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Fulltext Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE): a 12-year review

Kamarulzaman MA, Abdul Halim AR, Ibrahim S

Med J Malaysia, 2006 Feb;61 Suppl A:71-8.
PMID: 17042235

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is a relatively uncommon hip disorder in adolescents and its prevalence in Malaysia has not been studied. This retrospective study is undertaken to provide an overview of a 12-year review of SCFE treated in our institution. Fourteen patients (19 hips) with slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) admitted to Hospital UKM from 1990 to 2002 were reviewed with respect to demographic profile, functional outcome according to the Iowa Hip Score, and complications. There were ten boys (average age, 12.5 years) and four girls (average age, 12 years). Eight were Malays and six were Indians. The average body mass index was 26.1 verweight). The left hips (11 hips) were affected more than the right hips (eight hips). Five patients had bilateral slips. Thirteen hips were considered stable while the other six hips were unstable. The majority of cases were moderate slips (12 hips), four hips had severe slips while three hips had mild slips. Several methods of treatment were instituted. These include in situ cannulated screw fixation (11 hips), Knowles pin fixation (three hips) and gentle closed manipulative reduction with cannulated screw fixation (three hips). One patient with bilateral slips refused surgical treatment. Based on the Iowa Hip Score, most patients (nine) had satisfactory results (excellent or good), three had fair results while one patient had a poor result. Avascular necrosis developed in five hips while chondrolysis occurred in one hip. In situ cannulated screw fixation is the treatment of choice. SCFE is an uncommon condition in Malaysia.
Fulltext Effects on the Properties after Addition of Lithium Salt in Poly(ethylene oxide)/Poly(methyl acrylate) Blends

Abdul Halim SI, Chan CH, Kressler J

Polymers (Basel), 2020 Dec 11;12(12).
PMID: 33322501 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122963

The studies of phase behavior, dielectric relaxation, and other properties of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)/poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA) blends with the addition of lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) were done for different blend compositions. Samples were prepared by a solution casting technique. The binary PEO/PMA blends exhibit a single and compositional-dependent glass transition temperature (Tg), which is also true for ternary mixtures of PEO/PMA/LiClO4 when PEO was in excess with low content of salt. These may indicate miscibility of the constituents for the molten systems and amorphous domains of the systems at room temperature from the macroscopic point of view. Subsequently, the morphology of PEO/PMA blends with or without salt are correlated to the phase behavior of the systems. Phase morphology and molecular interaction of polymer chains by salt ions of the systems may rule the dielectric or electric relaxation at room temperature, which was estimated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The frequency-dependent impedance spectra are of interest for the elucidation of polarization and relaxation of the charged entities for the systems. Relaxation can be noted only when a sufficient amount of salt is added into the systems.
Preserving Human-Nature's Interaction for Sustainability: Quran and Sunnah Perspective

Muhamad A, Syihab AH, Ibrahim AH

Sci Eng Ethics, 2020 Apr;26(2):1053-1066.
PMID: 32048138 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-020-00192-7

Environmental sustainability is one of the contemporary discourses that has abundant values embedded in the Quran and Sunnah teachings. Islam gives great emphasis on environment as it is preserved and protected under the Maqasid al-Shariah (Objectives of the Islamic Law). The general outlook of Quranic paradigm on utilizing natural environment is based on prohibition of aggression and misuse. It is likewise founded on the construction and sustainable use. Thus, this article attempts to elaborate key concepts of the Quran and Sunnah teachings that reveal imperative values for environmental sustainability. Research method employs in this paper is an analytical study of Quranic verses with special highlights of tafsir bi al-ma'thur (explanation based upon traditions), tafsir bi al-ra'yi (explanation based on reasoning), and historical narrative. In short, this paper brings to light the relevance of classical and contemporary works of Quran and Sunnah studies that have meticulous values for shaping the better world of human-nature's interaction.
Fulltext Treatment response in osmotic demyelination syndrome presenting as severe parkinsonism, ptosis and gaze palsy

Abdul Halim S, Mohd Amin NA

BMJ Case Rep, 2018 Oct 21;2018.
PMID: 30344146 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2018-225751

Osmotic demyelination syndrome commonly affects the pons and infrequently involves the extrapontine region. We report a patient with severe hyponatraemia who developed osmotic demyelination syndrome as a consequence of rapid sodium correction. The condition manifested as acute severe parkinsonism, bilateral ptosis and gaze impairment. MRI revealed typical features of central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis. The patient improved gradually after treatment with a combination of levodopa, intravenous immunoglobulin and dexamethasone. However, it is important to emphasise that the improvement of neurological symptoms is not necessarily causal with these experimental therapies.
Drivers of food waste generation: Case study of island-based hotels in Langkawi, Malaysia

Kasavan S, Mohamed AF, Abdul Halim S

Waste Manag, 2019 May 15;91:72-79.
PMID: 31203944 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.04.055

Food waste (FW) generation from hotel operations have a significant negative impact on the environment, society and economy. Hence, the urgent need to introduce sustainable food management to reduce both FW and operational costs in hotels. The aim of this paper is to identify the drivers of FW generation and barriers to sustainable food waste management (SFWM) in island based hotels. The data were collected using in-depth interview coupled with the observations conducted at 23 selected hoteliers in Langkawi Island, Malaysia. Based on the analysis, using qualitative content analysis (QCA), eight FW drivers were identified and the drivers were classified into three categories of factors, mainly internal, external and intermediate influence. There are four FW drivers identified as internal factors that influenced the implementation of food waste management namely (1) poor hotel management and policies, (2) lack of skills in food preparation, (3) lack of facilities and FW technology and (4) non-implementation of waste audit and waste separation. For external factors, there are two FW drivers, including (5) unsustainable food consumption patterns of the customers and (6) risk of food ingredients spoilage. As for intermediate factors, two FW drivers were identified, which are (7) ineffective communication and (8) inadequate education and awareness. Findings from this study contribute towards a better understanding on the complexity of FW issues, particularly for island-based hotel sector. It was also suggested that a holistic approach with multi-stakeholders is crucial to reduce food wastage towards achieving SFWM.
Prevalence and factors associated with child health record book utilization among parents attending government health clinics in Putrajaya, Malaysia

Abdul Halim SH, Mohd Zulkefli NA

Child Care Health Dev, 2021 07;47(4):509-516.
PMID: 33660312 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12863

BACKGROUND: Use of a child health record book has long been established in Malaysia. The objective of the study was to determine the proportion of optimum child health record book utilization and its associated factors among parents attending government child health clinics in Putrajaya, the administrative capital of Malaysia.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among randomly selected group of 450 parents using a self-administered questionnaire. Optimum utilization of the book was defined as respondents reading all sections and recording comments in the book. Independent variables studied were sociodemographic characteristics; antenatal and breastfeeding history; child health and immunization status; perceptions and level of knowledge on the book and child health; and healthcare providers' performance. A multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify the associated factors of optimum utilization.
RESULTS: Out of 450 study participants, 415 completed the questionnaire and 150 (36.1%) were found to optimally utilized the book. Participants who read all sections totalled 245 (59.0%), and 242 (58.3%) respondents reported to record some comments in the book. Optimum utilization of the book was associated with older parents' age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.11) and higher education attainment (AOR: 2.21, 95% CI 1.24-3.91), with a good level of knowledge on child health record books and general child health (AOR: 3.87, 95% CI 2.27-6.61; AOR: 2.05, 95% CI 1.25-3.36) and among parents who delivered their children in government hospitals (AOR: 2.93, 95% CI 1.11-7.73).
CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of child health record book utilization was low at 36.1% but difficult to compare with other studies. Based on the findings, improving the parents' knowledge of the book and general child health, particularly among younger parents with lower educational levels, and delivering the book to institutions outside government hospitals might be useful to increase the utilization.
Fulltext Factors associated with optimum child health record book use among parents attending government health clinics in Putrajaya

