Displaying publications 181 - 200 of 667 in total

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  1. Fulltext Peritoneal dialysis first policy in Hong Kong for 35 years: Global impact
    Li PK, Lu W, Mak SK, Boudville N, Yu X, Wu MJ, et al.
    Nephrology (Carlton), 2022 Oct;27(10):787-794.
    PMID: 35393750 DOI: 10.1111/nep.14042
    Peritoneal dialysis (PD) first policy has been established in Hong Kong since 1985. After 35 years of practice, the PD first policy in Hong Kong has influenced many countries around the world including governments, health ministries, nephrologists and renal nurses on the overall health policy structure and clinical practice in treating kidney failure patients using PD as an important dialysis modality. In 2021, the International Association of Chinese Nephrologists and the Hong Kong Society of Nephrology jointly held a symposium celebrating the 35 years of PD first policy in Hong Kong. In that symposium, experts and opinion leaders from around the world have shared their perspectives on how the PD first policy has grown and how it has affected PD and home dialysis practice globally. The advantages of PD during COVID-19 pandemic were highlighted and the use of telemedicine as an important adjunct was discussed in treating kidney failure patients to improve the overall quality of care. Barriers to PD and the need for sustainability of PD first policy were also emphasized. Overall, the knowledge awareness of PD as a home dialysis for patients, families, care providers and learners is a prerequisite for the success of PD first. A critical mass of PD regional hubs is needed for training and mentorship. Importantly, the alignment of policy and clinical goals are enablers of PD first program.
    Matched MeSH terms: Health Policy
  2. Fulltext Investigating revisit intention of medical tourists in China through nutritional knowledge, perceived medical quality, and trust in the physiologist: A recommendation on health tourism policy measures
    Fengmin Z, Baijun W, Jiangtao B, Li L, Patwary AK
    Front Public Health, 2022;10:893497.
    PMID: 36091519 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.893497
    Good medical care has long been a top priority in health tourism to keep the flow of visitors coming for medical treatment. Medical tourism encompasses a range of treatments, from basic check-ups to surgical operations. For its friendly character and high quality of service, China has earned a reputation as one of Asia's top destinations for health tourism. Along with India and Taiwan, Japan, Thailand, and South Korea are China's top tourism destinations. Considering the above fact, this study aims to examine the influence of nutritional knowledge, perceived medical quality, and trust in physiologists on revisiting the intention of medical tourists in China. This study is cross-sectional and follows a quantitative approach. The researchers used questionnaires as a survey tool to obtain information from the respondents. The respondents of this chosen international tourists in China who come for medical treatment purposes. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select the respondents, and 315 usable responses were collected from the respondents and proceeded with further analysis. The study conducted structural equation modeling using Smart PLS version 3. The results found that nutritional knowledge, perceived medical quality, and trust in physiologists significantly influence the revisit intention of medical tourists in China.
    Matched MeSH terms: Health Policy
  3. Revisiting the social cost of carbon after INDC implementation in Malaysia: 2050
    Sarkar MSK, Al-Amin AQ, Filho WL
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2019 Feb;26(6):6000-6013.
    PMID: 30612378 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3947-1
    This article projects the social cost of carbon (SCC) and other related consequences of climate change by using Malaysia's intended nationally determined contribution (INDC) and climate vision 2040 (CV2040) by 2050. It compares the projections derived from the Dynamic Integrated Model of the Climate and Economy (DICME) based on the respective INDC and CV2040 scenario. The results reveal that industrial emissions would incur a substantial increase every 5 years under the scenario CV2040, while Malaysia would experience lower industrial emissions in the coming years under the scenario INDC. Emission intensity in Malaysia will be 0.61 and 0.59 tons/capita in 2030 for scenario CV2040 and scenario INDC respectively. Malaysia would face climate damage of MYR456 billion and MYR 49 billion by 2050 under CV2040 and INDC scenario respectively. However, climate damage could be much lower if the INDC regime were adopted, as this scenario would decrease climatic impacts over time. The estimated SSC per ton of CO2 varies between MYR74 and MYR97 for scenario CV2040 and MYR44 and MYR62 for scenario INDC in 2030 and 2050 respectively. Considering different aspects, including industrial emissions, damage cost, and social cost of carbon, INDC is the best policy compared to CV2040. Thus, Malaysia could achieve its emissions reduction target by implementing INDC by 2050.
