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  1. The development of a value based pricing index for new drugs in metastatic colorectal cancer
    Dranitsaris G, Truter I, Lubbe MS
    Eur J Cancer, 2011 Jun;47(9):1299-304.
    PMID: 21493060 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.03.015
    Worldwide, prices for cancer drugs have been under downward pressure where several governments have mandated price cuts of branded products. A better alternative to government mandated price cuts would be to estimate a final price based on drug performance, cost effectiveness and a country's ability to pay. We developed a global pricing index for new cancer drugs in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) that encompasses all of these attributes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Therapy/economics; Drug Therapy/methods*; Colorectal Neoplasms/drug therapy
  2. Managing complications of radiation therapy in head and neck cancer patients: Part VI. Management of opportunistic infections
    Ngeow WC, Chai WL, Ramli R, Rahman RA
    Singapore Dent J, 2006 Dec;28(1):19-21.
    PMID: 17378338
    Head and neck cancer is becoming a more recognizable pathology to the general population and dentists. The modes of treatment include surgery and/or radiation therapy. Where possible, pretreatment dental assessment shall be provided for these patients before they undergo radiation therapy. There are occasions, however, whereby head and neck cancer patients are not prepared optimally for radiation therapy. Because of this, they succumb to complicated oral adverse effects after radiation therapy. The last part of this series reviews the opportunistic infections that can occur to the perioral structure. Their management is briefly discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Candidiasis, Oral/drug therapy*; Cheilitis/drug therapy*; Herpes Simplex/drug therapy*; Opportunistic Infections/drug therapy*
  3. Pulmonary miliary tuberculosis with multiple intracerebral tuberculous granulomas--report of two cases
    Muin IA, Zurin AR
    Br J Neurosurg, 1998 Dec;12(6):585-7.
    PMID: 10070474
    Although intracerebral tuberculomas are common in countries where tuberculosis is still endemic, miliary tuberculosis with involvement of the central nervous system is exceptionally rare. We report two cases of pulmonary miliary tuberculosis with multiple intracerebral tuberculomas.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Therapy, Combination; Tuberculosis, Miliary/drug therapy; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/drug therapy; Tuberculoma, Intracranial/drug therapy
  4. Effect of intestinal helminthiasis on intestinal permeability of early primary schoolchildren
    Raj SM, Sein KT, Anuar AK, Mustaffa BE
    Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1996 11 1;90(6):666-9.
    PMID: 9015510
    Intestinal permeability of 246 early primary schoolchildren at 2 schools (106 of whom were infected with intestinal helminths) was assessed by using the lactulose/mannitol differential absorption test. The ratio of the urinary recoveries of lactulose and mannitol was determined after oral administration of a standard solution of the 2 sugars. Assessment of intestinal permeability was repeated on 100 infected children after treatment and on a cohort of 68 uninfected children. Infected and uninfected groups were compared with respect to baseline lactulose/mannitol ratio (L/M1) and change in lactulose/mannitol ratio between assessments (delta L/M). The correlations between baseline intensity of infection and L/M1, and between fall in intensity and delta L/M, were evaluated. Based on a crude index of socioeconomic status, each child was assigned to one of 3 socioeconomic groups; all but 3 children belonged to either groups 2 or 3. Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides were the 2 predominant infections; the hookworm infection rate was relatively low. The results suggested that helminthiasis exerted only a marginal effect on intestinal permeability, the impact of which in children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds was negligible in comparison with the cumulative effects of other factors.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ascariasis/drug therapy; Helminthiasis/drug therapy; Hookworm Infections/drug therapy; Trichuriasis/drug therapy
  5. Therapeutic prospects of bradykinin receptor antagonists
    Sharma JN
    Gen. Pharmacol., 1993 Mar;24(2):267-74.
    PMID: 8387049
    1. Bradykinin and related kinins may act on four types of receptors designated as B1, B2, B3 and B4. It seems that the B2 receptors are most commonly found in various vascular and non-vascular smooth muscles, whereas B1 receptors are formed in vitro during trauma, and injury, and are found in bone tissues. 2. These BK receptors are involved in the regulations of various physiological and pathological processes. 3. The mode of kinin actions are based upon the interactions between the kinin and their specific receptors, which can lead to activation of several second-messenger systems. 4. Recently, numerous BK receptors antagonists have been synthesized with prime aim to treat diseases caused by excessive kinin production. 5. These diseases are RA, inflammatory diseases of the bowel, asthma, rhinitis and sore throat, allergic reactions, pain, inflammatory skin disorders, endotoxin and anaphylactic shock and coronary heart diseases. 6. On the other hand, BK receptor antagonists could be contraindicated in hypertension, since these drugs may antagonize the antihypertensive therapy and/or may trigger the hypertensive crisis. 7. It is worth suggesting that the BK receptor agonists might be useful antihypertensive drugs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Asthma/drug therapy*; Coronary Disease/drug therapy*; Inflammation/drug therapy*; Pain/drug therapy
  6. Fulltext Arthritis as an initial presentation of malignancy: two case reports
    Sachdev Manjit Singh B, Wan SA, Cheong YK, Chuah SL, Teh CL, Jobli AT
    J Med Case Rep, 2021 Feb 23;15(1):94.
