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Cryopreservation of shoot tips of recalcitrant and tropical species: Advances and strategies

Normah MN, Sulong N, Reed BM

Cryobiology, 2019 04;87:1-14.
PMID: 30677412 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2019.01.008

There is a pressing need for practical and successful conservation efforts to establish long-term germplasm collections of recalcitrant and tropical species, given the challenge and threat that these plants are facing. Cryopreservation is the only way of conserving some of these species, especially those with temperature or desiccation sensitive (recalcitrant) seeds. This review covers reports on cryopreservation studies of shoot tips (apical and axillary) of tropical and subtropical plants. Since many of these species have recalcitrant seeds, the cryopreservation successes, failures and problems involved with these seeds are also discussed. The methodologies, important factors and steps involved in successful cryopreservation protocols are analyzed. Finally strategies are suggested to develop a successful cryopreservation protocol for new plant species, in particular those with tropical recalcitrant seeds.

Matched MeSH terms: Freezing
Cryotherapy: A Successful Monotherapy for Earlobe Keloids

Muthanna AM, Al-Qubati YA

Malays Fam Physician, 2020;15(3):83-85.
PMID: 33329867

A keloid represents an excessive overgrowth of skin beyond the boundaries of an injury. Earlobe keloids usually follow ear piercing and can become large, sometimes producing remarkable disfigurement. Surgical excision, pressure dressing, intralesional corticosteroid injection, cryosurgery, radiation, and lasers have all been used to treat earlobe keloids. However, none has produced uniformly satisfactory results. Combinations of more than one modality have also been employed to yield successful outcomes. We describe cryotherapy as a single modality to treat seven-year-old, multiple earlobe keloids. Three cryotherapy sessions with two freezing-thawing cycles of 30-40 seconds' freezing time and two minutes' thawing time, undertaken one month apart, resulted in complete flatness of the keloids and no recurrence after 5 years. We also evaluate keloid-related and operational factors that determine the success of cryotherapy as a monotherapy for earlobe keloids.

Matched MeSH terms: Freezing
Fulltext Thermal Stability and Water Content Study of Void-Free Electrospun SPEEK/Cloisite Membrane for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Application

Awang N, Jaafar J, Ismail AF

Polymers (Basel), 2018 Feb 15;10(2).
PMID: 30966230 DOI: 10.3390/polym10020194

Void-free electrospun SPEEK/Cloisite15A® densed (SP/e-spunCL) membranes are prepared. Different loadings of Cloisite15A® (0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25 and 0.30 wt %) are incorporated into electrospun fibers. The physico-chemical characteristics (methanol permeability, water uptake and proton conductivity) of the membranes are observed. Thermal stability of all membranes is observed using Thermal Gravimetry Analysis (TGA). The thrree stages of degradation range between 163.1 and 613.1 °C. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is used to study the wettability of the membranes. SP/e-spunCL15 shows the lowest freezing bound water of 15.27%, which contributed to the lowest methanol permeability. The non-freezing bound water that proportionally increased with proton conductivity of SP/e-spunCL15 membrane is the highest, 10.60%. It is suggested that the electrospinning as the fabricating method has successfully exfoliated the Cloisite in the membrane surface structure, contributing to the decrease of methanol permeability, while the retained water has led to the enhancement of proton conductivity. This new fabrication method of SP/e-spunCL membrane is said to be a desirable polymer electrolyte membrane for future application in direct methanol fuel cell field.

Matched MeSH terms: Freezing
Fulltext Anti-icing performance on aluminum surfaces and proposed model for freezing time calculation

Nguyen VH, Nguyen BD, Pham HT, Lam SS, Vo DN, Shokouhimehr M, et al.

Sci Rep, 2021 Feb 11;11(1):3641.
PMID: 33574397 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80886-x

In this work, we proposed a facile approach to fabricate a superhydrophobic surface for anti-icing performance in terms of adhesive strength and freezing time. A hierarchical structure was generated on as-received Al plates using a wet etching method and followed with a low energy chemical compound coating. Surfaces after treatment exhibited the great water repellent properties with a high contact angle and extremely low sliding angle. An anti-icing investigation was carried out by using a custom-built apparatus and demonstrated the expected low adhesion and freezing time for icephobic applications. In addition, we proposed a model for calculating the freezing time. The experimented results were compared with theoretical calculation and demonstrated the good agreement, illustrating the importance of theoretical contribution in design icephobic surfaces. Therefore, this study provides a guideline for the understanding of icing phenomena and designing of icephobic surfaces.