Siti Hafsah Abdul Halim, Nor Afiah Mohamad Zulkefli

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(104):9-9.
MyJurnal

ntroduction: The child health record book was long established in Malaysia, but no evaluation study on the util-isation of the book has ever been done. The objectives of the study were to determine the proportion of optimum record book use and the factors associated with it. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 415 ran-domly selected parents of children aged below six years old attending government health clinics in Putrajaya using a self-administered questionnaire. Optimum use of child health record book was defined by respondents reading all the sections and recording comments in the book. Factors studied were sociodemographic characteristics; ante-natal and breastfeeding history; child’s health and immunisation status; perceptions and level of knowledge on the book and child health; and healthcare providers’ performance. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify the determinants of optimum use. Results: In total, 36.1% of respondents optimally used the record book. The five de-terminants of optimum use identified were mother’s age group between 35-39 years and ≥40 years old (AOR: 2.24, 95% CI 1.13-4.44; AOR: 3.36, 95% CI 1.24-9.07), a mother with a higher level of education (AOR: 2.67, 95% CI 1.43-5.00), delivered in a government hospital (AOR: 3.01, 95% CI 1.11-8.16), had good level of knowledge on the record book and on general child health (AOR: 3.69, 95% CI 2.08-6.56; AOR: 2.07, 95% CI 1.19-3.60). Conclusion: The proportion of optimum child health record book use is relatively low. Based on the findings, improving the par-ents’ knowledge on the child health record book utilisation is vital to increase the optimum usage particularly among mothers with low education level, aged less than 30 years old and those who delivered in non-government hospitals.
Evaluation of dissolved heavy metals in water of the Sungai Semenyih (peninsular Malaysia) using environmetric methods

Fawaz Al-badaii, Azhar Abdul Halim, Mohammad Shuhaimi-othman

Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:841-852.

The study to determine the concentrations of dissolved heavy metals in the Sungai Semenyih and to use the environmetric
methods to evaluate the influence of different pollution sources on heavy metals concentrations was carried out. Cluster
analysis (CA) classified 8 sampling stations into two clusters based on the similarity of sampling stations characteristics,
cluster 1 included stations 1, 2, 3 and 4 (low pollution area), whereas cluster 2 comprised of stations 5, 6, 7 and 8
(high pollution area). Principal component analysis (PCA) of the two datasets yield two factors for low pollution area
and three factors for the high pollution area at Eigenvalues >1, representing 92.544% and 100% of the total variance
in each heavy metals data sets and allowed to gather selected heavy metals based on the anthropogenic and lithologic
sources of contamination.
Fulltext The use of complementary and alternative medicine among malaysian chronic kidney disease patients

Muhammad Yusuf, A.S., Abdul Halim, A.G., Shamsul Azhar, S.

Medicine & Health, 2019;14(2):219-234.
MyJurnal

Many of our chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients venture into complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) to seek a cure for the disease beyond conventional management. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and pattern of CAM usage; and its association with the progression of CKD in our population. This was a cross-sectional survey recruited CKD patients from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC). Data was collected via interview using questionnaires which explore the demographics, type and pattern of CAM use. Patients’ comorbidities and serum creatinine were extracted from the medical notes to assess the association between progression of CKD and usage of CAM. Chi-square, Independent Samples t-test, Mann-Whitney U test and logistic regression were used to evaluate for an association. Three hundred and seventy two eligible patients were recruited. The prevalence of CAM use was 29% in the past year. Younger age, higher education and higher income level were associated with significantly more usage of CAM. Natural products were the commonest type of CAM used (86.1%). The belief in the effectiveness of CAM was the main reason for its uptake and about 57.8% revealed their practice to their physician. We found that the use of CAM in Malaysian CKD patients did not influence the progression of the disease.
Fulltext Obesity intervention among community in Taman Impian Ehsan, Hulu Langat, Selangor

Zailiza Suli, Nur Zawani Jalaluddin, Hazariah Abdul Halim

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(104):95-95.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Obesity is a major public health concern worldwide. The increasing prevalence of obesity in all ages can cause chronic illnesses, such as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Diseases. The Body Mass Index (BMI) is generally used to classify an adult population as underweight (BMI =25.0 kgm-2) or obese (BMI >=30.0 kgm-2). The normal BMI range lies between 18.5 and 24.99 kgm-2. Physical activity is an important component of lifestyle interventions for weight loss and the prevention of weight regain. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of physical activity in reducing the obesity among the selected participants in Taman Impian Ehsan, Hulu Langat. Methods: This study was a one-group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design. The physical activity program took place three times a week for six months started from June to December 2018 which is a part of KOSPEN activity. Results: Thirty participants were recruited in the program. For pre- intervention study, 4 participants have normal body weight (BMI 18.5-24.99), 12 participants were overweight (BMI 26.0 to 30.0kgm-2) and 14 participants were obese (BMI > =30.0 kgm-2). Twenty six of participants were retained in the program while the rest quitted. Post-intervention study shows that seven participants have normal BMI, 10 partici-pants were still overweight and nine participants still categorized as obese. Post-intervention study showed that 17 participants managed to lose weight with minimum of 1.2 kg and maximum of 22.6 kg. The average reduction of the body weight was 5%. Conclusion: Physical activity is one of most feasible approach that can assist communities in developing healthy behaviours that promote weight loss and maintain ideal body weight.
Fulltext Knowledge and attitude of teachers in selected Malaysian primary school towards dental injuries

Syazwani Hassan, Nur Nabila Zulkifly, Venkiteswaran, Annapurny, Rohaida Abdul Halim

Scientific Research Journal, 2018;15(2):51-66.
MyJurnal

To ascertain the level of knowledge among primary school teachers towards the management of traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) in school and to determine the preference among teachers regarding the education tools that can be used to increase awareness and knowledge among them. A total of 150 teachers from primary schools in three different districts were included in the study and they were given self-administered questionnaires to be filled. The validated questionnaire was distributed randomly in the selected schools. The questionnaire included two scenarios comprising of tooth fracture and avulsion. Questions regarding awareness and management of these scenarios were asked. All 150 participants answered the questionnaire; of these 74% were females 26% were males. 64% of the participants had received tertiary education. Although 70% of teachers had obtained first aid training, only 9.3% of them had received training regrading dental injuries. About 53% of participants knew the correct answer for the appropriate response to fractured tooth and only 35.3% managed to correctly answer the question related to appropriate response to an avulsed tooth. Only 38.7% knew about appropriate rinsing solution and a mere 4.7% were familiar with proper storage media. Even though the teachers have poor knowledge regarding management of dental injuries, it is reassuring to know that 93% of them are keen on further training and awareness. More educational programmes need to be introduced to empower the teachers with the relevant knowledge required to deal with dental emergencies.
Influence of Perinatal and other Factors in the Aetiology of Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation

Rohaida Abdul Halim, Bernadette K Drummond, W Murray Thomson

Compendium of Oral Science, 2019;6(1):35-47.
MyJurnal

Objective: The aims of this study were to compare associations between dental health and pregnancy circumstances, birth history and early childhood health in children with and without Molar-Incisor Hypomineralisation (MIH). Methods: A matched case-control (n=101) study investigated perinatal and early childhood factors that could be associated with development of MIH. Case group (n=46) children (with MIH) were identified from the University of Otago Paediatric Dentistry Clinic. Control group (n=55) children (matched for age and gender, and with no signs of MIH) were selected from another clinic. Clinical examination recorded dental enamel defects and caries status. Pregnancy history and the child’s development and medical history were recorded by questionnaire. Mothers and children’s birth records were examined. Results: There were no significant socio-demographic differences between case or control groups. Children diagnosed with MIH had more problems at birth, including oxygen deprivation, one or more signs of foetal distress, premature birth or low birth weight. More mothers of MIH children had received drugs during delivery, including nitrous oxide, pethidine, or antibiotics. Conclusion: In this study, premature birth was found to be significantly associated with the occurrence of MIH.
Workplace injuries in Malaysian Manufacturing Industries

Saad Mohd Said, Zairihan Abdul Halim, Fatimah Said

Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 2012;9(1):21-31.
MyJurnal

This study analyzes the determinants of workplace injuries across 44 four-digit manufacturing industries in Malaysia from 1993 to 2008 through the business cycle and structural approaches. The results of fixed-effects estimations revealed that workplace injuries in Malaysian manufacturing sector were negatively influenced by firm size and positively influenced by business cycle. Consistent with the findings of previous studies in other countries, the empirical evidence of this study supports the pro-cyclical behavior of injury rates in manufacturing industries towards business cycle. The analysis demonstrates that both structural and cyclical variation effects are important determinants of workplace injuries in Malaysia.
Fulltext Artificial neural network for modelling rainfall-runoff

Aida Tayebiyan, Thamer Ahmad Mohammad, Abdul Halim Ghazali, Syamsiah Mashohor

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2016;24(2):319-330.
MyJurnal

The use of an artificial neural network (ANN) is becoming common due to its ability to analyse complex
nonlinear events. An ANN has a flexible, convenient and easy mathematical structure to identify the
nonlinear relationships between input and output data sets. This capability could efficiently be employed
for the different hydrological models such as rainfall-runoff models, which are inherently nonlinear in
nature and therefore, representing their physical characteristics is challenging. In this research, ANN
modelling is developed with the use of the MATLAB toolbox for predicting river stream flow coming
into the Ringlet reservoir in Cameron Highland, Malaysia. A back propagation algorithm is used to train
the ANN. The results indicate that the artificial neural network is a powerful tool in modelling rainfallrunoff.
The obtained results could help the water resource managers to operate the reservoir properly in
the case of extreme events such as flooding and drought.
Digital radiographic image enhancement for weld defect detection using smoothing and morphological transformations

Suhaila Abdul Halim, Arsmah Ibrahim, Yupiter Harangan Prasada Manurung

Scientific Research Journal, 2012;9(1):15-27.
MyJurnal

Accurate inspection of welded materials is important in relation to achieve acceptable standards. Radiography, a non-destructive test method, is commonly used to evaluate the internal condition of a material with respect to defect detection. The presence of noise in low resolution of radiographic images significantly complicates analysis; therefore attaining higher quality radiographic images makes defect detection more readily achievable. This paper presents a study pertaining to the quality enhancement of radiographic images with respect to different types of defects. A series of digital radiographic weld flaw images were smoothed using multiple smoothing techniques to remove inherent noise followed by top and bottom hat morphological transformations. Image quality was evaluated quantitatively with respect to SNR, PSNR and MAE. The results indicate that smoothing enhances the quality of radiographic images, thereby promoting defect detection with the respect to original radiographic images.
Fulltext Prediction of flood levels along a stretch of the Langat River with insufficient hydrological data

Thamer Ahmed Mohammed, Abdul Halim Ghazali, Al-Hassoun, Saleh

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2011;19(2):237-248.
MyJurnal

Malaysia is a tropical country and it is subjected to flooding in both the urban and rural areas. Flood
modelling can help to reduce the impacts of flood hazard by taking extra precautions. HEC-RAS model was used to predict the flood levels at selected reach of the Langat River with a total length of 34.4 km. The Langat River is located in the state of Selangor, Malaysia and it is subjected to regular flooding. The selected reach of the Langat River has insufficient data and a methodology was proposed to overcome this particular problem. Since complete floodplain data for the area are not available, the modelling therefore assumed vertical walls at the left and right banks of the Langat River and all the predicted flood levels above the banks were based on this assumption. The HECRAS model was calibrated and the values of Manning’s coefficients of roughness for the Langat River were found to range from 0.04 to 0.10. The discharge values were calculated for 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 year return periods and the maximum predicted flood depth ranged from 2.1m to 7.8m. Meanwhile, the model output was verified using the historical record and the error between the recorded and predicted water levels was found to range from 3% to 15%.
Fulltext Climate change impact on coastal communities in Malaysia

