Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 292 in total

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  1. Physico-chemical compositions of the red seedless watermelons (Citrullus Lanatus)
    Yau, E.W., Rosnah, S., Noraziah, M., Chin, N.L., Osman, H.
    International Food Research Journal, 2010;17(2):327-334.
    MyJurnal
    Changes of physico-chemical properties such as size, weight, moisture content, total soluble solid
    (TSS), colour, pH, total acidity and sugar content of red seedless watermelon during storage at room temperature (± 28ºC; 70-80% RH) were investigated. The average weight, diameter and length of red seedless watermelon were 5.94 kg, 22.0 cm and 21.8 cm respectively. The length to diameter ratio was 1.02. The statistical analysis indicated that total soluble solids of fruit decreased significantly (p
    Matched MeSH terms: Carbohydrates
  2. Fulltext Ex-situ experimental set-up for pink guava juice fouling deposit study
    Ong, C.A., Abdul Aziz, N., Taip, F.S., Ibrahim M.N.
    Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2012;20(1):109-119.
    MyJurnal
    A study has been conducted on pink guava juice (PGJ) fouling deposit. Several ex-situ experimental rigs were set-up to obtain PGJ fouling deposit, while the best ex-situ experimental rig was also selected. PGJ was heated at 93°C and its fouling deposit was obtained after 1 hour of heating. Then, it was used for the ex-situ cleaning study at 1 litre min-1, at several temperatures (70, 80 and 90°C), and in some chemical concentrations (1.6 v/v% of Maxiclean CP6 or 0.325 % OH-; 1.8 v/v% of Maxiclean CP6 or 0.369 % OH-; 2.0 v/v% of Maxiclean CP6 or 0.44 % OH-). The best cleaning combinations were investigated. Carbohydrate is the main content in the fouling deposit. The morphology of the deposit was studied using SEM and it showed an aggregated structure. The cleaning process improved as the temperature increased with the increasing of the chemical solution concentration. The shortest cleaning time was 40 minutes, for cleaning using 2.0 v/v % of Maxiclean CP6 (0.44 % OH-) at 90°C.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carbohydrates
  3. Fulltext Structural and functional properties of major ingredients of biscuit
    Mamat, H., Hill, S.E.
    International Food Research Journal, 2018;25(2):462-471.
    MyJurnal
    Biscuit is a popular food product where it is produced using wheat flour, sugar and fat as its main ingredients. Wheat flour is the major material used in biscuit production and within the flour starch is the principal component. The details of starch properties such as pasting properties, gelatinisation properties, crystallinity were discussed in this review. Starch is the major structural element in many foods, with the fat or sugar also playing key roles. Sugar gives sweetness, colour, add volumes and influence the texture of a biscuit. Besides that, it shows significant impact on starch gelatinization properties. Fat plays an important role in biscuit production and the type of fat used determines the quality of the final product. In this article, the functional properties of major ingredients of biscuit were also reviewed with emphasis on wheat flour, sugar and fat.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carbohydrates
  4. Studies on the viability of typhoid bacilli in local syrups
    Iyer KG
    Med J Malaya, 1950;5.
    The viability of three recently isolated local strains of Bact. typhosus has been studied on 20 specimens of local hawker’s syrup used for sweetening ice balls and ice water. Precise survival times cannot be stated and only relatively wide limits can be estimated differing possibly in every individual case. Survival is influenced by the following factors : 1. The character of the containing material 2. The presence of other bacteria 3. Temperature 4. The presence of bactericidal agents or substances Significant diminution of the number of bacteria in 2 to 5 days after inoculation to sugar solutions is an important observation although survival up to two weeks has been noticed in repeated experiments. The results of experiments conducted in market syrup samples and on control experiments with laboratory sugar solutions indicate that the survival of the organisms tends to be more prolonged in dilute solutions than in concentrated
    Matched MeSH terms: Carbohydrates
  5. Fulltext Latest development in microalgae-biofuel production with nano-additives
    Hossain N, Mahlia TMI, Saidur R
    Biotechnol Biofuels, 2019;12:125.
    PMID: 31139255 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1465-0
    Background: Microalgae have been experimented as a potential feedstock for biofuel generation in current era owing to its' rich energy content, inflated growth rate, inexpensive culture approaches, the notable capacity of CO2 fixation, and O2 addition to the environment. Currently, research is ongoing towards the advancement of microalgal-biofuel technologies. The nano-additive application has been appeared as a prominent innovation to meet this phenomenon.