Matched MeSH terms: Freezing
Fulltext Evaluation of soft spreadable margarine properties produced by lipase-catalysed interesterification of chicken fat and corn oil

Afida, T., Mamot, S.

International Food Research Journal, 2012;19(3):801-806.
MyJurnal

Chicken fat is a potential bioresource that can be developed into a commercial product. In this study, chicken fat, which is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, including oleic acid (C18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2), was enzymatically interesterified with corn oil to produce a soft spread. Two interesterified products, sample 16 (4% enzyme, 4:1 mole ratio of chicken fat to corn oil, 50°C and 42 h of the interesterification process) and sample 17 (4% enzyme, 2:1 mole ratio of chicken fat to corn oil, 30°C and 42 h of the interesterification process), were selected based on the highest SFC at 30oC which were close to SFC values of commercial product. A morphological study showed that the final products had smaller and less dense fat particles, which explained the lower melting temperatures and solid fat content (3.2 and 3.5% for samples 16 and 17, respectively, at 20°C) compared to the commercial products (9.7, 6.8 and 7.7% for products A, B and C, respectively, at 20°C). However, both sample 16 and 17 had similar thermal properties to a vegetable-oil-based commercial product, with melting enthalpies (ΔH) of 58.45 J/g and 71.40 J/g, and were fully melted at 31.40°C and 35.41°C, respectively.

Matched MeSH terms: Freezing
Fulltext Chemical composition changes of two water apple (Syzygium samaragense)

Rosnah, S., Wong, W.K., Noraziah, M., Osman, H.

International Food Research Journal, 2012;19(1):167-174.
MyJurnal

Changes in physical properties (weight, size, colour and weight loss) and chemical properties (proximate analysis, TSS, pH, freezing point, total acidity and sugar content) of two water apple (Syzgium samaragense) cultivars, Semarang Rose and Kristal Taiwan were evaluated during ripening at 10°C and 50% RH. The results showed that the Kristal Taiwan cultivar was larger in size and weight but smaller in length compared to Semarang Rose. The Semarang Rose cultivar was sweeter than Kristal Taiwan. In this study, data obtained suggests that the water apple fruit can be stored at cold storage until 19 days.

Matched MeSH terms: Freezing
Fulltext Effects of different processing methods of human amniotic membrane on the quality of extracted RNA

Rusidah Mat Yatim, Kannan, Thirumulu Ponnuraj, Suzina Sheikh Ab Hamid, Shazana Hilda Shamsudin

Archives of Orofacial Sciences, 2013;8(2):47-53.
MyJurnal

The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of different human amniotic membrane (HAM) processing methods on the concentration, purity and integrity of RNA. Two different techniques (Technique1 andTechnique2) were employed for the processing of HAM, which differed in terms of washing solution, sample storage conditions and processing time. Based on preservation of HAM, three groups were formed under each technique. In Technique 1, the groups were fresh frozen 1 (F1), glycerol preserved (GP) and gamma irradiated glycerol preserved (IGP); where else in Technique 2, the groups were fresh frozen 2 (F2), 50%glycerol/Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM) cryopre served HAM diluted with phosphate buffered saline(GB) and 50% glycerol/DMEM cryop reserved HAM diluted with diethyl procarbonate water (GD). Total RNA was extracted from the samples and their concentration, purity and integrity were examined. The F2 sample of which there was no pre-washing step and involved direct sample storage at-80oC, shorter processing time and chilled processing conditions had yielded better quality of RNA compared to the others.

Matched MeSH terms: Freezing
Fulltext Textural and rheological properties of stevia ice cream

Pon, S.Y., Lee, W.J., Chong, G.H.

