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Metabolites alterations associated with obesity: A scoping review

Abdullah A, Haron N, Mohamed E, Yusof MIM, Shahril MR

Med J Malaysia, 2024 Mar;79(Suppl 1):158-167.
PMID: 38555901

INTRODUCTION: Obesity can be considered a major public health concern throughout the world. Various studies have been conducted to combat the rising number of cases of this health problem. Therefore, identifying the roots of the disease is critical in developing the desperately needed treatment approaches. However, in order to fully understand the origin of this disease, figuring out the metabolites present, and the alterations that occurred in a particular metabolism are crucial, and the information regarding the metabolites involved is limited. The aim of this study is to analyse the literature relevant to the metabolites involved in obesity conditions through a scoping review.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This review utilises three databases (SCOPUS, Science Direct, and PubMed). The search phrases used are (Metabolomic* OR Metabolite*) for metabolomic study, (3T3-L1 OR Adipocyte OR "Adipose Tissue") for experimental design, and (Obesity) for obesity condition. Each of the search keywords was separated by an "AND" term in the databases. Other terms related to obesity, such as insulin resistance, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, muscular disorders, respiratory problems, and psychological problems were omitted because they did not contribute to the total number of studies discovered.
RESULTS: A total of 27 research publications were included in this scoping review. Most of the study focuses on metabolomics in obesity. Metabolites detected were found in various metabolic pathways including amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids as well as other metabolisms. Most of these metabolites discovered in obese conditions showed an alteration when compared to the level of the metabolite in normal conditions.
CONCLUSION: Unfortunately, these studies had some limitations in which the metabolites detected varied between the articles and the information concerning the relationship between the technique or instrument utilised and the metabolites detected in the samples were not well described. Therefore, using the findings obtained in this study, it can help to determine the direction of the study in the future.
Isolation of Mycobacterium fortuitum in sputum specimens of a patient with chronic cough: Is it clinically significant?

Radzniwan MR, Tohid H, Ahmad S, Mohd AF, Md Anshar F

Malays Fam Physician, 2014;9(3):38-41.
PMID: 26425304 MyJurnal

Managing chronic cough is diagnostically challenging especially in primary care. This case report highlights the difficulties experienced in approaching a case of chronic cough from a primary care perspective. The discussion also involves the clinical significance and treatment dilemma of M. fortuitum chelonae complex that was isolated from the sputum cultures of an elderly woman who presented with chronic cough for more than a year.
Fulltext Frequency of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila and Chlamydia spp. among patients with atypical pneumonia in Tehran

Noori Goodarzi N, Pourmand MR, Rajabpour M, Arfaatabar M, Mosadegh M, Syed Mohamad SA

New Microbes New Infect, 2020 Sep;37:100744.
PMID: 32953125 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100744

Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila and Chlamydia pneumoniae are the most common bacterial agents, which account for 15-40%, 2-15% and 5-10% of atypical community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) respectively. These agents are mostly associated with infection in the outpatient setting. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of these pathogens among patients with CAP attending outpatient clinics in Tehran. A cross-sectional study was carried out of 150 patients attending to educational hospitals in Tehran with CAP. M. pneumoniae, L. pneumophila and Chlamydia spp. were detected by PCR assay, targeting the P1 adhesion gene, macrophage infectivity potentiator (mip) gene and 16S rRNA gene respectively from throat swabs obtained from each patient. A total of 86 (57.3%) of 150 patients were women; median age was 50 years (interquartile range, 35-65 years). M. pneumoniae, L. pneumophila and Chlamydia spp. were detected in 37 (24.7%), 25 (16.7%) and 11 (7.3%) patients respectively; of these, 66 patients (44%) were infected at least by one of these three pathogens. The frequency of L. pneumophila was significantly higher among patients over 60 years old (p 0.03). Coinfection was detected in seven patients (4.7%); six were infected by M. pneumoniae and L. pneumophila, and only one was infected by L. pneumophila and Chlamydia spp. M. pneumoniae was the most prevalent agent of atypical CAP, and L. pneumophila was more likely to infect elderly rather than younger people. Further studies on the prevalence of CAP and its aetiologic agents are needed to improve the diagnosis and treatment of CAP patients.
Fulltext Patient-specific frontal titanium mesh fabrication using a moulding technique