    Main text: The main objective of this study was to delineate the synergistic impact of microalgal biofuel integrated with nano-additive applications. Numerous nano-additives such as nano-fibres, nano-particles, nano-tubes, nano-sheets, nano-droplets, and other nano-structures' applications have been reviewed in this study to facilitate microalgae growth to biofuel utilization. The present paper was intended to comprehensively review the nano-particles preparing techniques for microalgae cultivation and harvesting, biofuel extraction, and application of microalgae-biofuel nano-particles blends. Prospects of solid nano-additives and nano-fluid applications in the future on microalgae production, microalgae biomass conversion to biofuels as well as enhancement of biofuel combustion for revolutionary advancement in biofuel technology have been demonstrated elaborately by this review. This study also highlighted the potential biofuels from microalgae, numerous technologies, and conversion processes. Along with that, the study recounted suitability of potential microalgae candidates with an integrated design generating value-added co-products besides biofuel production.

    Conclusions: Nano-additive applications at different stages from microalgae culture to end-product utilization presented strong possibility in mercantile approach as well as positive impact on the environment along with valuable co-products generation into the near future.

    Matched MeSH terms: Carbohydrates
  6. Current strategies in extending half-lives of therapeutic proteins
    Zaman R, Islam RA, Ibnat N, Othman I, Zaini A, Lee CY, et al.
    J Control Release, 2019 05 10;301:176-189.
    PMID: 30849445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.02.016
    Macromolecular protein and peptide therapeutics have been proven to be effective in treating critical human diseases precisely. Thanks to biotechnological advancement, a huge number of proteins and peptide therapeutics were made their way to pharmaceutical market in past few decades. However, one of the biggest challenges to be addressed for protein therapeutics during clinical application is their fast degradation in serum and quick elimination owing to enzymatic degradation, renal clearance, liver metabolism and immunogenicity, attributing to the short half-lives. Size and hydrophobicity of protein molecules make them prone to kidney filtration and liver metabolism. On the other hand, proteasomes responsible for protein destruction possess the capability of specifically recognizing almost all kinds of foreign proteins while avoiding any unwanted destruction of cellular components. At present almost all protein-based drug formulations available in market are administered intravenously (IV) or subcutaneously (SC) with high dosing at frequent interval, eventually creating dose-fluctuation-related complications and reducing patient compliance vastly. Therefore, artificially increasing the therapeutic half-life of a protein by attaching to it a molecule that increases the overall size (eg, PEG) or helps with receptor mediated recycling (eg, albumin), or manipulating amino acid chain in a way that makes it more prone towards aggregate formation, are some of the revolutionary approaches to avoid the fast degradation in vivo. Half-life extension technologies that are capable of dramatically enhancing half-lives of proteins in circulation (2-100 folds) and thus improving their overall pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters have been successfully applied on a wide range of protein therapeutics from hormones and enzymes, growth factor, clotting factor to interferon. The focus of the review is to assess the technological advancements made so far in enhancing circulatory half-lives and improving therapeutic potency of proteins.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carbohydrates/pharmacokinetics; Carbohydrates/therapeutic use; Carbohydrates/chemistry
  7. Combination of gamma irradiation and sodium carbonate pretreatment on oil palm empty fruit bunch (efb) for high acidic hydrolysis yield
    Siew XC, Chin HC, Sarani Zakaria, Sahrim Ahmad, Siti Masrinda Tasirin
    Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:167-173.
    Oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibres were pretreated by gamma irradiation followed by sodium carbonate (Na2
    CO3
    )
    before the acid hydrolysis process to produce reducing sugars using diluted sulphuric acid (H2
    SO4
    ). In this study, EFB
    fibres were irradiated at different doses, i.e. 0, 100 and 200 kGy. Meanwhile, the gamma irradiated sample were then
    subjected to Na2
    CO3 pretreatment with 0 and 5% total titratable alkali (TTA). The effect of the pretreatment using gamma
