwal M, Ashwathanarayana M, Nammi S, Pabreja K, et al.

Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem, 2017;17(3):196-200.
PMID: 27834136 DOI: 10.2174/1871524917666161111095335

BACKGROUND: Elevation in brain levels of aluminium can be neurotoxic and can cause learning and memory deficiencies. In Chinese medicine, Morus alba is used as a neuroprotective herb. The current study was intended to discover the recuperative effect of morusin against aluminium trichloride (AlCl3)-induced memory impairment in rats along with biochemical mechanism of its protective action.
METHODS: Memory deficiency was produced by AlCl3 (100 mg/kg; p.o.) in experimental animals. Learning and memory activity was measured using Morris water maze (MWM) test model. Central cholinergic activity was evaluated through the measurement of brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. In addition to the above, oxidative stress was determined through assessment of brain thiobarbituric acid-reactive species (TBARS) and glutathione (GSH) levels.
RESULTS: AlCl3 administration prompted significant deficiency of learning and memory in rats, as specified by a noticeable reduction in MWM presentation. AlCl3 administration also produced a significant deterioration in brain AChE action and brain oxidative stress (increase in TBARS and decrease in GSH) levels. Treatment with morusin (5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg, dose orally) significantly overturned AlCl3- induced learning and memory shortages along with diminution of AlCl3-induced rise in brain AChE activity and brain oxidative stress levels.
CONCLUSION: It may be concluded that morusin exerts a memory-preservative outcome in mental discrepancies of rats feasibly through its various activities.

Matched MeSH terms: Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
Anti-hypertensive and vasodilatory effects of amended Banxia Baizhu Tianma Tang

Tan CS, Loh YC, Ng CH, Ch'ng YS, Asmawi MZ, Ahmad M, et al.

Biomed Pharmacother, 2018 Jan;97:985-994.
PMID: 29136777 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.021

Although Banxia Baizhu Tianma Tang (BBT) has been long administered for hypertensive treatment in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), the ratio of the herbal components that makes up the formulation has not been optimized with respect to the anti-hypertensive effect that it inherently possesses. A newly amended BBT (ABBT) formulation was developed using the evidence-based approach of orthogonal stimulus-response compatibility model. The ABBT showed enhanced therapeutic effect while maintaining its traditional theoretical approach rooted in TCM. This study was designed to investigate the possible mechanism of actions involved in the vasodilatory activity of ABBT-50 by evaluating its vasodilative effect on isolated Sprague Dawley rats in the presence of absence of various antagonists. When pre-contracted with phenylephrine, relaxation was observed in endothelium intact (EC50=0.027±0.003mg/ml, Rmax=109.8±2.12%) and denuded aortic rings (EC50=0.409±0.073mg/ml, Rmax=63.15±1.78%), as well as in endothelium intact aortic rings pre-contracted with potassium chloride (EC50=32.7±12.16mg/ml, Rmax=34.02±3.82%). Significant decrease in the vasodilative effect of ABBT-50 was observed in the presence of Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (EC50=0.12±0.021mg/ml, Rmax=75.33±3.28%), 1H-[1,2,4] Oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (EC50=0.463±0.18mg/ml, Rmax=54.48±2.02%), methylene blue (EC50=0.19±0.037mg/ml, Rmax=83.69±3.19%), indomethacin (EC50=0.313±0.046mg/ml, Rmax=71.33±4.12%), atropine (EC50=0.146±0.013mg/ml, Rmax=77.2±3.41%), and 4-aminopyridine (EC50=0.045±0.008mg/ml, Rmax=95.55±2.36%). ABBT-50 was also suppressing Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum and inhibiting calcium channels. Vasodilatory effects of ABBT-50 are mediated through NO/sGC/cGMP cascade and PGI2, followed by muscarinic pathways and calcium channels.

