Haruan or Channa striatus is source of protein that is widely consumed in the region and its extract
is well known for having medical values. It is of great advantage if this product could be taken
orally rather than by injection because the oral route of drug delivery is still preferred by the vast
majority of patients. However protein and peptides can be denatured or degraded by the acidic pH
of the stomach and the presence of endogenous enzymes. In order to protect or prevent digestion
and degradation of the protein in the stomach and to ensure the protein reaches the gastro
intestinal (GI) tract, Carboxymethyl Starch (CMS) nanogel system was developed using electron
irradiation method. However stability of HTE during the irradiation process needed to be studied
before being developed further. In this study, the HTE was irradiated using electron beams. Its
stability was analysed in terms of physical and chemical changes by looking at colour difference,
melting point by using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and molecular bonds by using
Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) respectively. The results of this study were that no apparent
colour difference was observed with HTE before and after irradiation. These observations were
supported by the FTIR and DSC results that showed that there were no changes in molecular bonds
and melting point, compared between no irradiation and irradiation HTE during electron
irradiation up to 10 kGy. Statistically the test showed no significant difference at p < 0.005 between
melting temperatures.
This study investigates effects from different drying methods (vacuum oven dried vs. freeze dried) on the rheological, functional and structural properties of chicken skin gelatin compared to bovine gelatin. Vacuum oven dried chicken skin samples showed a higher gelatin yield (12.86%) than freeze-dried samples (9.25%). The latter showed a higher melting temperature (32.64oC) and superior foaming capacity (176%) as well as foaming stability (166.67%). Vacuum oven dried samples demonstrated greater fat binding capacity (5.5 ml/g) and emulsion stability (55.79%). There were no significant differences (p >0.05) in emulsion and water holding capacity for three gelatins. Bovine gelatin did hold the lowest of all functional properties studied. A Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrum analysis of chicken skin gelatin under both drying methods presented structures similar to those of bovine gelatin. Collectively, this findings indicated no significant differences (p >0.05) in rheological, functional and structural properties for chicken skin gelatins prepared by either drying method. Hence, to save costs and maintain gelatin quality, vacuum oven drying offers potential as an alternative means of production.
A radiotracer study was conducted to investigate the removal characteristics of cadmium (109Cd) from aqueous solution by polypyrrole/ sawdust composite. Several factors such as solution pH, sorbent dosage, initial concentration, contact time, temperature and interfering metal ions were found to have influence on the adsorption process. The kinetics of adsorption was relatively fast, reaching equilibrium within 3 hours. A lowering of the solution pH reduced the removal efficiency from 99.3 to ~ 46.7% and an ambient temperature of 25°C was found to be optimum for maximum adsorption. The presence of sodium and potassium ions inhibited 109Cd removal from its aqueous solution. The experimental data for 109Cd adsorption showed a very good agreement with the Langmuir isotherm and a pseudo-first order kinetic model. The surface condition of the adsorbent before and after cadmium loading was investigated using BET, FESEM and FTIR. Considering the low cost of the precursor's materials and the toxicity of 109Cd radioactive metal, polypyrrole synthesized on the sawdust of Dryobalanops aromatic could be used as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of 109Cd radioisotope from radionuclide-containing effluents.
The heterocyclic chalcone containing thiophene ring 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(2-thienyl)prop-2-en-1-one, C13H9ClOS was synthesized and investigated using experimental techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) at room temperature, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) from room temperature to 500K and Raman scattering at the temperature range 10-413K in order to study its structure and vibrational properties as well as stability and possible phase transition. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to determine the vibrational spectrum viewing to improve the knowledge of the material properties. A reasonable agreement was observed between theoretical and experimental Raman spectrum taken at 10K since anharmonic effects of the molecular motion is reduced at low temperatures, leading to a more comprehensive assignment of the vibrational modes. Increasing the temperature up to 393K, was observed the typical phonon anharmonicity behavior associated to changes in the Raman line intensities, line-widths and red-shift, in special in the external mode region, whereas the internal modes region remains almost unchanged due its strong chemical bonds. Furthermore, C13H9ClOS goes to melting phase transition in the temperature range 393-403K and then sublimates in the temperature range 403-413K. This is denounced by the disappearance of the external modes and the absence of internal modes in the Raman spectra, in accordance with DSC curve. The enthalpy (ΔH) obtained from the integration of the endothermic peak in DSC curve centered at 397K is founded to be 121.5J/g.