Rengarajoo J, Harun RH, Royan SJ, Kohir S, Mamat MR

Ann R Coll Surg Engl, 2022 Jul;104(7):556.
PMID: 35174718 DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2021.0299
Rare variations in the Origin, Branching Pattern and Course of the Celiac Trunk: Report of Two Cases

Prasanna LC, Alva R, Sneha GK, Bhat KM

Malays J Med Sci, 2016 Jan;23(1):77-81.
PMID: 27540329

Multiple anomalies in the celiac arterial system presents as rare vascular malformations, depicting deviations of the normal vascular developmental pattern. We found a common left gastro-phrenic trunk and a hepato-spleno-mesenteric trunk arising separately from the abdominal aorta in one cadaver. We also found a common hepatic artery and a gastro-splenic trunk arising individually from the abdominal aorta in another cadaver. Even though many variations in the celiac trunk have been described earlier, the complex variations described here are not mentioned and classified by earlier literature. Knowledge of such variations has significance in the surgical and invasive arterial radiological procedures in the upper abdomen.
Studies of phlebotomine sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) populations in limestone areas and caves of western Malaysia

Shahar MK, Hassan AA, Lee HL, Salmah MR

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 2011 Jan;42(1):83-93.
PMID: 21323169

Phlebotomine sand flies were collected using CO2 baited CDC light trap in 2000 and 2001 in limestone areas and caves of western Malaysia. A total of 1,548 specimens were collected comprising 18 species from two genera: Phlebotomus (6 spp) and Sergentomyia (12 spp). Phlebotomus major major (38.9%) was the predominant species followed by Sergentomyia perturbans (20.1%), P. stantoni (15.3%) and others. Biting activity of the sand flies at the Gua Senyum caves, Gua Kota Gelanggi, Batu caves and Gua Kelam were observed using the bare leg landing catch (BLC) technique. Four Phlebotomus spp at Gua Senyum were found to bite humans with a unimodal biting peak (between 01:00 and 04:00 AM). At Gua Kota Gelanggi P. major major was observed to bite humans, but at Batu Caves and Gua Kelam no sand flies were observed to bite humans. Sergentomyia spp did not feed on humans even though high numbers were caught in light traps. The populations of phleobotomine sand flies fluctuated, with several peaks especially among P. major major which peaked in December and was low in February and August. Phlebotomus stantoni was abundant throughout 2001. Most species populations were weakly related to rainfall because they inhabited caves.
Larval growth of Liosarcophaga dux Thompson (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) under uncontrolled indoor temperatures in Malaysia

Kumara TK, Hassan AA, Salmah MR, Bhupinder S

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 2013 Mar;44(2):182-7.
PMID: 23691627

The larval growth of Liosarcophaga dux Thompson (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) was studied under varying indoor room temperatures in Malaysia. Five replicates were established. The immature growth of this species from first instar until adult emergence was 307.0+/-3.0 hours. The mean larval length measured for second instar, third instar, post-feeding stage and puparia were 6.5+/-0.5 mm (n=10), 11.8+/-3.7 mm (n=31), 12.7+/-0.8 mm (n=16), and 9.5+/-0.5 mm (n=15), respectively.
Fulltext Factors contributing to poor compliance with anti-TB treatment among tuberculosis patients

Naing NN, D'Este C, Isa AR, Salleh R, Bakar N, Mahmod MR

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 2001 Jun;32(2):369-82.
PMID: 11556591

Tuberculosis (TB) has made a comeback. It has become a resurgent public health problem in developing countries in the tropics and is the leading cause of death from any single infectious agent. Non-compliance to anti-tuberculosis treatment is the most serious problem in TB control. A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the determinants of poor compliance with anti-tuberculosis treatment among tuberculosis patients in Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia in 1999. A total of 390 patients were included in the study of which 130 were tuberculosis patients who defaulted treatment and 260 were those compliant to treatment. Data collection was done by interviewing the patients and collecting clinical and laboratory data from their medical records. Using multiple logistic regression analysis, patients who were not on direct observed therapy (DOT) lived distant to the health facility, were non-intravenous drug users (IVDU) and were HIV positive had statistically significant higher odds of being non-compliant. Patients should be given treatment under direct supervision with special attention to IVDU and HIV positive groups. Anti-TB treatment should be accessible to patients at the nearest health center from their residence. Interventions with health education programs emphasizing the benefits of treatment compliance should be implemented by further large-scale multicentered studies.
Study site: Chest clinic, Hospital Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
Efficacy of agnique (mmf) monomolecular surface film against immature stages of Anopheles arabiensis patton and Culex spp (diptera: culicidae) in Khartoum, Sudan

Bashir A, Hassan AA, Salmah MR, Rahman WA

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 2008 Mar;39(2):222-8.
PMID: 18564706

The efficacy of the larvicidal and pupicidal agent (Agnique) MMF was evaluated against larvae of An. arabiensis and Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) under field conditions in Bahary Locality, Khartoum, Sudan. At an applied dosage of 0.25 ml/m2, MMF resulted in 89.4, 79.8 and 88.2% reductions in L3-L4 instars An. arabiensis and 63.5% in Culex larvae (all stages) 24 to 72 hours post-treatment. Pupae were completely eliminated (100%) within 24 hours posttreatment. The earlier instars (L1-L2) of An. arabiensis were more tolerant with a 62.5% reduction at 72 hours post-treatment compared to (L3-L4) instars and pupae. At 7-days post-treatment Agnique gave a 57.5% reduction in L1-L2 and 92.6% in L3-L4 instar larvae of An. arabiensis and 57.3% and 86.4% in Culex larvae and pupae, respectively. We conclude that Agnique can perform effectively against L3-L4 instars and pupae of An. arabiensis for only 1 week, and 3 to 4 days against L1-L2 instars of Culex spp.
Which mild head injured patients should have follow-up after discharge from an accident and emergency ward? A study in a university hospital setting in Kelantan, Malaysia

Chan HC, Adnan WA, Jaalam K, Abdullah MR, Abdullah J

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 2005 Jul;36(4):982-93.
PMID: 16295557

Mild head injury (MHI) is a common presentation to many hospitals in both rural and urban settings in Southeast Asia, but it is not well studied. We studied 330 patients that presented to Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia Emergency Department with possible MHI, with the intentions to identify prognostic factors that may improve the diagnosis of MHI in the emergency setting as well as to determine which patients would need follow-up. Patients' one-year outcomes were classified as discharged well (DW) for patients without post-traumatic signs and symptoms and discharged with long term follow-up (DFU) for patients with such signs and symptoms. Four patients died and 82 were DFU. An abnormal skull X ray was associated with mode of accident and type of transportation, older age, presence of vomiting, confusion, bleeding from ear, nose or throat, abnormal pupil size on the right side associated with orbital trauma, unequal pupillary reflexes, absence of loss of consciousness (LOC), a lower Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, multiple clinical presentations, and DFU. An abnormal CT scan was associated with older age, multiple clinical presentation, skull X-ray findings, and DFU. A similar analysis on outcomes revealed that mode of accident, older age, vomiting, confusion, headache, bleeding from ear, nose and throat, neurological deficits, absence of LOC, pupil size, multiple presentation, abnormal skull X ray, CT scan of the brain, and a GCS of 13 was associated with DFU. In conclusion, all patients involved in motor vehicle accidents (MVAs), especially motorcycles, aged over 30 years of age, with multiple clinical presentations, including a lower GCS, and with abnormal radiological findings should have a longer follow-up due to persistent post-traumatic symptomatology.
A scoping review on socioeconomic factors affecting tuberculosis loss to follow-up in Southeast Asia

Abd Rani AY, Ismail N, Zakaria Y, Isa MR

Med J Malaysia, 2024 Jul;79(4):470-476.
PMID: 39086346

INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis (TB) is a global public health issue. The Southeast Asian region grapples with numerous challenges in TB management, with loss to follow-up (LTFU) emerging as a critical barrier to effective control of the disease. This review synthesised published articles to identify socioeconomic factors contributing to the burden of TB losses for follow-up in Southeast Asia.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This scoping review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). A total of 10 studies were identified as eligible from the title and abstract review. The mixed method quality appraisal tool (MMAT) version 2018 was used to assess the quality of the included quantitative studies.
RESULTS: The results showed that poverty, unemployment, low education levels, migrant status, community support, male gender, substance abuse, and regional disparities significantly impact the occurrence of TB LTFU in Southeast Asia.
CONCLUSION: The findings have significant implications for public health in Southeast Asia. Addressing these socioeconomic barriers through community-based strategies, educational initiatives, and policy reforms is vital for improving treatment outcomes and overall public health.
Outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the emergency department of a tertiary hospital in Malaysia

