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Fulltext Relationship of anaemia with cognitive and functional status of elderly in Rembau, Negeri Sembilan. [Hubungan anemia dengan status kognitif dan kefungsian warga tua di Rembau, Negeri Sembilan]

Aris N, Abdul Rahman S, Shahidan N

Sains Malaysiana, 2009;38(6):953–958.

The prevalence of anaemia and nutritional status was evaluated among 88 Malay elderly (20 men and 68 women) aged 60 to 85 years (mean age 69.8 ± 6.0 years) from four villages in Rembau district, Negeri Sembilan. In addition, the relationship between hemoglobin with nutrient intake, cognitive and functional status of the elderly were also investigated. Subjects were interviewed to obtain information on demographic and nutrient intake. Cognitive status was assessed using Elderly Cognitive Assessment Questionnaire (ECAQ) while functional status was measured using Instrumental Activity Daily Living (IADL) and hand grip measurement. Hemoglobin level was determined using HemoCue method. The findings indicated that the prevalence of anaemia was 22.7%. Prevalence of anaemia for male subject was 30.0% with mean of hemoglobin as 11.7 ± 1.0 g/dL while 20.6% of female subject was anaemic with mean of hemoglobin was 11.2 ± 0.5 g/dL. As much as 21.6% of the subjects have cognitive impairment with the prevalence is high in old-old age group (57.9%) compared to the young-old age group (11.6%). Results from functional assessment showed that mean for IADL score as 11 ± 3. The IADL score was lower in old-old age group (9 ± 4) compared to the young-old age group (12 ± 2). For hand grip measurement, overall mean was 16.8 ± 8.7 kg (14.2 ± 8.4 kg for old-old age group and 17.6 ± 8.7 kg for young-old age group). Nutrient analysis showed that the mean calorie intake for men (1310 ± 448 kcal/day) and women (1180 ± 300 kcal) were lower than the RNI. However, only intakes of iron, niacin and vitamin A achieved the Malaysian Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI). Correlation between hemoglobin and nutrients was only showed with calorie intake (r=0.486, p=0.048) and not with other nutrients. Besides that, there was no correlation between hemoglobin with ECAQ and IADL scores but hemoglobin was correlated with hand grip strength (r=0.265, p=0.013). As a conclusion, 22.7% case of anaemia was reported in this study. However, correlations were only formed between hemoglobin with calorie intake and hemoglobin with hand grip. Anaemia in elderly increases the inability of the elderly to live independently.
Keywords: Anemia; cognitive status; elderly; functional status
Fulltext Prevalence, Risk Factors and Microbiological Profile of Orthopaedic Surgical Site Infection in North-Eastern Peninsular Malaysia

Chua WC, Rahman SA, Deris ZZ

Malays Orthop J, 2022 Nov;16(3):94-103.
PMID: 36589372 DOI: 10.5704/MOJ.2211.015

INTRODUCTION: The devastating outcome of orthopaedic surgical site infections (SSI) are largely preventable if its risk factors, causative organisms and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in the regional area are known.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study to address the lack of epidemiological and microbiological data on orthopaedic SSI in Malaysia. All the 80 patients diagnosed and treated for microbiologically proven orthopaedic SSIs in a tertiary hospital in Malaysia from April 2015 to March 2019 were included in a 1:2 case control study.
RESULTS: The prevalence of SSI in clean and clean-contaminated surgeries was 1.243%, which is consistent with most of the studies worldwide, but is low compared to other studies done in Malaysia. The most common type of orthopaedics SSI were internal fixation infections (46.25%), superficial SSIs (25.2%) and Prosthetic joint infections (18.75%). Obesity and tobacco use were found to be significant risk factors of orthopaedic SSI. The most common perioperative prophylaxis used was IV cefuroxime. Majority of the cases (86.5%) received prolonged prophylactic antibiotics. The most common causative agent was Staphylococcus aureus (31.25%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (26.25%) and Enterobacter spp (7.5%). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) accounted for 20% of the S. aureus infections. Up to 19.4% of the Gram-negative organisms are multidrug resistant. The higher rate of isolation of organisms resistant to the prophylactic antibiotics being used may be related to the prolonged use of prophylactic antibiotics, which exerted selective pressure for the acquisition of resistant organisms.
CONCLUSION: Despite its relatively low prevalence in our local institution and worldwide, the prevention of SSI in orthopaedic practice is crucial to avoid morbidity, mortality and high healthcare cost. This may be achieved by control of modifiable risk factors such as obesity and tobacco use, appropriate use of prophylactic antibiotics and implementation of good surgical and infection control practices.
Fulltext Extensive Lower Lip Squamous Cell Carcinoma in a Fanconi Anaemia Patient and Treatment Delays during COVID-19 Pandemic

Sivanganam S, Abdullah MF, Abdul Rahman S

Case Rep Oncol, 2022;15(3):848-853.
PMID: 36825104 DOI: 10.1159/000526698

Fanconi anaemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive inherited disease that renders patients susceptible to congenital anomalies, bone marrow failures, leukaemia, and solid malignancies. FA is caused by the loss of function of at least one gene in the FA/BRCA biological pathway, which is involved in DNA repair. Patients with FA have an increased risk of developing head and neck cancer, particularly oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Due to susceptibility of head and neck cancer at a very young age, relatively poor survival rate, low tolerance to oncologic interventions, and complexity of treatments, strict follow-up is mandatory to detect any changes or recurrence of SCC in the head and neck region in FA patients. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment, but adjuvant therapy should be instituted when needed. This short report describes a rare case of lower lip SCC in FA and its management. It also highlights the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare practices.
Fulltext Concurrent Perioperative Diagnosis of HIV in a Patient With Plunging Ranula: A Case Report

Abdullah MF, Abdul Rahman S, Fauzi FA

Cureus, 2023 Sep;15(9):e44832.
PMID: 37809267 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44832

Oral manifestations may be the earliest indicators of HIV infection as it has strong association with oral candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia, linear gingival erythema, necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis, Kaposi sarcoma, and lymphoma. Other conditions such as diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome, benign lymphoepithelial cyst, and salivary gland neoplasm have also been reported in HIV patients. Ranulas are caused by salivary leakage from the sublingual gland as a result of ductal obstruction or trauma. At the present time, there is no clear evidence of a link between plunging ranula and HIV. The authors described a case of plunging ranula of the right floor of the mouth with a concurrent perioperative diagnosis of HIV. Surgical excision of ranula and associated salivary glands via submandibular and intraoral approach was successfully done with no recurrence over a period of one year. This case also highlights the importance of taking a thorough clinical history from patients and always practicing universal precautions, especially during surgical interventions.
Sonication reduces the attachment of Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 cells to bacterial cellulose-based plant cell wall models and cut plant material

Tan MSF, Rahman S, Dykes GA

Food Microbiol, 2017 Apr;62:62-67.
PMID: 27889167 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.10.009

This study investigated the removal of bacterial surface structures, particularly flagella, using sonication, and examined its effect on the attachment of Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 cells to plant cell walls. S. Typhimurium ATCC 14028 cells were subjected to sonication at 20 kHz to remove surface structures without affecting cell viability. Effective removal of flagella was determined by staining flagella of sonicated cells with Ryu's stain and enumerating the flagella remaining by direct microscopic counting. The attachment of sonicated S. Typhimurium cells to bacterial cellulose-based plant cell wall models and cut plant material (potato, apple, lettuce) was then evaluated. Varying concentrations of pectin and/or xyloglucan were used to produce a range of bacterial cellulose-based plant cell wall models. As compared to the non-sonicated controls, sonicated S. Typhimurium cells attached in significantly lower numbers (between 0.5 and 1.0 log CFU/cm2) to all surfaces except to the bacterial cellulose-only composite without pectin and xyloglucan. Since attachment of S. Typhimurium to the bacterial cellulose-only composite was not affected by sonication, this suggests that bacterial surface structures, particularly flagella, could have specific interactions with pectin and xyloglucan. This study indicates that sonication may have potential applications for reducing Salmonella attachment during the processing of fresh produce.
Fulltext Bilateral Buccal Mucosa Graft for Urethroplasty: A Versatile Graft

Fauzi FA, Abdullah MF, Abdul Rahman S

Cureus, 2024 Feb;16(2):e54715.
PMID: 38523935 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.54715

Male urethral stricture is scarring of the urethral tissue that narrows the urethral lumen causing reduced urinary flow. Urethral reconstruction or substitution urethroplasty using oral mucosa graft, especially from the buccal mucosa, is one of the most widely known techniques to manage urethral stricture. However, studies using bilateral buccal mucosa are still limited. Therefore, this study aims to report our experience and technique of bilateral buccal mucosa grafting for urethroplasty. The authors described a 66-year-old man with long-segment urethral stricture that was successfully treated with urethral reconstruction harvested from bilateral buccal mucosa.
Fulltext Pectin and Xyloglucan Influence the Attachment of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes to Bacterial Cellulose-Derived Plant Cell Wall Models

Tan MS, Rahman S, Dykes GA

Appl Environ Microbiol, 2016 01 15;82(2):680-8.
PMID: 26567310 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02609-15

Minimally processed fresh produce has been implicated as a major source of foodborne microbial pathogens globally. These pathogens must attach to the produce in order to be transmitted. Cut surfaces of produce that expose cell walls are particularly vulnerable. Little is known about the roles that different structural components (cellulose, pectin, and xyloglucan) of plant cell walls play in the attachment of foodborne bacterial pathogens. Using bacterial cellulose-derived plant cell wall models, we showed that the presence of pectin alone or xyloglucan alone affected the attachment of three Salmonella enterica strains (Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis ATCC 13076, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028, and Salmonella enterica subsp. indica M4) and Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644. In addition, we showed that this effect was modulated in the presence of both polysaccharides. Assays using pairwise combinations of S. Typhimurium ATCC 14028 and L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644 showed that bacterial attachment to all plant cell wall models was dependent on the characteristics of the individual bacterial strains and was not directly proportional to the initial concentration of the bacterial inoculum. This work showed that bacterial attachment was not determined directly by the plant cell wall model or bacterial physicochemical properties. We suggest that attachment of the Salmonella strains may be influenced by the effects of these polysaccharides on physical and structural properties of the plant cell wall model. Our findings improve the understanding of how Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes attach to plant cell walls, which may facilitate the development of better ways to prevent the attachment of these pathogens to such surfaces.
Understanding colonization and proliferation potential of endophytes and pathogen in planta via plating, polymerase chain reaction and ergosterol assay

Chow YY, Rahman S, Ting AS

J Adv Res, 2017 Jan;8(1):13-21.
PMID: 27895938

This study aimed to establish the colonization behavior and proliferation potential of three endophytes and one pathogen Ganoderma boninense (Gb) introduced into oil palm ramets (host model). The endophytes selected were Diaporthe phaseolorum (WAA02), Trichoderma asperellum (T2), and Penicillium citrinum (BTF08). Ramets were first inoculated with 100 mL of fungal cells (106 cfu mL-1) via soil drenching. For the next 7 days, ramets were sampled and subjected to three different assays to detect and identify fungal colonization, and establish their proliferation potential in planta. Plate assay revealed the presence of endophytes in root, stem and leaf tissues within 7 days after inoculation. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) detected and identified the isolates from the plant tissues. The ergosterol assay (via high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC) confirmed the presence of endophytes and Gb in planta. The increase in ergosterol levels throughout 49 days was however insignificant, suggesting that proliferation may be absent or may occur very slowly in planta. This study strongly suggests that the selected endophytes could colonize the host upon inoculation, but proliferation occurs at a slower rate, which may subsequently influence the biocontrol expression of endophytes against the pathogen.
Identifying postoperative cognitive dysfunction after elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery in a tertiary centre in Malaysia

Rahman SH, Mazlan M, Suhaimi A, Hashim NHM

Med J Malaysia, 2024 Jul;79(4):483-486.
PMID: 39086348

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a significant concern, with incidences reported up to 70% following cardiac surgery. Therefore, we aim to evaluate the incidence of POCD after elective coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery at our single centre over a one-year period from August 2021 to July 2022. We included 34 patients in the study and conducted serial cognitive assessments up to three months post-surgery. Interestingly, our findings indicated an absence of POCD among patients who underwent elective CABG. Reasons contributing to this outcome are multifactorial, which may include the patients' younger age, higher educational levels, lack of pre-existing neurological disorders, meticulous intraoperative cerebral saturation monitoring, and the duration of aortic crossclamp and cardiopulmonary bypass time.
Transcriptomic insights into the virulence of Acinetobacter baumannii during infection-role of iron uptake and siderophore production genes

Ten KE, Rahman S, Tan HS

FEBS Lett, 2024 Nov 21.
PMID: 39572900 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.15061

Acinetobacter baumannii, a top-priority WHO pathogen, causes life-threatening infections in immunocompromised patients, leading to prolonged hospitalisation and high mortality. Here, we used the Galleria mellonella model to investigate community strain C98 (Ab-C98) virulence via transcriptomic analysis. Ab-C98 showed greater killing and faster colonisation in larvae than the clinical reference strain (ATCC BAA1605). Genes in three iron clusters, acinetobactin, baumannoferrin and the Feo system, were significantly up-regulated. Targeted knockout of siderophore genes (basC, bfnD, and the gene encoding isochorismatase) significantly increased the survival of infected larvae by at least 35.16%, identifying these genes as potential targets for developing anti-virulence agents against A. baumannii.
Fulltext Uncovering the transcriptome-wide RNA modifications in Acinetobacter baumannii

Ten KE, Rahman S, Tan HS

Microb Genom, 2024 Nov;10(11).
PMID: 39565092 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001327

Despite being a major human pathogen, limited studies have reported RNA modifications in Acinetobacter baumannii. These post-transcriptional modifications play crucial regulatory roles in bacteria and have also been shown to modulate bacterial virulence. Using nanopore sequencing, we characterized RNA modifications in a virulent A. baumannii strain (Ab-C98) under free-living (mid-exponential phase in vitro culture) and during an early stage of infection (3 h post-infection) in Galleria mellonella larvae. Analysis revealed that m5C methylations are essential for ribosome synthesis, while m6A and Ψ are involved in metabolic pathways and translation processes. Iron-chelating genes exbD (m5C and m6A) and feoB (m6A and Ψ) and RNA polymerase subunit rpoC (m6A and Ψ) were selectively modified during infection. This first transcriptome-wide study highlights the potential regulatory roles of m5C, m6A and Ψ modifications in A. baumannii during infection.
Fulltext Role of the CYP1A2 Gene Polymorphism on Early Ageing from Occupational Exposure

Eshkoor S, Ismail P, Rahman S, Moin S, Adon M

Balkan J Med Genet, 2013 Dec;16(2):45-52.
PMID: 24778563 DOI: 10.2478/bjmg-2013-0031

The ageing process is influenced by many internal and external factors. The toxic substances in the environment can cause genomic damages to cells, which increase the risk of early ageing. Furthermore, the cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) gene polymorphism is a susceptibility factor and may enhance the risk of DNA damage in cells. The current study was carried out to show whether occupational exposure could cause genotoxicity in cells carrying the CYP1A2 gene polymorphism, thus enhancing the likelihood of early ageing. This study was conducted on mechanical workshop workers and a control group by collecting buccal cells from their mouths. Restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR) was used to identify the CYP1A2 gene polymorphism in the cells. In addition, three extra methods including micronuclei (MN) test, comet assay and real-time PCR (RT-PCR) were applied to determine the effects of gene polymorphisms on DNA damage and ageing from occupational exposure. The results showed that DNA damage in the cells carrying the mutated genotype was higher than the wild genotype. In addition, the difference in MN frequency (p = 0.001) and relative telomere length (p = 0.002) between workers and controls was significant (p <0.05) in the mutated genotype. The findings indicated a possible protective effect of gene polymorphism against early ageing, which was characterized by lack of a significant influence of CYP1A2 gene polymorphism on genetic material in the subjects (p >0.05). It was concluded that the CYP1A2 gene could be a contributing factor to prevent early ageing from occupational exposure.
Fulltext Runoff potentiality of a watershed through SCS and functional data analysis technique

Adham MI, Shirazi SM, Othman F, Rahman S, Yusop Z, Ismail Z

ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:379763.
PMID: 25152911 DOI: 10.1155/2014/379763

Runoff potentiality of a watershed was assessed based on identifying curve number (CN), soil conservation service (SCS), and functional data analysis (FDA) techniques. Daily discrete rainfall data were collected from weather stations in the study area and analyzed through lowess method for smoothing curve. As runoff data represents a periodic pattern in each watershed, Fourier series was introduced to fit the smooth curve of eight watersheds. Seven terms of Fourier series were introduced for the watersheds 5 and 8, while 8 terms of Fourier series were used for the rest of the watersheds for the best fit of data. Bootstrapping smooth curve analysis reveals that watersheds 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, and 8 are with monthly mean runoffs of 29, 24, 22, 23, 26, and 27 mm, respectively, and these watersheds would likely contribute to surface runoff in the study area. The purpose of this study was to transform runoff data into a smooth curve for representing the surface runoff pattern and mean runoff of each watershed through statistical method. This study provides information of runoff potentiality of each watershed and also provides input data for hydrological modeling.
Fulltext Experimental study on tsunami risk reduction on coastal building fronted by sea wall

Rahman S, Akib S, Khan MT, Shirazi SM

ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:729357.
PMID: 24790578 DOI: 10.1155/2014/729357

This experimental study was conducted to idealize the efficacy of sea wall in controlling the tsunami forces on onshore structures. Different types of sea walls were placed in front of the building model. The tsunami forces and the wave heights were measured with and without the sea wall conditions. Types of sea wall, wall height, and wall positions were varied simultaneously to quantify the force reductions. Maximum of 41% forces was reduced by higher sea wall, positioned closer proximity to the model whereas this reduction was about 27% when the wall height was half of the high wall. Experimental investigations revealed that wall with adequate height and placed closer to the structures enables a satisfactory predictor of the force reduction on onshore structures. Another set of tests were performed with perforated wall placing near the building model. Less construction cost makes the provision of perforated sea wall interesting. The overall results showed that the efficacy of perforated wall is almost similar to solid wall. Hence, it can be efficiently used instead of solid wall. Moreover, overtopped water that is stuck behind the wall is readily gone back to the sea through perforations releasing additional forces on the nearby structures.
Chondrosarcoma of the mandible: a case report

Saini R, Abd Razak NH, Ab Rahman S, Samsudin AR

J Can Dent Assoc, 2007 Mar;73(2):175-8.
PMID: 17355810

Chondrosarcomas are malignant tumours of cartilaginous origin. They range from a well-differentiated growth resembling a benign cartilage tumour to a high-grade malignancy with aggressive local behaviour and the potential to metastasize. Only 5% to 10% of chondrosarcomas are known to occur in the head and neck region. A case of chondrosarcoma of the anterior region of the mandible is presented, along with a review of the relevant literature.
Diabetes-associated macrovasculopathy: pathophysiology and pathogenesis

Rahman S, Rahman T, Ismail AA, Rashid AR

Diabetes Obes Metab, 2007 Nov;9(6):767-80.
PMID: 17924861 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2006.00655.x

The complications associated with diabetic vasculopathy are commonly grouped into two categories: microvascular and macrovascular complications. In diabetes, macrovascular disease is the commonest cause of mortality and morbidity and is responsible for high incidence of vascular diseases such as stroke, myocardial infarction and peripheral vascular diseases. Macrovascular diseases are traditionally thought of as due to underlying obstructive atherosclerotic diseases affecting major arteries. Pathological changes of major blood vessels leading to functional and structural abnormalities in diabetic vessels include endothelial dysfunction, reduced vascular compliance and atherosclerosis. Besides, advanced glycation end product formation interacts with specific receptors that lead to overexpression of a range of cytokines. Haemodynamic pathways are activated in diabetes and are possibly amplified by concomitant systemic hypertension. Apart from these, hyperglycaemia, non-enzymatic glycosylation, lipid modulation, alteration of vasculature and growth factors activation contribute to development of diabetic vasculopathy. This review focuses on pathophysiology and pathogenesis of diabetes-associated macrovasculopathy.
Optimization studies on acid hydrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber for production of xylose

Rahman SH, Choudhury JP, Ahmad AL, Kamaruddin AH

Bioresour Technol, 2007 Feb;98(3):554-9.
PMID: 16647852

Oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber is a lignocellulosic waste from palm oil mills. It is a potential source of xylose which can be used as a raw material for production of xylitol, a high value product. The increasing interest on use of lignocellulosic waste for bioconversion to fuels and chemicals is justifiable as these materials are low cost, renewable and widespread sources of sugars. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of H(2)SO(4) concentration, reaction temperature and reaction time for production of xylose. Batch reactions were carried out under various reaction temperature, reaction time and acid concentrations and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was followed to optimize the hydrolysis process in order to obtain high xylose yield. The optimum reaction temperature, reaction time and acid concentration found were 119 degrees C, 60 min and 2%, respectively. Under these conditions xylose yield and selectivity were found to be 91.27% and 17.97 g/g, respectively.
Fulltext Spectroscopic (UV/VIS, Raman) and Electrophoresis Study of Cytosine-Guanine Oligonucleotide DNA Influenced by Magnetic Field

Banihashemian SM, Periasamy V, Boon Tong G, Abdul Rahman S

PLoS One, 2016;11(3):e0149488.
PMID: 26999445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149488

Studying the effect of a magnetic field on oligonucleotide DNA can provide a novel DNA manipulation technique for potential application in bioengineering and medicine. In this work, the optical and electrochemical response of a 100 bases oligonucleotides DNA, cytosine-guanine (CG100), is investigated via exposure to different magnetic fields (250, 500, 750, and 1000 mT). As a result of the optical response of CG100 to the magnetic field, the ultra-violet-visible spectrum indicated a slight variation in the band gap of CG100 of about 0.3 eV. Raman spectroscopy showed a significant deviation in hydrogen and phosphate bonds' vibration after exposure to the magnetic field. Oligonucleotide DNA mobility was investigated in the external electric field using the gel electrophoresis technique, which revealed a small decrease in the migration of CG100 after exposure to the magnetic field.
The concentration of selected minerals and phytate in Malaysian Brachiaria decumbens

Noordin MM, Zhang SS, Rahman SO, Haron J

Vet Hum Toxicol, 2000 Oct;42(5):276-9.
PMID: 11003117

Samples of Brachiaria decumbens collected from 5 farms representing the Peninsular Malaysia were subjected to selected trace mineral and phytate analyses to explain the pathogenesis of B decumbens intoxication. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, Fe and Mo were comparable to other grasses while that of phytate was low. The molar ratios of Cu:Zn, Cu:Mo, and Cu:Fe warrant that Cu deficiency is involved in the toxicity of B decumbens. This might aggravate the development of photosensitization of unpigmented or lightly pigmented areas of affected animals. The Zn:phytate ratio could predispose to Zn deficiency during intoxication.
Effects of copper overload on hepatic lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense in rats

Zhang SS, Noordin MM, Rahman SO, Haron J

Vet Hum Toxicol, 2000 Oct;42(5):261-4.
PMID: 11003114

The influence of copper (Cu) overload on hepatic lipid peroxidation and antioxidation defense capacity was studied by overloading rats with copper sulphate orally (500 mg Cu/kg bw) 5 d/w for 8 w. Malondialdehyde (MDA), Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD), and Se-glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured in serum and liver homogenate at 2, 4 and 8 w of dosing. Liver Cu concentration and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity were also determined. As Cu loading progressed, there were multiparameter changes with significant ALT elevation, increased MDA concentrations in serum and liver homogenate, and dramatic declines of SOD and GSH-Px activities in erythrocytes and whole blood respectively, along with marked elevation of hepatic Cu in the Cu-dosed group. Excessive Cu accumulation in the liver depressed SOD and GSH-Px activities and resulted in high MDA in serum and liver homogenate due to the lipid peroxidation induced by the Cu overload.

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