International Food Research Journal, 2015;22(4):1544-1549.
MyJurnal

Ice cream contains high sugar content and therefore it is in contradiction with the concept of healthy diet. The objective of this study is to determine the suitability of using stevia as an alternative natural sweetener in making ice cream. In- house ice cream formulation (as the control) and three different concentrations of stevia ice cream formulations of (A, B and C) were used. Physical properties of the ice cream such as the overrun, total soluble solid, meltdown rate, rheology, and textural properties were evaluated. All ice cream samples exhibited a nonNewtonian flow with pseudoplastic behavior. Stevia ice cream has a lower melting rate and has a higher sustainability. The power law also showed that apparent viscosities of stevia ice cream were higher. Therefore, stevia can be used as a natural sugar substitute in ice cream production.

Matched MeSH terms: Freezing
Fulltext Palm Kernel Shell Activated Carbon as an Inorganic Framework for Shape-Stabilized Phase Change Material

Nicholas AF, Hussein MZ, Zainal Z, Khadiran T

Nanomaterials (Basel), 2018 Sep 05;8(9).
PMID: 30189654 DOI: 10.3390/nano8090689

The preparation of activated carbon using palm kernel shells as the precursor (PKSAC) was successfully accomplished after the parametric optimization of the carbonization temperature, carbonization holding time, and the ratio of the activator (H₃PO₄) to the precursor. Optimization at 500 °C for 2 h of carbonization with 20% H₃PO₄ resulted in the highest surface area of the activated carbon (C20) of 1169 m² g-1 and, with an average pore size of 27 Å. Subsequently, the preparation of shape-stabilized phase change material (SSPCM-C20) was done by the encapsulation of n-octadecane into the pores of the PKSAC, C20. The field emission scanning electron microscope images and the nitrogen gas adsorption-desorption isotherms show that n-octadecane was successfully encapsulated into the pores of C20. The resulting SSPCM-C20 nano-composite shows good thermal reliability which is chemically and thermally stable and can stand up to 500 melting and freezing cycles. This research work provided a new strategy for the preparation of SSPCM material for thermal energy storage application generated from oil palm waste.

Matched MeSH terms: Freezing
Natural Variation in Freezing Tolerance and Cold Acclimation Response in Arabidopsis thaliana and Related Species

Zuther E, Lee YP, Erban A, Kopka J, Hincha DK

Adv Exp Med Biol, 2018 10 6;1081:81-98.
PMID: 30288705 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1244-1_5

During low-temperature exposure, temperate plant species increase their freezing tolerance in a process termed cold acclimation. The molecular mechanisms involved in cold acclimation have been mostly investigated in Arabidopsis thaliana. In addition, other Brassicaceae species related to A. thaliana have been employed in recent years to study plant stress responses on a phylogenetically broader basis and in some cases with extremophile species with a much higher stress tolerance. In this paper, we briefly summarize cold acclimation responses in A. thaliana and current knowledge about cold acclimation in A. thaliana relatives with special emphasis on Eutrema salsugineum and two closely related Thellungiella species. We then present a transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of cold acclimation in five A. thaliana and two E. salsugineum accessions that differ widely in their freezing tolerance. Differences in the cold responses of the two species are discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Freezing
Fulltext Establishing freeze drying process for cortical and cancellous bone allograft cubes

Ariffin, A.A., Chan, H.H., Yusof, N., Mohd, S., Ng, W.M., Mansor A.

JUMMEC, 2019;22(1):66-71.
MyJurnal

Freeze drying is a dehydration method to dry bone under freezing environment, enabling removal of water
with no or minimial effects on bone strength and durability. Larger size bones obviously require longer freeze
drying time to reduce water content to the required level for long term storage at room temperature. For small
size bone cubes or chips, it is a normal practice to pool cortical and cancellous bones for freeze drying. The
study was aimed at determining if different type of bones of the same size influence the drying time. Human
bone cubes of 10 mm x 10 mm x 10 mm were prepared from cortical bone of tibiae and cancellous bone from
femoral heads. The bone cubes were freeze dried to reduce water content to less than 6%. Moisture content
was monitored using gravimetric method.Weight and density of cortical bone were significantly higher than
cancellous bone despite of having similar small size (p

Matched MeSH terms: Freezing
Fulltext Effects of four extenders on the quality of frozen semen in Arabian stallions