    irradiation and Na2
    CO3
    on the physical and chemical properties of the EFB fibres and the yield of the reducing sugar
    obtained from the acid hydrolysis process was investigated. The obtained results showed that the content of holocellulose
    was increased significantly with the increase of irradiation doses combined with Na2
    CO3 pretreatment, whereas lignin
    content of the EFB was decreased. The gamma irradiation and Na2
    CO3 pretreatment resulted in structure breakage
    and removal of silica of EFB fibres which can be due to the swelling of the fibres. A synergistic effect between gamma
    irradiation and Na2
    CO3 was observed, in which the yield of reducing sugars was increased by combining the gamma
    irradiation and Na2
    CO3 pretreatment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carbohydrates
  8. Fulltext Biochemical trade-offs and opportunities of commercialized microalgae cultivation under increasing carbon dioxide
    Lim YA, Ilankoon IMSK, Khong NMH, Priyawardana SD, Ooi KR, Chong MN, et al.
    Bioresour Technol, 2024 Feb;393:129898.
    PMID: 37890731 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129898
    Microalgae's exceptional photosynthetic prowess, CO2 adaptation, and high-value bioproduct accumulation make them prime candidates for microorganism-based biorefineries. However, most microalgae research emphasizes downstream processes and applications rather than fundamental biomass and biochemical balances and kinetic under the influence of greenhouse gases such as CO2. Therefore, three distinctly different microalgae species were cultivated under 0% to 20% CO2 treatments to examine their biochemical responses, biomass production and metabolite accumulations. Using a machine learning approach, it was found that Chlorella sorokiniana showed a positive relationship between biomass and chl a, chl b, carotenoids, and carbohydrates under increasing CO2 treatments, while Chlamydomonas angulosa too displayed positive relationships between biomass and all studied biochemical contents, with minimal trade-offs. Meanwhile, Nostoc sp. exhibited a negative correlation between biomass and lipid contents under increasing CO2 treatment. The study showed the potential of Chlorella, Chlamydomonas and Nostoc for commercialization in biorefineries and carbon capture systems where their trade-offs were identified for different CO2 treatments and could be prioritized based on commercial objectives. This study highlighted the importance of understanding trade-offs between biomass production and biochemical yields for informed decision-making in microalgae cultivation, in the direction of mass carbon capture for climate change mitigation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carbohydrates
  9. No evidence of carbon storage usage for seed production in 18 dipterocarp masting species in a tropical rain forest
    Igarashi S, Yoshida S, Kenzo T, Sakai S, Nagamasu H, Hyodo F, et al.
    Oecologia, 2024 Mar;204(3):717-726.
    PMID: 38483587 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-024-05527-w
    Most canopy species in lowland tropical rain forests in Southeast Asia, represented by Dipterocarpaceae, undergo mast reproduction synchronously at community level during a general flowering event. Such events occur at irregular intervals of 2-10 years. Some species do not necessarily participate in every synchronous mast reproduction, however. This may be due to a lack of carbohydrate resources in the trees for masting. We tested the hypothesis that interspecific differences in the time required to store assimilates in trees for seed production are due to the frequency of masting and/or seed size in each species. We examined the relationship between reproductive frequency and the carbon accumulation period necessary for seed production, and between the seed size and the period, using radiocarbon analysis in 18 dipterocarp canopy species. The mean carbon accumulation period was 0.84 years before seed maturation in all species studied. The carbon accumulation period did not have any significant correlation with reproductive frequency or seed size, both of which varied widely across the species studied. Our results show that for seed production, dipterocarp masting species do not use carbon assimilates stored for a period between the masting years, but instead use recent photosynthates produced primarily in a masting year, regardless of the masting interval or seed size of each species. These findings suggest that storage of carbohydrate resources is not a limiting factor in the masting of dipterocarps, and that accumulation and allocation of other resources is important as a precondition for participation in general flowering.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carbohydrates