Matched MeSH terms: Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology*
Bioassay-guided isolation of neuroprotective compounds from Loranthus parasiticus against H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage in NG108-15 cells

Wong DZ, Kadir HA, Ling SK

J Ethnopharmacol, 2012 Jan 6;139(1):256-64.
PMID: 22107836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.010

A parasite plant, Loranthus parasiticus (Loranthaceae), which is generally known as benalu teh (in Malay), Sang Ji Sheng (in Chinese), and baso-kisei (in Japan) distributed in south and southwest part of China, has been used as a folk medicine for the treatment of schizophrenia in southwest China. Loranthus parasiticus has various uses in folk and traditional medicines for bone, brain, kidney, liver, expels wind-damp, and prevents miscarriage.

Matched MeSH terms: Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology*
Apoptotic effects of Physalis minima L. chloroform extract in human breast carcinoma T-47D cells mediated by c-myc-, p53-, and caspase-3-dependent pathways

Ooi KL, Tengku Muhammad TS, Lim CH, Sulaiman SF

Integr Cancer Ther, 2010 Mar;9(1):73-83.
PMID: 20150224 DOI: 10.1177/1534735409356443

The chloroform extract of Physalis minima produced a significant growth inhibition against human T-47D breast carcinoma cells as compared with other extracts with an EC(50) value of 3.8 microg/mL. An analysis of cell death mechanisms indicated that the extract elicited an apoptotic cell death. mRNA expression analysis revealed the coregulation of apoptotic genes, that is, c-myc , p53, and caspase-3. The c-myc was significantly induced by the chloroform extract at the earlier phase of treatment, followed by p53 and caspase-3. Biochemical assay and ultrastructural observation displayed typical apoptotic features in the treated cells, including DNA fragmentation, blebbing and convolution of cell membrane, clumping and margination of chromatin, and production of membrane-bound apoptotic bodies. The presence of different stages of apoptotic cell death and phosphatidylserine externalization were further reconfirmed by annexin V and propidium iodide staining. Thus, the results from this study strongly suggest that the chloroform extract of P. minima induced apoptotic cell death via p53-, caspase-3-, and c-myc-dependent pathways.

Matched MeSH terms: Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology*
Fulltext Edible Bird's nest extract as a chondro-protective agent for human chondrocytes isolated from osteoarthritic knee: in vitro study

Chua KH, Lee TH, Nagandran K, Md Yahaya NH, Lee CT, Tjih ET, et al.

BMC Complement Altern Med, 2013;13:19.
PMID: 23339380 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-19

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease that results in the destruction of cartilage. Edible Bird's Nest (EBN) extract contains important components, which can reduce the progression of osteoarthritis and helps in the regeneration of the cartilage. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of EBN extract on the catabolic and anabolic activities of the human articular chondrocytes (HACs) isolated from the knee joint of patients with OA.

Matched MeSH terms: Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
Fulltext Endothelium-Dependent Relaxation Effect of Apocynum venetum Leaf Extract via Src/PI3K/Akt Signalling Pathway

Lau YS, Ling WC, Murugan D, Kwan CY, Mustafa MR

Nutrients, 2015 Jul;7(7):5239-53.
PMID: 26133970 DOI: 10.3390/nu7075220

Botanical herbs are consumed globally not only as an essential diet but also as medicines or as functional/recreational food supplements. The extract of the Apocynum venetum leaves (AVLE), also known as Luobuma, exerts its antihypertensive effect via dilating the blood vessels in an endothelium- and concentration-dependent manner with optimal effect seen at as low as 10 µg/mL. A commercial Luoboma "antihypertensive tea" is available commercially in the western province of China. The present study seeks to investigate the underlying cellular mechanisms of the nitric oxide (NO)-releasing property of AVLE in rat aortas and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Endothelium-dependent relaxation induced by AVLE was assessed in organ chambers in the presence or absence of polyethyleneglycol catalase (PP2, 20 µM; inhibitor of Src kinase), wortmannin (30 nM) and LY294002 (20 µM; PI3 (phosphatidylinositol3)-Kinase inhibitor), N(G)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NAME, 100 µM; endothelial NO synthase inhibitor (eNOS)) and ODQ (1 µM; soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor). Total nitrite and nitrate (NOx) level and protein expression of p-Akt and p-eNOS were measured. AVLE-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation was reduced by PP2, wortmannin and LY294002 and abolished by L-NAME and ODQ. AVLE significantly increased total NOx level in rat aortas and in HUVECs compared to control. It also instigated phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS in cultured HUVECs in a concentration-dependent manner and this was markedly suppressed by PP2, wortmannin and LY294002. AVLE also inhibited superoxide generated from both NADPH oxidase and xanthine/xanthine oxidase system. Taken together, AVLE causes endothelium-dependent NO mediated relaxations of rat aortas through Src/PI3K/Akt dependent NO signalling pathway and possesses superoxide scavenging activity.