Alamaary MS, Haron AW, Ali M, Hiew MWH, Adamu L, Peter ID

Vet World, 2019 Jan;12(1):34-40.
PMID: 30936651 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.34-40

Aim: Different types of extenders have a variety of components which show the tolerance effect on sperm protection during freezing procedures. In the present study, we have examined the impact of the extenders HF-20 and Tris, which were locally manufactured, and they are competing with commercial extenders INRA Freeze® (IMV Technologies, France) and EquiPlus Freeze® (Minitube, Germany) on the quality of horses frozen semen.
Materials and Methods: A total of 15 ejaculates from three healthy stallions were collected and cryopreserved in the same environment. Each semen sample collected was divided into four equal parts and processed. All samples were analyzed before and after freezing for motility, viability, plasma membrane integrity, and morphology. Furthermore, twenty mares were inseminated using post-thawed semen.
Results: There were no differences observed among all extenders in all the parameters before freezing. Sperm cryopreserved using HF-20 showed better motility, viability, and plasma membrane integrity than Tris extender. The Tris extender showed the most inferior quality of post-thawed semen between all the extenders. HF-20, INRA Freeze®, and EquiPlus Freeze® extenders revealed the same capacity of semen preservation in vitro and in vivo.
Conclusion: HF-20 extender has the same quality as INRA Freeze® and EquiPlus Freeze® that can be considered as one of the best extenders for the semen cryopreservation in horses. In contrast, Tris extender needs some degree of improvement.

Matched MeSH terms: Freezing
Fulltext Fluid-solid phase transition of n-alkane mixtures: Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations and diffusion-ordered spectroscopy nuclear magnetic resonance

Shahruddin S, Jiménez-Serratos G, Britovsek GJP, Matar OK, Müller EA

Sci Rep, 2019 Jan 30;9(1):1002.
PMID: 30700804 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37799-7

Wax appearance temperature (WAT), defined as the temperature at which the first solid paraffin crystal appears in a crude oil, is one of the key flow assurance indicators in the oil industry. Although there are several commonly-used experimental techniques to determine WAT, none provides unambiguous molecular-level information to characterize the phase transition between the homogeneous fluid and the underlying solid phase. Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations employing the statistical associating fluid theory (SAFT) force field are used to interrogate the incipient solidification states of models for long-chain alkanes cooled from a melt to an arrested state. We monitor the phase change of pure long chain n-alkanes: tetracosane (C24H50) and triacontane (C30H62), and an 8-component surrogate n-alkane mixture (C12-C33) built upon the compositional information of a waxy crude. Comparison to Diffusion Ordered Spectroscopy Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (DOSY NMR) results allows the assessment of the limitations of the coarse-grained models proposed. We show that upon approach to freezing, the heavier components restrict their motion first while the lighter ones retain their mobility and help fluidize the mixture. We further demonstrate that upon sub-cooling of long n-alkane fluids and mixtures, a discontinuity arises in the slope of the self-diffusion coefficient with decreasing temperature, which can be employed as a marker for the appearance of an arrested state commensurate with conventional WAT measurements.

Matched MeSH terms: Freezing
Fulltext The stability of nutritional composition and physical traits of chicken patty containing oyster mushroom packed with biodegradable and non-degradable packaging materials

Wan Rosli, W. I., Solihah, M. A., Shazwan, Z.

International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(2):783-789.
MyJurnal

Extensive use of synthetic-based polymer plastic as packaging medium to pack food products has led to serious environmental problems due to their total non-biodegradability property. The stability of nutritional composition and physical traits of chicken patties containing oyster mushroom packed with biodegradable and non-degradable packaging materials were studied. The chicken patties containing oyster mushroom were packed with either biodegradable plastic (BP), paper box (PB) or non-biodegradable high density polyethylene (HDPE). Generally, there were no significant (P>0.05) different in all nutrient analyzed except for carbohydrate after 6 months of storage for chicken patties packed with different types of packaging. The chicken burger packed with both BP and PB packagings were able to retain the moisture and fat without jeopardizing the diameter reduction and cooking yield during storage. There were no differences in all nutrient analyzed after 6 months of storage of chicken patties packed with either biodegradable packagings (BP and PB) or non-degradable packaging. In addition, frozen storage does not significantly affect the concentration of of β-glucan in both BP and PB packagings. In summary, these results indicate that biodegradable packagings applied in packing chicken patty frozen for 6 months were effective in controlling the microbial growth and provide wholesomeness and safety to the chicken patty containing oyster mushroom.