    Matched MeSH terms: Policy
  4. Disaggregated renewable energy sources in mitigating CO2 emissions: new evidence from the USA using quantile regressions
    Sharif A, Bhattacharya M, Afshan S, Shahbaz M
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2021 Nov;28(41):57582-57601.
    PMID: 34089449 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13829-2
    A key objective of renewable energy development in the USA is to reduce CO2 emissions by decreasing reliance on fossil fuels in the coming decades. Using quantile-on-quantile regressions, this research examines the relationship between disaggregated sources of renewable energy (biomass, biofuel, geothermal, hydroelectric, solar, wind, wood, and waste) and CO2 emissions in the USA during the period from 1995 to 2017. Our findings support the deployment of various types of renewables in combating CO2 emissions for each quantile. In particular, a negative effect of renewable energy consumption on CO2 emissions is observed for the lower quantiles in almost all types of renewables. The effect of all the renewable energy sources taken together is significant for the lower and upper quantiles of the provisional distribution of CO2 emissions. The effect of renewable energy becomes stronger and more significant in the middle quantiles, where a pronounced causal effect of return and volatility is detected for the lower and upper middle quantiles. At the same time, heterogeneity in the findings across various types of renewable energy sources reveals differences in the relative importance of each type within the energy sector taken as a whole. Future US initiatives in renewable energy deployment at both the federal and the state levels should take into consideration the relative importance of each type, so as to maximize the efficacy of renewable energy policies in combating CO2 emissions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Policy
  5. Towards connecting carbon emissions with asymmetric changes in economic growth: evidence from linear and nonlinear ARDL approaches
    Baloch A, Shah SZ, Habibullah MS, Rasheed B
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2021 Mar;28(12):15320-15338.
    PMID: 33236304 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11672-5
    The well-established emissions-growth debate relies on the symmetric nexus between CO2 emissions and economic growth, thereby ignoring a fundamental component of macro economy in the form of asymmetric relation. This paper considers how CO2 emissions respond asymmetrically to changes in economic growth. While utilizing both linear and nonlinear time series approaches for an environmentally exposed country, Pakistan over the period 1971-2018, we find convincing evidence that CO2 emissions rise more rapidly during negative shocks to economic growth than increase during economic expansions. Thus, contrary to what has previously been reported, the effect is strong as holds both at short run and long run. This is partly due to the increase in informal sector as GDP declines. Our estimated results show that accounting for the shadow economy results a higher magnitude of CO2 emissions due to decrease in economic growth, thus question the traditional symmetric decoupling of economic growth and CO2 emissions. The estimated results are robust to alternative estimators such as fully modified least squares (FMOLS) and dynamic OLS (DOLS). Thus, the findings of this study call for a re-thinking on climate policy design that rarely pays attention to the aforementioned outcomes due to fall in economic growth.
    Matched MeSH terms: Policy
  6. Fulltext What is a justice-oriented approach to global health?
    Khosla R, Venkatapuram S
    BMJ Glob Health, 2023 Mar;8(3).
    PMID: 36948533 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-012155
    Matched MeSH terms: Health Policy
  7. Fulltext Unravelling the impact of dental workforce training and education programmes on policy evolution: a mixed-method study protocol
    Lin GSS, Goh SM, Halil MHM
    Health Res Policy Syst, 2023 Sep 12;21(1):95.
    PMID: 37700266 DOI: 10.1186/s12961-023-01048-9
    BACKGROUND: The dental workforce plays a crucial role in delivering quality oral healthcare services, requiring continuous training and education to meet evolving professional demands. Understanding the impact of dental workforce training and education programmes on policy evolution is essential for refining existing policies, implementing evidence-based reforms and ensuring the growth of the dental profession. Therefore, this study protocol aims to assess the influence of dental workforce training and education programmes on policy evolution in Malaysia.

    METHODS: A mixed-method research design will be employed, combining quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews. Stakeholder theory and policy change models will form the theoretical framework of the study. Participants from various stakeholder groups will be recruited using purposive sampling. Data collection will involve surveys and one-on-one semi-structured interviews. Descriptive statistics, inferential analysis and thematic analysis will be used to analyse the data. Integration of quantitative and qualitative data will be used to provide a comprehensive understanding of the data.

    DISCUSSION: This study will shed light on factors influencing policy decisions related to dental education and workforce development in Malaysia. The findings will inform evidence-based decision-making, guide the enhancement of dental education programmes and improve the quality of oral healthcare services. Challenges related to participant recruitment and data collection should be considered, and the study's unique contribution to the existing body of knowledge in the Malaysian context will be discussed.

    Matched MeSH terms: Policy
  8. Support for weight-related anti-discrimination laws and policies: Modelling the role of attitudes toward poverty alongside weight stigma, causal attributions about weight, and prejudice
    Swami V, Voracek M, Furnham A, Robinson C, Tran US
    Body Image, 2023 Jun;45:391-400.
    PMID: 37116305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.04.005
    In the present study, we sought to position support for weight-related anti-discrimination laws and policies within a broader political and socioeconomic context. Specifically, we hypothesised that individualistic (rather than structural) anti-poverty attitudes would provide the basis for negative weight-related dispositions. To test this hypothesis, we asked 392 respondents from the United Kingdom to complete measures of support for weight-related anti-discrimination laws and policies, attributions about the causes of being larger-bodied, and weight-related stigma and prejudice. Path analysis with robust maximum likelihood estimation indicated that greater individualistic anti-poverty attitudes were significantly and directly associated with lower support for weight-related anti-discrimination laws and policies. This direct association was also significantly mediated by weight-related stigma and via a serial mediation involving both weight-related stigma and prejudice. Although greater individualistic anti-poverty attitudes were significantly associated with greater personal attributions for being larger-bodied, the latter did not emerge as a significant mediation pathway. The present findings highlight the importance of considering broader political and socioeconomic contextual factors that may provide a basis for the development, maintenance, and manifestation of negative weight-related dispositions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Policy
  9. Non-linear threshold effect of financial development on renewable energy consumption: evidence from panel smooth transition regression approach
    Raza SA, Shah N, Qureshi MA, Qaiser S, Ali R, Ahmed F
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2020 Sep;27(25):32034-32047.
    PMID: 32506406 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09520-7
    Financial development is identified as one of the significant factors that affect energy consumption and has been widely discussed in the literature. However, the association between financial development and renewable energy consumption is still at its earlier stage and is limitedly explored. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the non-linear association between financial development and renewable energy consumption in the top renewable energy consumption countries. The study utilized the newly introduced econometric technique panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) model with two regimes on annual panel data consisted of years 1997-2017. The result confirmed that all the financial development indicators increase renewable energy consumption but affect renewable energy consumption differently. Moreover, the economic growth and industrial structure showed a positive and significant association in both regimes, whereas the population showed a negative relationship with renewable energy consumption in a low growth regime but the association becomes positive in high growth regimes. The study suggested several policies for the top renewable consumption countries.
    Matched MeSH terms: Policy
  10. Exploring the impact of public investment on income, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions in ASEAN: new insights from a panel cointegration approach
    Binh PT, Nguyen TTT
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2024 Jan;31(4):6301-6315.
    PMID: 38147250 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31588-0
    Policy adjustments can help strike a balance between economic growth and environmental sustainability, which has increasingly been the heart to nations and regions throughout the World. This paper examines how public investment affects economic growth, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions in eight ASEAN countries: Cambodia, Myanmar, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Extension of a Cobb-Douglas production function and application of panel cointegration techniques reveal bidirectional Granger causation between public investment and both private development and CO2 emissions from 1980 to 2019. Public investment Granger causes energy usage, the opposite does not hold statistically. More findings from pooled mean group estimations show a mean-reversion dynamic that corrects disequilibria by 14% yearly. State investment crowds in private sector growth, energy use, and carbon footprint. It also finds an inverted U-shaped relationship between public investment and energy consumption, and a U-shaped relationship between public investment and CO2 emissions, indicating complex regional interactions. It is suggested the implementation of public investment policies that enrich green infrastructure projects to foster growth while minimizing environmental impacts, and encourage a strategic approach to public investment for prioritizing environmental sustainability and thus, achieving Sustainable Development Goals 7 to 9 and 11 to 13 in this region.
    Matched MeSH terms: Public Policy
  11. Research trend in Sustainable Development Goals reporting: a systematic literature review
    Low SM, Abdullah DF, Khatib SFA
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2023 Nov;30(52):111648-111675.
    PMID: 37821734 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30122-6
    This paper examines the common themes delivered in studies on corporate reporting in relation to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Articles of the aforesaid studies were mostly acquired from Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) archives from year 2015 to 2022 in which the contents were carefully reviewed for selection. To systematise the literature, PRISMA 2020 statement is used. Descriptive analysis reveals an increase in publications on corporate SDG reporting, although most are focused on developed nations. The analysis also shows a scarcity of studies on the consumer goods, agricultural, fishery, and forestry sectors. Furthermore, current studies have yet to adopt a qualitative or mixed-method approach. There are fundamentally six themes that emerged from the review of literature-the degree of SDG engagement, the quality of SDG reporting, the determining factor in SDG reporting mechanism, the consequences of SDG reporting, the legitimisation approaches, as well as the institutional/stakeholder pressure. For determinants of SDG reporting, it is observed that environmental governance is not explored. This paper identifies the least addressed SDGs that businesses can focus on to accelerate their SDG contribution rate. This paper guides future research and informs decision-making by organisations and stakeholders interested in promoting sustainable development through SDG reporting.
    Matched MeSH terms: Environmental Policy
  12. The Application of Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Heat Island Mitigation in Asia: Progress, Challenges, and Recommendations
    Ramakreshnan L, Aghamohammadi N
    Curr Environ Health Rep, 2024 Mar;11(1):4-17.
    PMID: 38172471 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-023-00427-2
    PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Unprecedented urbanization in Asia affects the net radiation and energy flux of urban areas in the form of urban heat islands (UHI). The application of nature-based solutions (NbS) via urban green and blue infrastructures is a promising approach to mitigate UHI via urban boundary condition modifications, which affect the energy balance. This narrative review discusses the application of green and blue infrastructures in the Asian context by highlighting its progress, challenges, and recommendations. This review is descriptive in nature and includes perspectives on the discussed topics.

    RECENT FINDINGS: Studies on the application of green and blue infrastructures in UHI mitigation are still scant in Asia. Their cooling performance is greatly influenced by their types, size, geometry, surface roughness, spread (threshold distance), temporal scales, topography, pollution levels, prevailing climate, and assessment techniques. Distinct urban characteristics, climatic conditions, environmental risks, lack of awareness and expertise, lack of policy and government incentives, and limited scientific studies are the major challenges in their implementation of UHI mitigation in Asia. Although green and blue infrastructures are associated with urban cooling, more in-depth experimental work and multidisciplinary research collaboration are paramount to exploring its implementation potential in Asia and other countries that share similar urban and environmental characteristics.

    Matched MeSH terms: Policy
  13. Geopolitical risk, financial development, and renewable energy consumption: empirical evidence from selected industrial economies
    Ben Abdallah A, Becha H, Sharif A, Bashir MF
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2024 Mar;31(14):21935-21946.
    PMID: 38400971 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32565-x
    The rapid rise in climate and ecological challenges have allowed policymakers to introduce stringent environmental policies. In addition, financial limitations may pose challenges for countries looking to green energy investments as energy transition is associated with geopolitical risks that could create uncertainty and dissuade green energy investments. The current study uses PTR and PSTR as econometric strategy to investigate how geopolitical risks and financial development indicators influence energy transition in selected industrial economies. Our findings indicate a non-linear DCPB-RE relationship with a threshold equal to 39.361 in PTR model and 35.605 and 122.35 in PSTR model. Additionally, when the threshold was estimated above, financial development indicators and geopolitical risk positively impacts renewable energy. This confirms that these economies operate within a geopolitical context, with the objective of investing more in clean energy. We report novel policy suggestion to encourage policymakers promoting energy transition and advance the sustainable financing development and ecological sustainability.
    Matched MeSH terms: Environmental Policy
  14. Novice driver crashes: The relation between putative causal factors, countermeasures, real world implementations, and policy - A case study in simple, scalable solutions
    Fisher DL, Agrawal R, Divekar G, Hamid MA, Krishnan A, Mehranian H, et al.
    Accid Anal Prev, 2024 Apr;198:107397.
    PMID: 38271896 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2023.107397
    Novice drivers are at a greatly inflated risk of crashing. This led in the 20th century to numerous attempts to develop training programs that could reduce their crash risk. Yet, none proved effective. Novice drivers were largely considered careless, not clueless. This article is a case study in the United States of how a better understanding of the causes of novice driver crashes led to training countermeasures targeting teen driving behaviors with known associations with crashes. These effects on behaviors were large enough and long-lasting enough to convince insurance companies to develop training programs that they offered around the country to teen drivers. The success of the training programs at reducing the frequency of behaviors linked to crashes also led to several large-scale evaluations of the effect of the training programs on actual crashes. A reduction in crashes was observed. The cumulative effect has now led to state driver licensing agencies considering as a matter of policy both to include items testing the behaviors linked to crashes on licensing exams and to require training on safety critical behaviors. The effort has been ongoing for over a quarter century and is continuing. The case study highlights the critical elements that made it possible to move from a paradigm shift in the understanding of crash causes to the development and evaluation of crash countermeasures, to the implementation of those crash countermeasures, and to subsequent policy changes at the state and federal level. Key among these elements is the development of simple, scalable solutions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Policy
  15. Fulltext The role of regulatory policies in organizational culture: Insights from the education industry
    Wang B, Senin AA, Ahmad UNU
    PLoS One, 2024;19(5):e0299848.
    PMID: 38748699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299848
    On February 26, 2018 and July 24, 2021, the Chinese government respectively issued two significant regulatory policies to address the problems caused by off-campus training institutions in terms of students' extra-curricular and family financial burdens. These policies have had a tremendous and far-reaching impact on the off-campus training industry in China. With the help of these two events, we explored the role of industry-level regulatory policies in shaping and forming organizational culture. This paper adopts a text analysis method, combined with the dimensions of the Denison Organizational Culture Survey (DOCS) and MAXQDA 18 software, to obtain data on corporate culture. Then, the approaches of regression discontinuity in time (RDiT) and regression discontinuity (RD) designs with multiple cutoffs are used to estimate the policy treatment effect. This empirical research suggests that regulatory policies have a significant impact on corporate culture. Moreover, regulatory policies of varying degrees of strictness have differential effects on different dimensions of corporate culture. The research findings contribute to the theories of corporate culture and can guide enterprises to evaluate the impact of policies on corporate culture more clearly, thereby enabling them to make wiser operation decisions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Organizational Policy
  16. Evaluating an economic application of renewable generated hydrogen: A way forward for green economic performance and policy measures
    Wu B, Zhai B, Mu H, Peng X, Wang C, Patwary AK
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2022 Feb;29(10):15144-15158.
    PMID: 34628612 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16770-6
    Energy security and environmental measurements are incomplete without renewable energy; therefore, there is a dire need to explore new energy sources. Hence, this study aimed to measure the wind power potential to generate renewable hydrogen (H2), including its production and supply cost. This study used first-order engineering model and net present value to measure the levelized cost of wind-generated renewable hydrogen by using the data source of the Pakistan Meteorological Department and State Bank of Pakistan. Results showed that the use of surplus wind and renewable hydrogen energy for green economic production is suggested as an innovative project option for large-scale hydrogen use. The key annual running expenses for hydrogen are electricity and storage costs, which have a significant impact on the costs of renewable hydrogen. The results also indicated that the project can potentially cut carbon dioxide (CO2) pollution by 139 million metric tons and raise revenue for wind power plants by US$2998.52 million. The renewable electrolyzer plants avoided CO2 at a rate of US$24.9-36.9/ton under baseload service, relative to US$44.3/ton for the benchmark. However, in the more practical mid-load situation, these plants have significant benefits. Further, the wind-generated renewable hydrogen delivers 6-11% larger annual rate of return than the standard CO2 catch plant due to their capacity to remain running and supply hydrogen to the consumer through periods of plentiful wind and heat. Also, the measured levelized output cost of hydrogen (LCOH) was US$6.22/kgH2, and for the PEC system, it was US$8.43/kgH2. Finally, it is a mutually agreed consensus among environmental scientists that the integration of renewable energy is the way forward to increase energy security and environmental performance by ensuring uninterrupted clean and green energy. This application has the potential to address Pakistan's urgent issues of large-scale surplus wind- and solar-generated energy, as well as rising energy demand.
    Matched MeSH terms: Policy
  17. Fulltext Scientific mobilization of keystone actors for biosphere stewardship
    Österblom H, Folke C, Rocha J, Bebbington J, Blasiak R, Jouffray JB, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2022 Mar 04;12(1):3802.