  10. Fulltext Bioethanol production from fermentable sugar juice
    Zabed H, Faruq G, Sahu JN, Azirun MS, Hashim R, Boyce AN
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:957102.
    PMID: 24715820 DOI: 10.1155/2014/957102
    Bioethanol production from renewable sources to be used in transportation is now an increasing demand worldwide due to continuous depletion of fossil fuels, economic and political crises, and growing concern on environmental safety. Mainly, three types of raw materials, that is, sugar juice, starchy crops, and lignocellulosic materials, are being used for this purpose. This paper will investigate ethanol production from free sugar containing juices obtained from some energy crops such as sugarcane, sugar beet, and sweet sorghum that are the most attractive choice because of their cost-effectiveness and feasibility to use. Three types of fermentation process (batch, fed-batch, and continuous) are employed in ethanol production from these sugar juices. The most common microorganism used in fermentation from its history is the yeast, especially, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, though the bacterial species Zymomonas mobilis is also potentially used nowadays for this purpose. A number of factors related to the fermentation greatly influences the process and their optimization is the key point for efficient ethanol production from these feedstocks.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carbohydrates*; Carbohydrate Metabolism
  11. An analysis of sugar content of commonly used pediatric liquid medicines--its relevance to dentistry
    Nik-Hussein NN, Razak IA, Karim MN
    Singapore Dent J, 1988 Dec;13(1):24-6.
    PMID: 3154999
    The sugar content of twenty-four liquid medicines commonly prescribed for infants and young children were measured and the type of sugars present were also identified in four randomly selected samples. All the liquid medicines tested contained sugar, in the range of 29.4% to 61.2%. Sucrose appeared to be the most commonly used sugar. Whilst it is agreed that sucrose makes the medicine more acceptable to children, its continual use by the pharmaceutical industry should be discontinued due to its harmful effect on the dental health of children, particularly those taking these syrup-based medicines on prolonged basis. Sugar-free alternatives such as sorbitol or saccharin should be used instead.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carbohydrates/analysis*
  12. The importance of males: larval diet and adult sugar feeding influences reproduction in Culex molestus
    Kassim NF, Webb CE, Russell RC
    J Am Mosq Control Assoc, 2012 Dec;28(4):312-6.
    PMID: 23393755
    Culex molestus is an obligatory autogenous mosquito that is closely associated with subterranean habitats in urban areas. The objective of our study was to investigate the influence of larval and adult nutrition on the role of males in determining the expression of autogeny in Cx. molestus. Mosquitoes raised at low and high larval diets had sex ratio, wing length, mating rates, autogenous egg raft size, and hatching rates recorded. There was a higher ratio of males to females when raised at a low larval diet. Mean wing lengths of both males and females were significantly greater when raised at the high larval diet regime. Regardless of larval or adult diet, males mated with only a single female. Mosquitoes raised at the higher larval diet regimes developed significantly more autogenous eggs. However, the egg raft size was reduced when adult females were denied access to sugar. The results of this study indicate that the performance of males in the reproductive process is influenced by both larval diet and adult sugar feeding.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carbohydrates*
  13. Effect of dietary macronutrients on aflatoxicosis: a mini-review
    Nurul Adilah Z, Mohd Redzwan S
    J Sci Food Agric, 2017 Jun;97(8):2277-2281.
    PMID: 28111762 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8234