Matched MeSH terms: Freezing
Fulltext Effects of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Nutmeg) extract on chemical characteristic of raw beef during frozen storage

Zakaria, M.P.M., Abas, F., Rukayadi, Y.

International Food Research Journal, 2015;22(3):902-909.
MyJurnal

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) extract at different concentrations on chemical characteristics of raw beef under frozen storage. Nutmeg extracts at concentrations of 0.25%, 0.65%, 1.25%, 2.50% and 5.00% (g/ml) were used to treat raw beef (2.5 × 2.5 × 1.0 cm; 4 ± 0.5 g) with dilution method. Treated samples were then individually packed in overwrapped trays and stored for 3 weeks at -18 ± 1oC. The effects of the extract on the chemical characteristics such as lipid oxidation, colour, pH, moisture, fat, and protein content of raw beef were evaluated at 0, 4, 7, 10, 14 and 21 days of storage. Lipid oxidation was evaluated based on thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) content. Colour of beef was observed by spectrophotometer in colorimetic parameters CIELabs. Values of pH were measured using pH meter. Moisture, fat and protein content were determined using method by Analysis Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). The result showed that extract at concentration of 1.25% inhibited TBARS value meaning that extract of 1.25% or more was able to maintain the oxidative stability of beef at -18oC. A 1.25% of extract was also able to maintain the redness (a*) of treated beef compared to untreated during frozen storage. The pH values of all samples beef decreased starting from 10th day of storage. Untreated samples (0.00%) showed the lowest pH values compared to other treated samples at the end day of storage. There was no significant different in term of protein content in all treated or untreated samples. However, fat and moisture content were significantly affected by the concentration of nutmeg extract. Treated beef was able to retain its moisture with only loss of moisture ranging from 0.2% – 2.00% while untreated samples had 5.00% loss of moisture. The fat content of untreated samples (0.00%) showed a reduction of 0.2% of fat content at the end of storage compared to all treated sample with only loss of 0.1% - 0.05%. Overall, nutmeg extract can be used to maintain the chemical characteristics of raw beef during storage for 3 weeks.

Matched MeSH terms: Freezing
A novel infrared and microwave alternate thawing method for frozen pork: Effect on thawing rate and products quality

Hu R, Zhang M, Jiang Q, Law CL

Meat Sci, 2023 Apr;198:109084.
PMID: 36599205 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2022.109084

The effect of infrared and microwave alternate thawing (IR + MWT) on frozen pork were compared to fresh, air thawing (AT), infrared thawing (IRT), microwave thawing (MWT). The IR + MWT took only about 11.81 min of the thawing time compared to AT 66.5 min, and the Raman spectroscopy and Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) results showed that the IR + MWT maintained better protein secondary structure composition and moisture state compared to MWT and IRT. In terms of thawing losses, IR + MWT had the lowest loss 1.92%. In terms of texture, IR + MWT had the least effect on the post-thawing textural properties and increased the springiness of the meat. Scanning electron microscopy results also showed that there was reduced damage to the muscle structure with IR + MWT. Regarding the odor of the meat after thawing, IR + MWT retained the odor better and was closer to the fresh sample. Therefore, IR + MWT can be used to enhance the thawing rate to protect the quality of the thawed pork.

Matched MeSH terms: Freezing
Effects of processing and gamma radiation on mechanical properties and organic composition of frozen, freeze-dried and demineralised human cortical bone allograft

Mansor A, Ariffin AF, Yusof N, Mohd S, Ramalingam S, Md Saad AP, et al.