    PMID: 35246555 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07023-8
    The biosphere crisis requires changes to existing business practices. We ask how corporations can become sustainability leaders, when constrained by multiple barriers to collaboration for biosphere stewardship. We describe how scientists motivated, inspired and engaged with ten of the world's largest seafood companies, in a collaborative process aimed to enable science-based and systemic transformations (2015-2021). CEOs faced multiple industry crises in 2015 that incentivized novel approaches. New scientific insights, an invitation to collaborate, and a bold vision of transformative change towards ocean stewardship, created new opportunities and direction. Co-creation of solutions resulted in new knowledge and trust, a joint agenda for action, new capacities, international recognition, formalization of an organization, increased policy influence, time-bound goals, and convergence of corporate change. Independently funded scientists helped remove barriers to cooperation, provided means for reflection, and guided corporate strategies and actions toward ocean stewardship. By 2021, multiple individuals exercised leadership and the initiative had transitioned from preliminary and uncomfortable conversations, to a dynamic, operational organization, with capacity to perform global leadership in the seafood industry. Mobilizing transformational agency through learning, collaboration, and innovation represents a cultural evolution with potential to redirect and accelerate corporate action, to the benefit of business, people and the planet.
    Matched MeSH terms: Policy
  18. Fulltext Do non-pharmaceutical policies in response to COVID-19 affect stock performance? Evidence from Malaysia stock market return and volatility
    Rowland R, Chia RCJ, Liew VK
    PLoS One, 2023;18(1):e0277252.
    PMID: 36719865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277252
    This paper examines the impact of non-pharmaceutical intervention by government on stock market return as well as volatility. Using daily Malaysian equity data from January 28, 2020 to May 31, 2022, the regression analysis with bootstrapping technique reveals that the government's response in combating the deadly virus through Stringency index has shown a positive direct effect on both stock market returns and volatility, and indirect negative effect on stock market returns. The study revealed that international travel restriction and cancelling public events are the major contributors to the growth of volatility when estimated for Malaysia stock market index. On the one hand, heterogenous impact is expected from the perspective of different sectors when the individual social distancing measures were taken into account in determining stock return and volatility. Apart from that, the robustness check for the main findings remains intact in majority of the regression models after incorporating daily COVID-19 death rate, log (daily vaccination) and day-of-the-week effect as additional control variable in alternative.
    Matched MeSH terms: Policy
  19. Health imperatives in foreign policy: the case of Malaysia
    Barraclough S, Phua KL
    Bull World Health Organ, 2007 Mar;85(3):225-9.
    PMID: 17486215
    Malaysia's global, regional and bilateral international health relations are surveyed against the historical backdrop of the country's foreign policy. Malaysia has always participated in multilateral agencies, most notably the World Health Organization, as such agencies are part of the longstanding fabric of "good international citizenship". The threats of infectious diseases to human health and economic activity have caused an intensification and an organizational formalization of Malaysian health diplomacy, both regionally and bilaterally. Such diplomacy has also established a basis for developing a wider set of cooperative relationships that go beyond responding to the threat of pandemics. As Malaysia approaches "developed" status, its health sector is becoming increasingly integrated into the global economy through joint research and development ventures and transnational investment. At the same time, it will have the technological, financial and human resources to play an expanded altruistic role in global and regional health.
    Matched MeSH terms: Health Policy*; Public Policy
  20. Malaysia: where big is still better. For Malays, large families are part of the plan
    Asiaweek, 1993 Nov 3.
    PMID: 12287219
    PIP: The benefits of various-sized families in Malaysia were discussed by several women and supplemented with official statements on family planning (FP). The Director of the National Population and Family Development, Dr. Raj Karim, advised that maternal health is jeopardized when women have more than five children. About 30% of reproductive age women in Malaysia have five or more children. A Federation of FP Associations spokesperson agreed that women should be advised of the dangers of bearing over five children, of the importance of spacing births two to four years apart, and of the ideal age of childbearing (21-39 years). The government lacks an official policy on family size. The government position is, however, compatible with Islamic teachings on spacing in order to protect the health of the mother and child. Islamic law does not permit sterilization or abortion. The "fatwas" of Islamic teaching may have been misconstrued by those not using any form of contraception. Dr. Karim, who has five children, reported that having a large family can be difficult for a woman with a job, a career, and a husband or when both parents work. Most Malays desire large families. The average Malay family size was 4.1 children in 1990; Malaysian Chinese have fertility of 2.3 children and Malaysian Indians have 2.6 children. People say that the benefits outweigh the hardships of a large family.
    Matched MeSH terms: Public Policy; Family Planning Policy*
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