Matched MeSH terms: Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology*
Cryptotanshinone attenuates in vitro oxLDL-induced pre-lesional atherosclerotic events

Ang KP, Tan HK, Selvaraja M, Kadir AA, Somchit MN, Akim AM, et al.

Planta Med, 2011 Nov;77(16):1782-7.
PMID: 21614753 DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1271119

Development of early stage atherosclerosis involves the activation of endothelial cells by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) with subsequent increases in endothelial permeability and expression of adhesion molecules favoring the adherence of monocytes to the endothelium. Cryptotanshinone (CTS), a major compound derived from the Chinese herb Salvia miltiorrhiza, is known for its protective effects against cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to determine whether CTS could prevent the oxLDL-induced early atherosclerotic events. OxLDL (100 µg/mL) was used to increase endothelial permeability and induce monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Endothelial nitric oxide (NO) concentrations, a permeability-regulating molecule, and expressions of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) were measured. Results show that a) endothelial hyperpermeability was suppressed by 94 % (p

Matched MeSH terms: Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology*
Fulltext Optimization protocol for the extraction of 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol from Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Theilade and improving antioxidant and anticancer activity using response surface methodology

Ghasemzadeh A, Jaafar HZ, Rahmat A

BMC Complement Altern Med, 2015;15:258.
PMID: 26223685 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0718-0

Analysis and extraction of plant matrices are important processes for the development, modernization, and quality control of herbal formulations. Response surface methodology is a collection of statistical and mathematical techniques that are used to optimize the range of variables in various experimental processes to reduce the number of experimental runs, cost , and time, compared to other methods.

Matched MeSH terms: Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
1'S-1'-acetoxyeugenol acetate: a novel phenylpropanoid from Alpinia conchigera enhances the apoptotic effects of paclitaxel in MCF-7 cells through NF-κB inactivation

In LL, Azmi MN, Ibrahim H, Awang K, Nagoor NH

Anticancer Drugs, 2011 Jun;22(5):424-34.
PMID: 21346553 DOI: 10.1097/CAD.0b013e328343cbe6

In this study, the apoptotic mechanism and combinatorial chemotherapeutic effects of the cytotoxic phenylpropanoid compound 1'S-1'-acetoxyeugenol acetate (AEA), extracted from rhizomes of the Malaysian ethnomedicinal plant Alpinia conchigera Griff. (Zingiberaceae), on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells were investigated for the first time. Data from cytotoxic and apoptotic assays such as live and dead and poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage assays indicated that AEA was able to induce apoptosis in MCF-7 cells, but not in normal human mammary epithelial cells. A microarray global gene expression analysis of MCF-7 cells, treated with AEA, suggested that the induction of tumor cell death through apoptosis was modulated through dysregulation of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) pathway, as shown by the reduced expression of various κB-regulated gene targets. Consequent to this, western blot analysis of proteins corresponding to the NF-κB pathway indicated that AEA inhibited phosphorylation levels of the inhibitor of κB-kinase complex, resulting in the elimination of apoptotic resistance originating from NF-κB activation. This AEA-based apoptotic modulation was elucidated for the first time in this study, and gave rise to the proposal of an NF-κB model termed the 'Switching/Alternating Model.' In addition to this, AEA was also found to synergistically enhance the proapoptotic effects of paclitaxel, when used in combination with MCF-7 cells, presumably by a chemosensitizing role. Therefore, it was concluded that AEA isolated from the Malaysian tropical ginger (A. conchigera) served as a very promising candidate for further in-vivo development in animal models and in subsequent clinical trials involving patients with breast-related malignancies.

Matched MeSH terms: Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology