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Fulltext Long-Term Outcomes of Articular Surface Replacement (ASR) Implant in Hip Arthroplasty: A Single Institution Review

Yuen JC, Pang HN, Woo YL, Lo NN, Keng Jin DT, Chia SL, et al.

Cureus, 2023 Mar;15(3):e36029.
PMID: 36915400 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.36029

Various metal-on-metal (MoM) total hip replacements (THRs) have been found to have high short-term failure rates due to adverse responses to metal debris (ARMD). As a consequence, several low-performing THRs have been removed off the market. The purpose of this research was to look at the at least five-year outcomes of patients who had MoM hip arthroplasty at our institution. In one specialised centre between 2007 and 2008, 24 Articular Surface Replacement (ASRTM, DePuy, Warsaw, IN, USA) MoM THRs (in 24 patients, mean age: 56.4 years) were implanted. DePuy ASR hip prosthesis for osteoarthritis or hip fractures were employed in the THR system. All patients were summoned back for a clinical assessment, and imaging was done as needed. The average period of follow-up was 8.0 years (6.0-10 years). In all, eight instances (33.3%) were discovered to have pseudotumors, four hips (16.7%) were revised, and one (4.1%) was operated for ARMD. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) and Oxford ratings improved statistically significantly five years after surgery in all three areas of pain, disability, and stiffness; however, there was no statistically significant change in the 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36) (mental) score. MoM hip arthroplasty had a greater revision incidence at five years in our group, presumably owing to the adoption of a smaller femoral head size.
Development of a T7 RNA polymerase expressing cell line using lentivirus vectors for the recovery of recombinant Newcastle disease virus

Yeong MY, Cheow PS, Abdullah S, Song AA, Lei-Rossmann J, Tan TK, et al.

J Virol Methods, 2021 05;291:114099.
PMID: 33592218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114099

The development of a T7 RNA polymerase (T7 RNAP) expressing cell line i.e. BSR T7/5 cells marks an improvement of reverse genetics for the recovery of recombinant Newcastle disease virus (rNDV). BSR T7/5 is developed by transient transfection of plasmid encoding T7 RNAP gene for rNDV rescue. However, the gene expression decreases gradually over multiple passages and eventually hinders the rescue of rNDV. To address this issue, lentiviral vector was used to develop T7 RNAP-expressing HEK293-TA (HEK293-TA-Lv-T7) and SW620 (SW620-Lv-T7) cell lines, evidenced by the expression of T7 RNAP after subsequent 20 passages. rNDV was rescued successfully using HEK293-TA-Lv-T7 clones (R1D3, R1D8, R5B9) and SW620-Lv-T7 clones (R1C11, R3C5) by reverse transfection, yielding comparable virus rescue efficiency and virus titres to that of BSR T7/5. This study provides new tools for rNDV rescue and insights into cell line development and virology by reverse genetics.
Fulltext Evaluation of a Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus Expressing Human IL12 against Human Breast Cancer

Mohamed Amin Z, Che Ani MA, Tan SW, Yeap SK, Alitheen NB, Syed Najmuddin SUF, et al.

Sci Rep, 2019 Sep 30;9(1):13999.
PMID: 31570732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50222-z

The Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain AF2240 is an avian avulavirus that has been demonstrated to possess oncolytic activity against cancer cells. However, to illicit a greater anti-cancer immune response, it is believed that the incorporation of immunostimulatory genes such as IL12 into a recombinant NDV backbone will enhance its oncolytic effect. In this study, a newly developed recombinant NDV that expresses IL12 (rAF-IL12) was tested for its safety, stability and cytotoxicity. The stability of rAF-IL12 was maintained when passaged in specific pathogen free (SPF) chicken eggs from passage 1 to passage 10; with an HA titer of 29. Based on the results obtained from the MTT cytotoxic assay, rAF-IL12 was determined to be safe as it only induced cytotoxic effects against normal chicken cell lines and human breast cancer cells while sparing normal cells. Significant tumor growth inhibition (52%) was observed in the rAF-IL12-treated mice. The in vivo safety profile of rAF-IL12 was confirmed through histological observation and viral load titer assay. The concentration and presence of the expressed IL12 was quantified and verified via ELISA assay. In summary, rAF-IL12 was proven to be safe, selectively replicating in chicken and cancer cells and was able to maintain its stability throughout several passages; thus enhancing its potential as an anti-breast cancer vaccine.
Fulltext Cytotoxicity study of the interleukin-12-expressing recombinant Newcastle disease virus strain, rAF-IL12, towards CT26 colon cancer cells in vitro and in vivo

Najmuddin SUFS, Amin ZM, Tan SW, Yeap SK, Kalyanasundram J, Ani MAC, et al.

Cancer Cell Int, 2020;20:278.
PMID: 32612457 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01372-y

Background: Oncolytic viruses have emerged as an alternative therapeutic modality for cancer as they can replicate specifically in tumour cells and induce toxic effects leading to apoptosis. Despite the great potentials and promising results shown in multiple studies, it appears that their efficacy is still moderate and deemed as not sufficient in clinical studies. In addressing this issue, genetic/molecular engineering approach has paved its way to improve the therapeutic efficacy as observed in the case of herpes simplex virus (HSV) expressing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). This study aimed to explore the cytotoxicity effects of recombinant NDV strain AF2240-i expressing interleukin-12 (rAF-IL12) against CT26 colon cancer cells.
Methods: The cytotoxicity effect of rAF-IL12 against CT26 colon cancer cell line was determined by MTT assay. Based on the IC50 value from the anti-proliferative assay, further downward assays such as Annexin V FITC and cell cycle progression were carried out and measured by flow cytometry. Then, the in vivo study was conducted where the rAF-IL12 viral injections were given at the intra-tumoral site of the CT26 tumour-burden mice. At the end of the experiment, serum biochemical, T cell immunophenotyping, serum cytokine, histopathology of tumour and organ section, TUNEL assay, and Nanostring gene expression analysis were performed.
Results: The rAF-IL12 induced apoptosis of CT26 colon cancer cells in vitro as revealed in the Annexin V FITC analysis and also arrested the cancer cells progression at G1 phase of the cell cycle analysis. On the other hand, the rAF-IL12 significantly (p
Turning cold tumours hot: oncolytic virotherapy gets up close and personal with other therapeutics at the 11th Oncolytic Virus Conference

Dyer A, Baugh R, Chia SL, Frost S, Iris, Jacobus EJ, et al.

Cancer Gene Ther, 2019 03;26(3-4):59-73.
PMID: 30177818 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-018-0042-1

The 11th International Oncolytic Virus Conference (IOVC) was held from April 9-12, 2018 in Oxford, UK. This is part of the high-profile academic-led series of meetings that was started back in 2002 by Steve Russell and John Bell, with most of the previous meetings being held in North America (often in Banff). The conference brought together many of the major players in oncolytic virotherapy from all over the world, addressing all stages of research and development-from aspects of basic science and cellular immunology all the way through to early- and late-phase clinical trials. The meeting welcomed 352 delegates from 24 countries. The top seven delegate countries, namely, the UK, US, Canada, The Netherlands, Germany, Japan and South Korea, contributed 291 delegates while smaller numbers coming from Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, China, Finland, France, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Latvia, Malaysia, Poland, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. Academics comprised about half of the attendees, industry 30% and students 20%. The next IOVC is scheduled to be held on Vancouver Island in autumn 2019. Here we share brief summaries of the oral presentations from invited speakers and proffered papers in the different subtopics presented at IOVC 2018.
Fulltext Discovery of Ruthenium(II) Metallocompound and Olaparib Synergy for Cancer Combination Therapy

Yusoh NA, Tiley PR, James SD, Harun SN, Thomas JA, Saad N, et al.

J Med Chem, 2023 May 25;66(10):6922-6937.
PMID: 37185020 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00322

Synergistic drug combinations can extend the use of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) such as Olaparib to BRCA-proficient tumors and overcome acquired or de novo drug resistance. To identify new synergistic combinations for PARPi, we screened a "micro-library" comprising a mix of commercially available drugs and DNA-binding ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes (RPCs) for Olaparib synergy in BRCA-proficient triple-negative breast cancer cells. This identified three hits: the natural product Curcumin and two ruthenium(II)-rhenium(I) polypyridyl metallomacrocycles. All combinations identified were effective in BRCA-proficient breast cancer cells, including an Olaparib-resistant cell line, and spheroid models. Mechanistic studies indicated that synergy was achieved via DNA-damage enhancement and resultant apoptosis. Combinations showed low cytotoxicity toward non-malignant breast epithelial cells and low acute and developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos. This work identifies RPC metallomacrocycles as a novel class of agents for cancer combination therapy and provides a proof of concept for the inclusion of metallocompounds within drug synergy screens.
A novel chromone-based as a potential inhibitor of ULK1 that modulates autophagy and induces apoptosis in colon cancer

Shamsudin NF, Leong SW, Koeberle A, Suriya U, Rungrotmongkol T, Chia SL, et al.

Future Med Chem, 2024 Aug 02;16(15):1499-1517.
PMID: 38949858 DOI: 10.1080/17568919.2024.2363668

Aim: Chromones are promising for anticancer drug development.Methods & results: 12 chromone-based compounds were synthesized and tested against cancer cell lines. Compound 8 showed the highest cytotoxicity (LC50 3.2 μM) against colorectal cancer cells, surpassing 5-fluorouracil (LC50 4.2 μM). It suppressed colony formation, induced cell cycle arrest and triggered apoptotic cell death, confirmed by staining and apoptosis markers. Cell death was accompanied by enhanced reactive oxygen species formation and modulation of the autophagic machinery (autophagy marker light chain 3B (LC3B); adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK); protein kinase B (PKB); UNC-51-like kinase (ULK)-1; and ULK2). Molecular docking and dynamic simulations revealed that compound 8 directly binds to ULK1.Conclusion: Compound 8 is a promising lead for autophagy-modulating anti-colon cancer drugs.