    Aflatoxin is a toxin produced by Aspergillus species of fungi. The main route of aflatoxin exposure is through the diet. Indeed, long-term aflatoxin exposure is linked to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Aflatoxin causes aflatoxicosis, which can be affected by several factors and is prevalent in many developing Asian and African countries. This mini-review discusses the effects of carbohydrate, fat and protein on aflatoxicosis based on findings from animal and human studies. It was found that high carbohydrate intake enhanced aflatoxicosis occurrence, while low ingestion of carbohydrate with caloric restriction slowed the symptoms associated with aflatoxicosis. Additionally, diets with low protein content worsened the symptoms related to HCC due to aflatoxin exposure. Nevertheless, a study reported that a high-protein diet favored detoxification of aflatoxin in vivo. There were also conflicting results on the influence of dietary fat, as high ingestion of fat enhanced aflatoxicosis development as compared with a low-fat diet. Moreover, the type of fat also plays a significant role in influencing aflatoxin toxicity. In regard to food safety, understanding the influence of macronutrients toward the progression of aflatoxicosis can improve preventive measures against human and animal exposure to aflatoxin. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
    Matched MeSH terms: Dietary Carbohydrates/metabolism
  14. Effects of colony composition and food type on nutrient distribution in colonies of Monomorium orientale (Hymenoptera: formicidae)
    Loke PY, Lee CY
    J Econ Entomol, 2006 Feb;99(1):129-33.
    PMID: 16573333
    Monomorium orientale Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) is a common structure- and food-infesting ant in Asia. There is only limited information on the biology and habits of this species, especially on the preferred foods and distribution of nutrients in colonies. We conducted a laboratory study on the distribution of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, which were represented by respective food sources, in M. orientale colonies. Three colony conditions were applied: normal, with a balanced ratio of castes, queenless (only workers and brood), and broodless (only queens and workers). Food sources were stained to track the flow of the respective food in the colonies. Results revealed that carbohydrates had rapid distribution, with > 60% of the colony indicated in 24 h, in all colony conditions. Queens in all colonies did not feed on protein. Protein showed a more delayed distribution in the brood in all colony conditions; < 10% of the colony fed on protein by 24 h. Only queens in broodless colonies showed signs of feeding on lipid, with < 10% indicated in 24 h. Workers in all colonies fed on lipid as soon as it was delivered, whereas the brood only began to reveal feeding response after 24 h.
    Matched MeSH terms: Dietary Carbohydrates/metabolism
  15. Fulltext Botanical Origin Differentiation of Malaysian Stingless Bee Honey Produced by Heterotrigona itama and Geniotrigona thoracica Using Chemometrics
    Ng WJ, Sit NW, Ooi PA, Ee KY, Lim TM
    Molecules, 2021 Dec 16;26(24).
    PMID: 34946710 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247628
    Stingless bee honey, specifically honeydew honey, is generally valued for its better health benefits than those of most blossom types. However, scientific studies about the differentiation of stingless bee honey based on honeydew and blossom origins are very limited. In this study, 13C NMR spectroscopy was employed to quantify the seven major sugar tautomers in stingless bee honey samples, and the major sugar compositions of both honeydew and blossom types were found not significantly different. However, several physicochemical properties of honeydew honey including moisture content, free acidity, electrical conductivity, ash content, acetic acid, diastase, hydrogen peroxide, and mineral elements levels were significantly higher; while total soluble solid, proline, and hydroxymethylfurfural were significantly lower than blossom honey. Greater antioxidant capacity in honeydew honey was proven with higher total phenolic compounds, ABTS, DPPH, superoxide radical scavenging activities, peroxyl radical inhibition, iron chelation, and ferric reducing power. Using principal component analysis (PCA), two clusters of stingless bee honey from the honeydew and blossom origin were observed. PCA also revealed that the differentiation between honeydew and blossom origin of stingless bee honey is possible with certain physicochemical and antioxidant parameters. The combination of NMR spectroscopy and chemometrics are suggested to be useful to determine the authenticity and botanical origin of stingless bee honey.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carbohydrates/chemistry*
  16. Carbohydrate mouth rinse is no more effective than placebo on running endurance of dehydrated and heat acclimated athletes
    Kamaruddin HK, Farah NMF, Aziz AR, Mündel T, Che Muhamed AM
    Eur J Appl Physiol, 2023 Jul;123(7):1507-1518.
    PMID: 36920510 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05170-y
    PURPOSE: To determine whether carbohydrate mouth rinsing would improve endurance running performance of tropical natives in a warm-humid (30 °C and 70% relative humidity) environment.