This paper reports on the extraction, partial characterization and the potential application of crude polysaccharides from defatted coconut residue as a prebiotic. The coconut residue was defatted and extracted to obtain the crude polysaccharides and its physicochemical properties were determined. The crude polysaccharides were assessed for monosaccharide composition, total carbohydrate content, reducing sugar concentration and protein content determination. The functional group and structural elucidation of crude polysaccharides was also done using Fourier transform infrared spectra analysis. The product was then subjected to artificial human gastric juice treatment to determine digestibility. Finally, an in vitro proliferation and acid production by two probiotic bacteria namely Lactobacillus casei Shirota and Lactobacillus bulgaricus were included in this study. It was found that the defatted coconut residue contained ash (0.54%), moisture (55.42%), protein (1.69%), crude fat (17.26%) and carbohydrate (25.73%). The percentage of crude polysaccharides extracted was 0.73 ± 0.04. The two fractions of monosaccharides obtained were glucose and fructose. Total carbohydrate content of DCR was 13.35% (w/v). The quantitative value of the reducing sugars obtained was 20.71%. Protein content in the crude polysaccharides was 0.009% and the peaks which indicated the presence of protein were observed at around 1640 cm(-1) (amide I) and 1530 cm(-1) (amide II). DCR crude polysaccharides were highly resistant (88%) to hydrolysis when subjected to artificial human gastric juice. The product was found to markedly stimulate two tested probiotics to proliferate and produce organic acids. All the above findings are supportive of the fact that polysaccharides extracted from DCR, an industrial waste, have a vast potential to be exploited as novel prebiotics.
Although carbon dioxide (CO2) is well known as one of the major green-house gases, it is also an economical C1 resource. Thus, CO2has been regarded as an appealing starting material for the synthesis of polymers, like polycarbonates by the reaction with epoxides. Herein the reaction between natural epoxidized soybean oil (ESO), propylene oxide (PO) and CO2under high pressure (4.0MPa) with the presence of Co-Zn double metal cyanide (Co-Zn DMC) catalyst was studied. Temperature and reaction time were varied accordingly and the products obtained were characterized by FTIR, GPC and1H NMR. The results obtained indicate the formation of polycarbonates in the samples collected with yields vary from 60 to 85%. The number average molecular weight (Mn) of the resultant polymer prepared at reaction temperature of 80°C and reaction time of 6h can reach up to 6498g/mol.
The potential combination of two nondestructive techniques, that is, Raman spectroscopy (RS) and attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy with Pearson's product moment correlation (PPMC) coefficient (r) and principal component analysis (PCA) to determine the actual source of red gel pen ink used to write a simulated threatening note, was examined. Eighteen (18) red gel pens purchased from Japan and Malaysia from November to December 2014 where one of the pens was used to write a simulated threatening note were analyzed using RS and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, respectively. The spectra of all the red gel pen inks including the ink deposited on the simulated threatening note gathered from the RS and ATR-FTIR analyses were subjected to PPMC coefficient (r) calculation and principal component analysis (PCA). The coefficients r = 0.9985 and r = 0.9912 for pairwise combination of RS and ATR-FTIR spectra respectively and similarities in terms of PC1 and PC2 scores of one of the inks to the ink deposited on the simulated threatening note substantiated the feasibility of combining RS and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy with PPMC coefficient (r) and PCA for successful source determination of red gel pen inks. The development of pigment spectral library had allowed the ink deposited on the threatening note to be identified as XSL Poppy Red (CI Pigment Red 112).