Cell Tissue Bank, 2023 Mar;24(1):25-35.
PMID: 35610332 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-022-10013-9

Bone processing and radiation were reported to influence mechanical properties of cortical bones due in part to structural changes and denaturation of collagen composition. This comparative study was to determine effects of bone processing on mechanical properties and organic composition, and to what extent the radiation damaging after each processing. Human femur cortical bones were processed by freezing, freeze-drying and demineralisation and then gamma irradiated at 5, 15, 20, 25 and 50 kGy. In the compression test, freeze drying significantly decreased the Young's Modulus by 15%, while demineralisation reduced further by 90% (P

Matched MeSH terms: Freezing
EtOH-LN cryoembedding workflow to minimize freezing artifact in frozen tissues: A pilot study in preparing tissues compatible with mass spectrometry-based spatial proteomics application

Tan YC, Mustangin M, Rosli N, Wan Ahmad Kammal WSE, Md Isa N, Low TY, et al.

Cryobiology, 2024 Mar;114:104843.
PMID: 38158171 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2023.104843

Coolant-assisted liquid nitrogen (LN) flash freezing of frozen tissues has been widely adopted to preserve tissue morphology for histopathological annotations in mass spectrometry-based spatial proteomics techniques. However, existing coolants pose health risks upon inhalation and are expensive. To overcome this challenge, we present our pilot study by introducing the EtOH-LN workflow, which demonstrates the feasibility of using 95 % ethanol as a safer and easily accessible alternative to existing coolants for LN-based cryoembedding of frozen tissues. Our study reveals that both the EtOH-LN and LN-only cryoembedding workflows exhibit significantly reduced freezing artifacts compared to cryoembedding in cryostat (p

Matched MeSH terms: Freezing
Pregnenolone metabolism in testicular homogenates of macaques (Macaca fascicularis): some effects of relaxin and freezing

Kwan TK, Poh CH, Perumal R, Gower DB

Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int., 1994 Oct;34(4):661-70.
PMID: 7866291

The metabolism of varying quantities of pregnenolone has been studied in nuclei-free homogenates from Macaca fascicularis testes by using capillary gas chromatography, after derivatization of metabolites as O-methyl oximes/trimethylsilyl ethers. Evidence was obtained indicating that both pathways for testosterone biosynthesis were operating. 5-Androstene-3 beta, 17 beta-diol was formed in especially high quantities. Two 16-androstenes, namely 5,16-androstadien-3 beta-ol and 5 alpha-androst-16-en-3 beta-ol, were also quantitatively important as metabolites. Co-incubation of stored homogenates with relaxin resulted in 80-100% reduction of the formation of all metabolites quantified except for 5 alpha-androst-16-en-3-one, which was stimulated. Freezing the homogenates at -10 degrees C for 3 weeks resulted in marked 4- to 6-fold reduction in the yields of testosterone and of the 5-ene and 4-ene metabolites from pregnenolone.

Matched MeSH terms: Freezing*
Fulltext Comparison between mechanical freezer and conventional freezing using liquid nitrogen in normozoospermia

Rahana AR, Ng SP, Leong CF, Rahimah MD

Singapore Med J, 2011 Oct;52(10):734-7.
PMID: 22009393

INTRODUCTION: This study evaluated the effect of human semen cryopreservation using an ultra-low temperature technique with a mechanical freezer at -85°C as an alternative method to the conventional liquid nitrogen technique at -196°C.
METHODS: This was a prospective experimental study conducted in the Medically Assisted Conception unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Hospital, Malaysia from January 1, 2006 to April 30, 2007. All normozoospermic semen samples were included in the study. The concentration, motility and percentage of intact DNA of each semen sample were assessed before and after freezing and thawing on Days 7 and 30 post freezing.
RESULTS: Sperm cryopreservation at -85°C was comparable to the conventional liquid nitrogen technique for a period of up to 30 days in a normozoospermic sample. There was no statistical difference in concentration (Day 7 p-value is 0.1, Day 30 p-value is 0.2), motility (Day 7 p-value is 0.9, Day 30 p-value is 0.5) and proportion of intact DNA (Day 7 p-value is 0.1, Day 30 p-value is 0.2) between the ultra-low temperature technique and conventional liquid nitrogen cryopreservation at Days 7 and 30 post thawing.
CONCLUSION: This study clearly demonstrates that short-term storage of sperm at -85°C could be a viable alternative to conventional liquid nitrogen cryopreservation at -196°C due to their comparable post-thaw results.

Matched MeSH terms: Freezing*

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