Iqhbal KM, Mokhtar NAM, Isa MR, Mokhtar MF

Med J Malaysia, 2023 Sep;78(5):639-645.
PMID: 37775492

INTRODUCTION: There are insufficient data available regarding the outcome of cardiac arrest (CA) resuscitated in the emergency department in Malaysia. This study aims to determine the incidence of CA, the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), survival to admission (STA), survival to discharge (STD) and factors influencing the overall outcome of CA.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a retrospective observational study done in Hospital Sg Buloh (HSB), a tertiary referral centre in an urban area located north of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia's capital city, from January until December 2018, involving 289 patients. All cases with CPR and a sustained return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) were included in the study and followed up until discharged or died in the hospital.
RESULTS: Out of 236 patients recruited, 25.8% achieved ROSC, 15.7% survived on admission, and 4.2% of patients were discharged alive. Of 74.1% of witnessed OHCA, only 17.5% received bystander CPR. Factors with favourable outcomes include CA in ED (p<0.001), the initial rhythm of ventricular fibrillation (p=0.003), defibrillation (p=0.024), OHCA witnessed by emergency medical services (EMS) (p=0.024) and intravenous adrenaline administration (p=0.001). When using multivariate regression analysis, positive outcomes were associated with the cardiac and respiratory cause of CA (Adjusted Odd Ratio (AOR) 3.66; 95% Confidence Intervals, 95%CI: 2.52 - 12.61 and AOR 8.76; 95%CI: 5.76- 15.46, respectively) as well as OHCA witnessed by EMS (AOR 10.81; 95%CI: 1.84- 19.52).
CONCLUSIONS: Despite being an upper-middle-income country and having advancements in the healthcare system, a relatively lower STD rate among survivors of CA in the ED was observed in this study. There was underutilization of the EMS among patients with CA. The bystander CPR rate among patients with CA in Malaysia is also worryingly low. Aggressive community participation in cardiac arrest awareness programmes is much required. Additionally, in achieving better outcomes, implementing standardized post-resuscitation care protocols with existing resources will be a challenge for physicians managing cardiac arrest cases.
Thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties of oil palm cellulose nanofibril reinforced green epoxy nanocomposites

Yusuf J, Sapuan SM, Rashid U, Ilyas RA, Hassan MR

Int J Biol Macromol, 2024 Sep 02.
PMID: 39227276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134421

In this study, significant improvements in mechanical properties have been seen through the efficient inclusion of Oil Palm Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNF) as nano-fillers into green polymer matrices produced from biomass with a 28 % carbon content. The goal of the research was to make green epoxy nanocomposites utilizing solution blending process with acetone as the solvent with the different CNF loadings (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 wt%). An ultrasonic bath was used in conjunction with mechanical stirring to guarantee that CNF was effectively dispersed throughout the green epoxy. The resultant nanocomposites underwent thorough evaluation, comparing them to unfilled green epoxy and evaluating their morphological, mechanical, and thermal behavior using a variety of instruments. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was used to validate findings, which showed that the CNF were dispersed optimally inside the nanocomposites. The thermal degradation temperature (Td) of the nanocomposites showed a marginal decrement of 0.8 % in temperatures (from 348 °C to 345 °C), between unfilled green epoxy (neat) and 0.1 wt% of CNF loading. The mechanical test results, which showed a 13.3 % improvement in hardness and a 6.45 % rise in tensile strength when compared to unfilled green epoxy, were in line with previously published research. Overall, the outcomes showed that green nanocomposites have significantly improved in performance.
Class II HLA-DR antigen and DQA, DQB and DPB allele frequencies in Malay patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

Azizah MR, Ainol SS, Kuak SH, Kong NCT, Normaznah Y, Rahim MN

International Medical Journal (Tokyo), 2001;8(2):125-130.