Alginate microcapsules containing epoxy resin were developed through electrospraying method and embedded into epoxy matrix to produce a capsule-based self-healing composite system. These formaldehyde free alginate/epoxy microcapsules were characterized via light microscope, field emission scanning electron microscope, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Results showed that epoxy resin was successfully encapsulated within alginate matrix to form porous (multi-core) microcapsules with pore size ranged from 5-100 μm. The microcapsules had an average size of 320 ± 20 μm with decomposition temperature at 220 °C. The loading capacity of these capsules was estimated to be 79%. Under in situ healing test, impact specimens showed healing efficiency as high as 86% and the ability to heal up to 3 times due to the multi-core capsule structure and the high impact energy test that triggered the released of epoxy especially in the second and third healings. TDCB specimens showed one-time healing only with the highest healing efficiency of 76%. The single healing event was attributed by the constant crack propagation rate of TDCB fracture test. For the first time, a cost effective, environmentally benign and sustainable capsule-based self-healing system with multiple healing capabilities and high healing performance was developed.
This article reports on the structural characteristics and antioxidant activity of unmodified autohydrolyzed ethanol organosolv lignin (AH EOL) extracted from oil palm fronds (OPF) and modified autohydrolyzed ethanol organosolv lignin via incorporation of p-nitrophenol (AHNP EOL). The isolated lignin were analyzed by FTIR, (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy, 2D NMR; HSQC and HMBC, CHN analysis, molecular weight distribution using GPC analyzer, thermal analysis; TGA and DSC. The chemical modification by utilizing an organic scavenger during delignification process provided smaller lignin fragments and enhanced the solubility of lignin by reducing its hydrophobicity properties. It was revealed that the antioxidant properties increased as compared to the unmodified organosolv lignin. Additionally, the modified lignin has better solubility in water (DAHNP EOL=35%>DAH EOL=25%).
exhibits extensive first pass metabolism with poor oral bioavailability (27%–50%) limiting its therapeutic efficiency. The present study involved an attempt to enhance its aqueous solubility by formulating as solid dispersions (SDs) using sodium starch glycollate (SSG) as a carrier. The dispersions were formulated by dispersion method and evaluated by phase solubility, drug content, in vitro release and mathematical modelling. Solid state characterisation of samples was carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetric (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR), near infrared (NIR), Raman analysis and wettability studies. The phase solubility and thermodynamic parameters indicated the spontaneity and solubilisation effect of carrier. The release rate from the dispersions was higher than pure drug and found to increase with an increase in carrier content. The optimised dispersions were selected based on release studies, profiles and dissolution parameters. XRD, DSC, FTIR, NIR and Raman analysis proved the crystallinity reduction, changes in crystal quality and compatibility between drug and carriers. Wettability studies proved the increased wettability in selected dispersions. Based on the findings, possible mechanisms that would have contributed to dissolution enhancement of CLZ were suggested. Such findings could be extrapolated to enhance the aqueous solubility of other poorly water-soluble drugs.
In this work, hydrogels were prepared from carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone(VP) by Electron Beam irradiation in the presence of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (BIS) as a crosslinkingagent. The parameters studied include stirring time and percentage of crosslinking agent. Hydrogels werecharacterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM). VP and BIS were found be effective as reinforcement materials to improve the properties ofCMC. Meanwhile, the optimum conditions were 5% BIS and 3 hours of stirring time. The gel fractionincreased when irradiation dose was increased. FTIR confirmed the crosslinking reaction between CMCand VP after the irradiation process by using BIS as the crosslinking agent. TGA thermograms showedchanges in the thermal properties of CMC-VP hydrogels in the presence of different amounts of BIS.