Norzaida Abas, Zalina Mohd Daud, Norazizi Mohamed, Syafrina Abdul Halim

Journal of Advanced Research Design, 2017;33(1):1-7.
MyJurnal

Climate change is undeniably the greatest issue facing our society. Around the globe,
increasingly unpredictable weather patterns and extreme weather events are
observed, causing considerable risks to human lives, properties and health safety and
also on the natural ecosystem. The magnitude and impacts of climate change are
growing, and particularly in Malaysia, studies show increases in temperature and
changes in rainfall regimes. Such changes have profound implications, especially for
coastal communities. Since knowledge and perceptions of the public on climate change
could affect the success of implemented adaptation and mitigation options, it is
essential to conduct assessments to gather such information. A public awareness and
perception study was conducted at Sabak and Tanjung Karang, two coastal
communities which were affected by changes in sea level and flooding incidences. The
knowledge level and perceptions of climate change among respondents were assessed
covering areas such as level of awareness of the respondents, their perceptions of
climate change issues, their sentiments on climate change and adaptation measures,
their socio-economic activity and the effect on their lives. Results show that majority
of respondents were aware of climate change issues and challenges. High levels of
concern about climate change were expressed with the majority were worried and
uncertain about the climate change impact and hoped for government measures.
Almost half of respondents cited significant damage to their properties and reduction
in income generation. Overall, the results of the present study gave insights of the
affected parties on perceptions and awareness pertaining to climate change, which
could potentially be used to promote greater awareness of climate change matters and
to gauge the public response to related policies and strategies.
Decolorization of Reactive Orange 16 Dye by Copper Oxide System

Abdul Halim Abdullah, Wong WY, Mohd Ismail Yaziz

Sains Malaysiana, 2010;39.

The decolorization of reactive orange 16 dye (RO16) from aqueous solution by CuO/H2O2 was investigated. The amount of dye removed was determined by measuring the concentration of the dye at its characteristic wavelengths by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The effects of CuO dose, H2O2 concentration and UV light on the decolorization of the dye were investigated. It was found that the removal rate increased with increasing mass of CuO and increasing concentration of H2O2. The combination of CuO, H2O2 and UV light was the best system with dye removal of 100% after 6 h. The removal efficiency observed was in the order: CuO/UV/H2O2 > CuO/H2O2 > CuO/UV = CuO > UV/H2O2 > H2O2 > UV.
Sistem Kebal Buatan untuk Pengecaman Digit (Artificial Immune System for Digit Recognization)

Siti Maryam Shamsuddin, Anazida Zainal, Shahliza Abdul Halim

Sains Malaysiana, 2005;34.