    METHOD: Twelve endurance male runners [age 25 ± 3 years; peak aerobic capacity ([Formula: see text]O2peak) 57.6 ± 3.6 mL.kg-1.min-1] completed three time-to-exhaustion (TTE) trials at ~ 70% [Formula: see text]O2peak while swilling 25 ml of a 6% carbohydrate (CHO) or taste-matched placebo (PLA) as well as no mouth rinse performed in the control (CON) trial.

    RESULTS: TTE performance was significantly longer in both CHO and PLA trials when compared with the CON trial (54.7 ± 5.4 and 53.6 ± 5.1 vs. 48.4 ± 3.6 min, respectively; p  0.05). Similarly, plasma lactate and glucose as well as exercise heart rate were not influenced by the trials.

    CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates that mouth rinsing, whether carbohydrate or placebo, provides an ergogenic benefit to running endurance when compared to CON in a heat stress environment. Nevertheless, the results do not support the notion that rinsing a carbohydrate solution provides a greater advantage as previously described among non-heat acclimated individuals within a temperate condition.

    Matched MeSH terms: Dietary Carbohydrates/pharmacology
  17. Central effects of mouth rinses on endurance and strength performance
    Tan SH, Khong TK, Selvanayagam VS, Yusof A
    Eur J Appl Physiol, 2024 Feb;124(2):403-415.
    PMID: 38038740 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05350-w
    Rinsing the mouth with a carbohydrate (CHO) solution has been shown to enhance exercise performance while reducing neuromuscular fatigue. This effect is thought to be mediated through the stimulation of oral receptors, which activate brain areas associated with reward, motivation, and motor control. Consequently, corticomotor responsiveness is increased, leading to sustained levels of neuromuscular activity prior to fatigue. In the context of endurance performance, the evidence regarding the central involvement of mouth rinse (MR) in performance improvement is not conclusive. Peripheral mechanisms should not be disregarded, particularly considering factors such as low exercise volume, the participant's fasting state, and the frequency of rinsing. These factors may influence central activations. On the other hand, for strength-related activities, changes in motor evoked potential (MEP) and electromyography (EMG) have been observed, indicating increased corticospinal responsiveness and neuromuscular drive during isometric and isokinetic contractions in both fresh and fatigued muscles. However, it is important to note that in many studies, MEP data were not normalised, making it difficult to exclude peripheral contributions. Voluntary activation (VA), another central measure, often exhibits a lack of changes, mainly due to its high variability, particularly in fatigued muscles. Based on the evidence, MR can attenuate neuromuscular fatigue and improve endurance and strength performance via similar underlying mechanisms. However, the evidence supporting central contribution is weak due to the lack of neurophysiological measures, inaccurate data treatment (normalisation), limited generalisation between exercise modes, methodological biases (ignoring peripheral contribution), and high measurement variability.Trial registration: PROSPERO ID: CRD42021261714.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carbohydrates/pharmacology
  18. Fulltext Carbohydrates for improving the cognitive performance of independent-living older adults with normal cognition or mild cognitive impairment
    Ooi CP, Loke SC, Yassin Z, Hamid TA
    Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2011 Apr 13;2011(4):CD007220.
    PMID: 21491398 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007220.pub2
    BACKGROUND: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an intermediate state between normal cognition and dementia in which daily function is largely intact. This condition may present an opportunity for research into the prevention of dementia. Carbohydrate is an essential and easily accessible macronutrient which influences cognitive performance. A better understanding of carbohydrate-driven cognitive changes in normal cognition and mild cognitive impairment may suggest ways to prevent or reduce cognitive decline.

    OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of carbohydrates in improving cognitive function in older adults.

    SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched ALOIS, the Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group Specialized Register on 22 June 2010 using the terms: carbohydrates OR carbohydrate OR monosaccharides OR disaccharides OR oligosaccharides OR polysaccharides OR CARBS. ALOIS contains records from all major healthcare databases (The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, LILACS) as well as from many trial databases and grey literature sources.

    SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised controlled trials (RCT) that have examined the efficacy of any form of carbohydrates in normal cognition and MCI.

    DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: One review author selected and retrieved relevant articles for further assessment. The remaining authors independently assessed whether any of the retrieved trials should be included. Disagreements were resolved by discussion. 

    MAIN RESULTS: There is no suitable RCT of any form of carbohydrates involving independent-living older adults with normal cognition or mild cognitive impairment.

    AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There are no suitable RCTs on which to base any recommendations about the use of any form of carbohydrate for enhancing cognitive performance in older adults with normal cognition or mild cognitive impairment. More studies of many different carbohydrates are needed to tease out complex nutritional issues and further evaluate memory improvement.

    Matched MeSH terms: Dietary Carbohydrates/therapeutic use*
  19. Fulltext Adding glycaemic index and glycaemic load functionality to DietPLUS, a Malaysian food composition database and diet intake calculator
    Shyam S, Wai TN, Arshad F
    Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 2012;21(2):201-8.
    PMID: 22507605
    This paper outlines the methodology to add glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) functionality to food DietPLUS, a Microsoft Excel-based Malaysian food composition database and diet intake calculator. Locally determined GI values and published international GI databases were used as the source of GI values. Previously published methodology for GI value assignment was modified to add GI and GL calculators to the database. Two popular local low GI foods were added to the DietPLUS database, bringing up the total number of foods in the database to 838 foods. Overall, in relation to the 539 major carbohydrate foods in the Malaysian Food Composition Database, 243 (45%) food items had local Malaysian values or were directly matched to International GI database and another 180 (33%) of the foods were linked to closely-related foods in the GI databases used. The mean ± SD dietary GI and GL of the dietary intake of 63 women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus, calculated using DietPLUS version3 were, 62 ± 6 and 142 ± 45, respectively. These values were comparable to those reported from other local studies. DietPLUS version3, a simple Microsoft Excel-based programme aids calculation of diet GI and GL for Malaysian diets based on food records.
    Matched MeSH terms: Dietary Carbohydrates/adverse effects; Dietary Carbohydrates/analysis*; Dietary Carbohydrates/metabolism
  20. Soluble inhibitors generated during hydrothermal pretreatment of oil palm mesocarp fiber suppressed the catalytic activity of Acremonium cellulase
    Zakaria MR, Hirata S, Fujimoto S, Ibrahim I, Hassan MA
    Bioresour Technol, 2016 Jan;200:541-7.
    PMID: 26524253 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.10.075
    Oil palm mesocarp fiber was subjected to hydrothermal pretreatment under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. The pretreated slurries were separated by filtration, pretreated liquids and solids were characterized. An enzymatic digestibility study was performed for both pretreated slurries and solids to understand the effect of soluble inhibitors generated during the pretreatment process. The highest glucose yield obtained from pretreated slurries was 70.1%, and gradually decreased with higher pretreatment severities. The highest glucose yield obtained in pretreated solids was 100%, after pretreatment at 210°C for 20min. In order to study the inhibitory effects of compounds generated during pretreatment with cellulase, technical grade solutions that mimic the pretreated liquid were prepared and their effect on Acremonium cellulase activity was monitored using Avicel. Xylo-oligomers and tannic acid were identified as powerful inhibitors of Acremonium cellulase, and the lowest hydrolysis rate of Avicel of 0.18g/g-glucose released/L/h was obtained from tannic acid.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carbohydrates
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