In this present study, a series of polymer electrolyte thin films were synthesized by incorporating different ratios of lithium triflate (LiCF3SO3) in a low molecular weight polyvinyl chloride (PVC) matrix by the solution casting technique. The incorporation of LiCF3SO3 suppressed the high degree of crystallinity in PVC enabling the system to possess an appreciable ionic conductivity. The ionic conductivity of the samples, with different LiCF3SO3 content, was determined by the aid of ac impedance spectroscopy. The highest ionic conductivity of 4.04 10–9 S cm–1 was identified for the composition of PVC: LiCF3SO3 (75:25). Further understanding of the ionic conductivity mechanism was based on temperature-dependent conductivity data which obeyed Arrhenius theory, indicating that the ionic conductivity enhancement was thermally assisted. The possible dipole-dipole interaction between the chemical constituents was confirmed with changes in cage peak, analysed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
Layered double hydroxide (LDH) with Mg/Al molar ratio of 4/1 (MAN-4) was synthesized by co-precipitation and followed by hydrothermal method. The compound was allowed to undergo ion exchange with K2HPO4 for 48 hours to produce MgAlHPO4 (MAHP-4). The solid produced was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Adsorption of copper solution by MAHP-4 was carried out using batch experiment by mixing the copper solution and the sorbent MAHP-4. The effects of
various parameters such as contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage and initial concentration were investigated. The optimum pH for copper removal was found to be 4 and the optimum time of copper removal was found at 4 hours. The isotherm data was analysed using model isotherm Langmuir with the correlation coefficient of 0.999 was recorded. The maximum adsorption capacity, Qo (mg/g) of 142.8 mg/g was also recorded from the Langmuir isotherm. The remaining copper solution was determined by using EDXRF (Energy Dispersive XRay Fluorescence spectrometry) model MiniPal 4 (PAN analytical). The results in this study indicate that MAHP-4 has potential as an effective adsorbent for removing copper from aqueous solution.
Polyaniline (PANI) and polyaniline composites with aluminium oxide (Al2O3) were prepared using the in situ polymerization method. The composites were then blended with acrylic paint and applied to carbon steel panels. The coated steel panels were evaluated for corrosion using the immersion test technique. The results revealed that the steel panels coated with polyaniline composites and with Al2O3 containing coatings had small corrosion as compared to the bare sample and the samples coated with polyaniline and paint alone. The samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction(XRD). In addition, the morphology of the finished samples was observed using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This novel composite was used as a paint pigment for enhancing the barrier properties and the paint protectable against aggressive ions. Meanwhile, corrosion was evaluated through visual monitoring using a digital camera after 60 days of fully immersion test in 5% NaCl. The weight loss method was also used to evaluate corrosion.
Thisstudy aim tocharacterize melt-derivedbioactive glass and to determinethe bioactive glass (BG) suitability for dental usagethrough proliferative activity assessment of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED)when exposed to bioactive glass conditioned medium. Bioglass 45S5 in mole percentages (46.13% SiO2, 26.91% CaO, 24.35% Na2O and 2.60% P2O5)was synthesizedthrough melt-derived and characterized usingX-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)to confirm and identify its properties.SHEDwere used to evaluate the biocompatibility of 45S5 by exposing the cells to various concentration of BG-conditioned medium (1-10 mg/ml) using alamarBlue assay. The BG produced has an amorphous structureas shown by XRD analysis. TheSi-O-Si bending, asymmetric Si-O stretching and asymmetricSi-O-Si stretchingbands were observed in the BG structure supporting the presenceof silicate network. For alamarBlue assay, SHED cultured in BG-conditioned medium showed high proliferation rate when subjected to minimal powder content in the DMEM cell culture medium.Hence, it can be concluded that SHED cultured in lower powder content of the BG-conditioned media showedhigh proliferative activity suggesting the potential of the BG for dental usage.
Nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), and zinc (Zn) loaded on fibrous silica KCC-1 was investigated for CO2 methanation reactions. Ni/KCC-1 exhibits the highest catalyst performance with a CH4 formation rate of 33.02 × 10-2 molCH4 molmetal-1 s-1, 1.77 times higher than that of Co/KCC-1 followed by Zn/KCC-1 and finally the parent KCC-1. A pyrrole adsorption FTIR study reveals shifting of perturbed N-H stretching decreasing slightly with the addition of metal oxide, suggesting that the basic sites of catalyst were inaccessible due to metal oxide deposition. The strengths of basicity were found to follow sthe equence KCC-1, Ni/KCC-1, Zn/KCC-1, and Co/KCC-1. The data were supported by N2 adsorption desorption analysis, where Co/KCC-1 displayed the greatest reduction in total surface area whereas Ni/KCC-1 displayed the least reduction. The elucidation of difference mechanism pathways has also been studied by in situ IR spectroscopy studies to determine the role of different metal oxides in CO2 methanation. It was discovered that Ni/KCC-1 and Co/KCC-1 follow a dissociative mechanism of CO2 methanation in which the CO2 molecule was dissociated on the surface of the metal oxide before migration onto the catalyst surface. This was confirmed by the evolution of a peak corresponding to carbonyl species (COads) on a metal oxide surface in FTIR spectra. Zn/KCC-1, on the other hand, showed no such peak, indicating associative methanation pathways where a hydrogen molecule interacts with an O atom in CO2 to form COads and OH. These results offers a better understanding for catalytic studies, particularly in the field of CO2 recycling.
The purpose behind the work was to fabricate alginate beads with better drug loading and extended drug release. Ispaghula was used to enhance the drug loading while zein was employed to extend the drug release. Ibuprofen was employed as a model drug in this study. Ibuprofen-loaded alginate beads with and without ispaghula were prepared using vibration technology and coated with zein. The beads prepared with alginate alone were shown to have loading and entrapment efficiencies of 35% and 70% w/w, respectively. Addition of ispaghula in alginate showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the drug loading (42% w/w) and entrapment efficiency (84% w/w). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the presence of ispaghula and zein coating in the alginate beads as well as the ibuprofen loading. Scanning electron microscopy revealed better spherical geometry in the beads with ispaghula. The surface morphology of the uncoated beads was rough due to crystalline and surface drug. The zein coating has produced a smoother surface and particle adhesion. Differential scanning calorimetry has shown a reduction in drug crystallinity. Alginate beads extended the drug release for 4 h and the presence of zein extended the release for 6 h.
Bioactive compounds are one of the natural products used especially for medicinal, pharmaceutical and food application. Increasing research performed on the extraction, isolation and identification of bioactive compounds, however non to date has explored on the identification of flavonoids classes. Therefore, this study was focused on the development of algorithm for rapid identification of flavonoids classes which are flavanone, flavone and flavonol and also their derivatives. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy coupled with multivariate statistical data analysis, which is Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was utilized. The results exhibited that few significant wavenumber range provides the identification and characterization of the flavonoids classes based on PCA algorithm. The study concluded that FTIR coupled with PCA analysis can be used as a molecular fingerprint for rapid identification of flavonoids.
The pretreatment of empty fruit bunch (EFB) was conducted using an integrated system of IL and cellulases (IL-E), with simultaneous fermentation in one vessel. The cellulase mixture (PKC-Cel) was derived from Trichoderma reesei by solid-state fermentation. Choline acetate [Cho]OAc was utilized for the pretreatment due to its biocompatibility and biodegradability. The treated EFB and its hydrolysate were characterized by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and chemical analysis. The results showed that there were significant structural changes in EFB after the treatment in IL-E system. The sugar yield after enzymatic hydrolysis by the PKC-Cel was increased from 0.058 g/g of EFB in the crude sample (untreated) to 0.283 and 0.62 ± 06 g/g in IL-E system after 24 and 48 h of treatment, respectively. The EFB hydrolysate showed the eligibility for ethanol production without any supplements where ethanol yield was 0.275 g ethanol/g EFB in the presence of the IL, while lower yield obtained without IL-pretreatment. Moreover, it was demonstrated that furfural and phenolic compounds were not at the level of suppressing the fermentation process.
This study aimed at investigating the presence of alkaloids and other chemical constituents in Datura stramonium (Saikaran, Jimson weed). All parts of the plant were dried, crushed and then underwent extraction by soxhlet and maceration methods. The solvents used in these methods were normal hexane (nonpolar) and ethanol (polar). Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and FTIR techniques were used to analyse the chemical components of jimson weed. The results showed the presence of hyoscine in all plant parts while atropine in the seeds only. The best separation was found to be when the solvent system was acetone: water: ammonia (90:07:03). Maceration method is the best and cost effective procedure for extraction.