Objective: The frequency of the HLA class II antigens (HLA DR, DQ and DP) were determined among Malay patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) to ascertain the role they play in disease susceptibility. Study design: Fifty-six Malay SLE patients on follow-up at the SLE Clinic of the National University of Malaysia Hospital, Kuala Lumpur were enrolled into the study. Controls were taken from healthy unrelated individuals, ethnically-matched. Materials and Methods: Five ml of anticoagulated blood was taken from each patient and control and DNA extracted. The HLADR, DQ and DP antigen/allele frequencies were determined by the technique of modified PCR-RFLP and statistical analysis done by Chi-square and Fischers exact test. Relative risk was determined by the odds ratio and significant p values were corrected for the number of antigens/alleles tested. Results: We found that the DR2 antigen was significantly increased among the patients (85.7%) as compared to controls (61%)(p corr=0.03, RR=3.83). As for HLA-DQA1, the allele most commonly found among the patients was *0102 (57 vs 49.2%). HLA-DQA1* 0601 was slightly decreased among the patients but this finding was insignificant. Both HLA-DQB1*0501 and 0601 were found to be increased among the patients even after correction of multiple comparisons made (p=0.0036, RR=4.56 and p=0.0048, RR=6.0, respectively). However, HLA-DQB1*0503 and 0301 was slightly decreased in the sle patients though not statistically significant. The frequency of HLA-DQB1*0201 was insignificantly increased among the patients. Limited studies on the DPB1 locus shows the uncertain role of this antigen in contributing to disease susceptibility. However, our analysis of the HLA-DPB1*0901 showed a slight increase among the patients as compared to controls but failed to remain significant after being corrected with number of comparisons made. All other HLA-DPB1 alleles exhibited similar frequencies between sle patients and controls. Conclusion: From this study we suggest that HLA DR2, DQB1*0501 and *0601 may be important genetic factors in conferring disease susceptibility in the Malay SLE population of Malaysia.
Lack of IL-1RA gene polymorphism association in malay and chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

Azizah MR, Kuak SH, Ainol SS, Kong NCT, Rahim MN, Normaznah Y

International Medical Journal (Tokyo), 2004;11(1):9-12.

Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic disease of autoimmune nature. Genetic pre-disposition has been known to play a role. With a number of genes already named, the IL-RA is no exception. Polymorphism in the human cytokine gene, an uncommon allele of a variable repeat polymorphism in intron 2 of the IL1-RA gene has been found to be associated with SLE. Objective: The aim of this present study was to study the polymorphism of the IL-1RA gene in Malay and Chinese SLE patients and to investigate the possible contribution of the IL-RA gene polymorphism in disease susceptibility. Materials and Methods: We thus investigated the allele frequencies of the IL-RA gene polymorphism in 87 Malay and 100 Chinese SLE population at the Hospital of National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur by PCR and direct analysis by electrophoresis on agarose gel. Unrelated healthy ethnically-matched individuals were taken as controls. Results: Allelic frequencies of the IL1-RN*4 were most dominant in all groups (patients and controls) but there was no significant differences among them. We found an increased allelic frequency and carriage rate of the IL1-RN*2 repeat in both the Malay and Chinese SLE cases compared to controls. However they were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Thus from this finding we postulate that the polymorphism of the IL-1RA gene (both alleles 2 and 4) does not influence susceptibility to SLE.
Fulltext A cytotoxicity and sub-acute toxicity study on tea leaves cultivated in Sabah

Nor Qhairul Izzreen, M. N., Mohd Fadzelly, A. B., Umi Hartina, M. R., Rabiatul Amirah, R., Rozzamri, A.

International Food Research Journal, 2020;27(5):925-933.
MyJurnal

The present work investigated the cytotoxicity capacity of the MDA-MB-231 (human
cancer-derived), A549 (human lung cancer-derived), Caov3 (human ovarian cancer-derived),
and HeLa (human cervical cancer-derived) cell lines on a wide range of tea leaves; green tea,
black tea, tea waste, and compost from Sabah. A group of male and female Sprague Dawley
rats was used to screen the sub-acute toxicity of green tea extract in tea leaves from Sabah for
28 d. Results revealed that the ethanol extract of tea leaves had strong cytotoxic activity
against all cancer lines. Tea waste showed higher cytotoxicity when extracted using hot water.
The ethanol extract of black tea leaves exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against the
proliferation of Caov3, whereas the ethanol extract of green tea leaves exhibited a promising
cytotoxic activity against MDA-MB-231 and HeLa cell lines. Toxicity studies showed
decreased testes weight and increased liver weight in male rats that were administered with
5000 mg/kg of tea extract. This coincided with the significant increase portrayed by enzyme
alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the serum of treated male rats in the 5000 mg/kg dose
group. Moreover, there was an increase of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and ALT for the
female rats in the 5000 mg/kg dose group. The increased levels of ALT and ALP enzymes, as
well as liver weight, signified mechanical trauma in the liver of male and female rats in the
5000 mg/kg dose group.
Fulltext Use of adolescent problems and risk behaviours inventory (iperi) to predict the influence of personal problems on risky behaviour among adolescent in Sarawak, Malaysia

Othman, M. R., Mohammad Roose, A.R, Abdullah, S., Abdul Majid, N. N., Mohd Razali, I. S., Wan Husin, W.N.I.