    PMID: 33618728 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-020-02642-z
    BACKGROUND: Arthritis is rarely reported as a paraneoplastic manifestation of occult malignancy. We report herein two cases of paraneoplastic arthritis due to occult malignancy. CASE 1: The patient was a 65-year-old woman of asian descent who was a former smoker with a history of spine surgery performed for L4/L5 degenerative disc disease. She presented with a 1-month history of oligoarthritis affecting both ankle joints and early morning stiffness of about 3 hours. Laboratory tests were positive for antinuclear antibody at a titer of 1:320 (speckled) but negative for rheumatoid factor. She was treated for seronegative spondyloarthritis and started on prednisolone without much improvement. A routine chest radiograph incidentally revealed a right lung mass which was found to be adenocarcinoma of the lung. She was treated with gefitinib and her arthritis resolved. CASE 2: The patient was a 64-year-old woman of asian descent, nonsmoker, who presented with a chief complaint of asymmetrical polyarthritis involving her right wrist, second and third metacarpophalangeal joints, and first to fifth proximal interphalangeal joints. She was treated for seronegative rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and started on sulfasalazine, with poor clinical response. Six months later, she developed abdominal pain which was diagnosed as ovarian carcinoma by laparotomy. Her arthritis resolved following treatment of her malignancy with chemotherapy.

    CONCLUSION: In summary, paraneoplastic arthritis usually presents in an atypical manner and responds poorly to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Accordingly, we recommend screening for occult malignancy in patients presenting with atypical arthritis.

    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma/drug therapy; Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy; Ovarian Neoplasms/drug therapy; Paraneoplastic Syndromes/drug therapy*
  7. Resistant hypertension during antituberculosis treatment: how is rifampicin implicated?
    Lee SL, Lim WJ, Chai ST
    Med J Malaysia, 2020 09;75(5):591-593.
    PMID: 32918434
    A 67-year-old mental institute resident was treated for smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis. His background history included chronic essential hypertension which was well-controlled with amlodipine 10mg daily. However, his blood pressure became suboptimal one week into antitubercular treatment, necessitating escalation of antihypertensive therapy up to six medications. Following completion of antitubercular treatment, his blood pressure improved markedly. The number of antihypertensives was able to be reduced to only two after a month. We postulate that rifampicin has attenuated the therapeutic effect of amlodipine via potent induction of hepatic CYP3A4 but the failure to control the blood pressure even with medications unrelated to cytochrome P450 pathways raises the spectre of an additional interaction.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Therapy, Combination*; Hypertension/drug therapy*; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/drug therapy*
  8. Fulltext Rivastigmine: the advantages of dual inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase and its role in subcortical vascular dementia and Parkinson's disease dementia
    Kandiah N, Pai MC, Senanarong V, Looi I, Ampil E, Park KW, et al.
    Clin Interv Aging, 2017;12:697-707.
    PMID: 28458525 DOI: 10.2147/CIA.S129145
    Several studies have demonstrated clinical benefits of sustained cholinesterase inhibition with rivastigmine in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD). Unlike donepezil and galantamine that selectively inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7), rivastigmine is a unique cholinesterase inhibitor with both AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE; EC 3.1.1.8) inhibitory activity. Rivastigmine is also available as transdermal patch that has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of mild, moderate, and severe AD as well as mild-to-moderate PDD. In this review, we explore the role of BuChE inhibition in addition to AChE inhibition with rivastigmine in the outcomes of cognition, global function, behavioral symptoms, and activities of daily living. Additionally, we review the evidence supporting the use of dual AChE-BuChE inhibitory activity of rivastigmine as a therapeutic strategy in the treatment of neurological disorders, with a focus on the role of rivastigmine in subcortical dementias such as vascular dementia (VaD) and PDD. Toward this objective, we performed a literature search in PubMed and Ovid with limits to articles published in the English language before June 2016. The available evidence from the literature suggests that the dual inhibition of AChE and BuChE may afford additional therapeutic potential of rivastigmine in subcortical dementias (subcortical VaD and PDD) with benefits on cognition and behavioral symptoms. Rivastigmine was found to specifically benefit executive dysfunction frequently observed in subcortical dementias; however, large randomized clinical studies are warranted to support these observations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy; Dementia/drug therapy*; Parkinson Disease/drug therapy; Dementia, Vascular/drug therapy
  9. Fulltext General Pathways of Pain Sensation and the Major Neurotransmitters Involved in Pain Regulation
    Yam MF, Loh YC, Tan CS, Khadijah Adam S, Abdul Manan N, Basir R
    Int J Mol Sci, 2018 Jul 24;19(8).