Artificial Immune System (AIS) is an emerging field to the computer scientists and most of the recent works concerning AIS is in the area of Intrusion Detection System (IDS). AIS is based on human immune system. It is distributed in nature, deploys the adaptive learning and exercises complementary mechanism to defend human body from bacteria or foreign elements. Artificial Immune system is non-linear and adopts the biological concept in classifying self against the non-Âself cells. This paper discusses on the implementation of AIS using the Negative Selection Algorithm in classifying and recognizing patterns on digits (0 to 9). Data for every digit is extracted using moment invariants and is represented in 8 bit string. There are 10 sets of detectors generated and the complementary process between self and non-self is done using the XOR operator. The result for classification for a digit is based on the percentage matched. Higher percentage indicates that the test data is closed to the digit to be recognized.
[Sistem Kebal Buatan (SKB) adalah satu bidang biologi yang telah membuka lembaran baru kepada penyelidik sains komputer untuk menggabungkan konsep kebal buatan di dalam penyelidikan yang berkaitan seperti pencerobohan sistem keselamatan. SKB tabi'i adalah suatu sistem pembelajaran adaptif iaitu yang mempunyai ciri selari dan mekanisma pelengkap bagi pertahanan terhadap unsur asing atau bakteria yang memasuki tubuh badan manusia. SKB bertindak secara tak linear dan menggarap konsep biologi seperti pengelasan terhadap sel kendiri dan sel tak kendiri. Rencana ini memperihalkan pelaksanaan kaedah SKB menggunakan pendekatan pilihan negatif bagi proses pengelasan dan pengecaman corak terhadap digit sifar hingga digit sembilan. Data bagi setiap digit tersebut disari menggunakan kaedah momen tak ubah dan diwakili sebagai rentetan 8 bit. Setiap kelompok digit dikelaskan sebagai kendiri bagi menghasilkan data tak kendiri atau pengesan. Ini bermakna terdapat 10 kelas pengesan yang dijana, dan proses padanan antara data kendiri dan tak kendiri dilaksanakan menggunakan operasi XOR. Penjanaan keputusan bagi pengelasan untuk suatu digit dihitung berasaskan kepada nilai peratusan yang terhasil, iaitu nilai yang dijana merupakan nilai yang digunakan bagi mengecam digit yang wujud pada data ujian. Semakin besar nilai peratusan yang diperolehi, maka semakin hampir nilai tersebut kepada digit yang hendak dicam].
Fulltext Pre-participation evaluation of Malaysian university athletes – the importance of cardiovascular screening

Lim, Zhuang Li, Abdul Halim Mokhtar, Muhammad Rahmani Jaffar

Movement Health & Exercise, 2017;6(2):83-96.
MyJurnal

Background: Sudden cardiac arrest and death (SCA/D) remains the leading
cause of mortality among athletes. Contemporary standards of identifying
normal physiological cardiac adaptations and remodeling from regular
athletic training based on certain ECG morphology have been clearly
defined by the ‘Seattle Criteria’ in 2012, with an updated ‘International
Consensus’ in 2017. In heterogenous Asia, regional SCA/D preponderance
data is still lacking. This study aims to report on the detection of potentially
dangerous cardiovascular conditions in Malaysian university athletes via
pre-participation evaluation. Methods: All 176 Malaysian athletes
competing in the 18th ASEAN University Games 2016 were requested to
attend a centralised pre-participation evaluation (PPE) prior to the games.
The PPE included history, physical examination and a resting ECG.
Participating sports and the corresponding number of athletes were athletics
(40), basketball (26), football (24), silat (16), rugby (14), badminton (14),
table tennis (12), shooting (12), fencing (10) and petanque (8). Results: A
hundred and thirteen athletes (64.2%) attended and completed the PPE. The
highest percentages of athletes screened were from shooting, fencing and
petanque (100% respectively), whilst the lowest were from the basketball
team (23.1%). Three abnormal ECGs were identified: a multiple premature
ventricular contractions, an atrial tachyarrhythmia and a ventricular preexcitation.
These three athletes were referred for subsequent investigations.
Two of them were allowed to resume play. The latter athlete was diagnosed
with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and was advised against competing
until definitive management was instituted. Conclusion: Only a fair number
of Malaysian university athletes completed the medical screening. This
reflects their unawareness of the importance of PPE. Despite the small
sample size, three cases were singled out requiring further investigation and
interventional studies. No screening program provides absolute protection
against death. Thus, more evidence-based research and constant updates on the best practice guidelines are vital to foster safe sports participation to
ultimately reduce incidence of SCA/D among the athletic population.
Athletes need to be aware and give full cooperation for PPE to ensure early
detection of high-risk cardiovascular conditions especially those related to
sudden death in sports.

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