Journal of Cognitive Sciences & Human Development, 2018;4(1):0-0.
MyJurnal

This study explores the use of Adolescent Problems and Risk Behaviours Inventory (IPERI) to predict the relationship of personal problems on risky behaviour among adolescence aged 14 to 17. The objective of this research is to analyse the influence of personal problems such as study problems, family support, financial problems, career indecision, peer influence, spiritual management and health condition on the development of risky behaviours among adolescents. The risky behaviours comprise of eight (8) behaviours which include discipline problems, physical bulling, suicidal thoughts, free sex, tobacco consumption, alcohol abuse, drug abuse and media influence. A survey using Adolescent Problems and Risk Behaviours Inventory (IPERI) is administered to three hundred and seventy-nine (379) respondents, age between 14 to 17. The analysis of Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Standard Multiple Regression showed the existence of significance between all the problem variables, study problems (r = .316), family support (r = .256), financial problems (r = .240), health condition (r = .134), peer influence (r = .189), career indecision (r = .185) and spiritual management (r = .242), with the risky behaviour variables. This research contributes to the profiling of adolescents’ risky behaviours which can guide the development of interventions in tackling adolescent’s risky behaviours.
Fulltext Alteration in morphological features of Puntius javanicus liver exposed to copper sulfate

Sabullah, M. K., Gansau, A. J., Ahmad, S. A., Shamaan, N. A., Khalid, A., Sulaiman, M. R.

International Food Research Journal, 2017;24(3):1314-1320.
MyJurnal

The environmental toxicants such as copper are known to affect vital organ especially liver.
This study examined the effects of copper sulfate (CuSO4) on the liver morphological structure
of P. javanicus. The untreated control, 0.1 and 0.3 mg/L CuSO4 treated groups displayed normal
polygonal structure of the hepatocyte. However, at the concentrations of 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 mg/L
CuSO4, the hepatostructure was significantly affected, as shown by the increasing number of
dilation and congestion of sinusoids, vacuolation, macrophage activities and peliosis. The
damage level and HSI value were increased while the number of hepatic nuclei per mm2 was
decreased with the increasing of copper concentration. In conclusion, this study shows that the
degree of liver damage in P.javanicus is dependent to the dose exposure.
Surface enhanced Raman scattering and plasmon enhanced fluorescence in zinc-tellurite glass

Amjad RJ, Sahar MR, Dousti MR, Ghoshal SK, Jamaludin MN

Opt Express, 2013 Jun 17;21(12):14282-90.
PMID: 23787617 DOI: 10.1364/OE.21.014282

We report significant enhancements in Er(3+) luminescence as well as in Raman intensity in silver nanoparticles embedded zinc-tellurite glass. Surface enhanced Raman scattering effect is highlighted for the first time in tellurite glass containing silver NPs resulting in an enhanced Raman signal (~10 times). SAED manifest the growth of Ag(0) nanoparticles along the (111) and (200) crystallographic planes having average diameter in the range 14-36 nm. Surface plasmon resonance bands are observed in the range 484-551 nm. Furthermore, four prominent photoluminescence bands undergo significant enhancements up to 3 times. The enhancement is majorly attributed to the local field effect of silver NPs.
Use of prebiotics in oral delivery of bioactive compounds: a nanotechnology perspective

Heidarpour F, Mohammadabadi MR, Zaidul IS, Maherani B, Saari N, Hamid AA, et al.

Pharmazie, 2011 May;66(5):319-24.
PMID: 21699064

The oral route is considered the most patient-convenient means of drug administration. In recent years there has been a tendency to employ smart carrier systems that enable controlled or timed release of a bioactive material, thereby providing a better dosing pattern and minimizing side effects. Nano-encapsulation systems (nanocarriers) offer important advantages over conventional drug delivery techniques. Nanocarriers can protect the drug from chemical/enzymatic degradation and enhance bioavailability. Prebiotics are ideal ingredients for the nano-encapsulation and oral drug delivery due to their natural ability to protect the encapsulated compound in the upper gasterointestinal (GI) tract. Here the potential of prebiotics for oral delivery of drugs and other bioactives is reviewed.

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