    PMID: 30042373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082164
    Pain has been considered as a concept of sensation that we feel as a reaction to the stimulus of our surrounding, putting us in harm's way and acting as a form of defense mechanism that our body has permanently installed into its system. However, pain leads to a huge chunk of finances within the healthcare system with continuous rehabilitation of patients with adverse pain sensations, which might reduce not only their quality of life but also their productivity at work setting back the pace of our economy. It may not look like a huge deal but factor in pain as an issue for majority of us, it becomes an economical burden. Although pain has been researched into and understood by numerous researches, from its definition, mechanism of action to its inhibition in hopes of finding an absolute solution for victims of pain, the pathways of pain sensation, neurotransmitters involved in producing such a sensation are not comprehensively reviewed. Therefore, this review article aims to put in place a thorough understanding of major pain conditions that we experience-nociceptive, inflammatory and physiologically dysfunction, such as neuropathic pain and its modulation and feedback systems. Moreover, the complete mechanism of conduction is compiled within this article, elucidating understandings from various researches and breakthroughs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hyperalgesia/drug therapy; Neuralgia/drug therapy; Neurogenic Inflammation/drug therapy; Nociceptive Pain/drug therapy
  10. Fulltext Treatment response in osmotic demyelination syndrome presenting as severe parkinsonism, ptosis and gaze palsy
    Abdul Halim S, Mohd Amin NA
    BMJ Case Rep, 2018 Oct 21;2018.
    PMID: 30344146 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2018-225751
    Osmotic demyelination syndrome commonly affects the pons and infrequently involves the extrapontine region. We report a patient with severe hyponatraemia who developed osmotic demyelination syndrome as a consequence of rapid sodium correction. The condition manifested as acute severe parkinsonism, bilateral ptosis and gaze impairment. MRI revealed typical features of central pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis. The patient improved gradually after treatment with a combination of levodopa, intravenous immunoglobulin and dexamethasone. However, it is important to emphasise that the improvement of neurological symptoms is not necessarily causal with these experimental therapies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Blepharoptosis/drug therapy; Hyponatremia/drug therapy; Myelinolysis, Central Pontine/drug therapy; Parkinsonian Disorders/drug therapy
  11. Earlier onset of motor complications in Parkinson's patients with comorbid diabetes mellitus
    Mohamed Ibrahim N, Ramli R, Koya Kutty S, Shah SA
    Mov Disord, 2018 12;33(12):1967-1968.
    PMID: 30427552 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27526
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy; Parkinson Disease/drug therapy*; Parkinsonian Disorders/drug therapy; Diabetes Complications/drug therapy*
  12. Fulltext Pathological transition as the arising mechanism for drug resistance in lung cancer
    Chen Y, Tang WY, Tong X, Ji H
    Cancer Commun (Lond), 2019 10 01;39(1):53.
    PMID: 31570104 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-019-0402-8
    Despite the tremendous efforts for improving therapeutics of lung cancer patients, its prognosis remains disappointing. This can be largely attributed to the lack of comprehensive understanding of drug resistance leading to insufficient development of effective therapeutics in clinic. Based on the current progresses of lung cancer research, we classify drug resistance mechanisms into three different levels: molecular, cellular and pathological level. All these three levels have significantly contributed to the acquisition and evolution of drug resistance in clinic. Our understanding on drug resistance mechanisms has begun to change the way of clinical practice and improve patient prognosis. In this review, we focus on discussing the pathological changes linking to drug resistance as this has been largely overlooked in the past decades.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy; Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy*; Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/drug therapy; Small Cell Lung Carcinoma/drug therapy
  13. Fulltext Effectiveness and safety of a 10mg warfarin initiation nomogram in Asian population
    Chandriah H, Kumolosasi E, Islahudin F, Makmor-Bakry M
    Pak J Pharm Sci, 2015 May;28(3):927-32.
    PMID: 26004726
    Anticoagulant responses to warfarin vary among patients, based on genetic factors, diet, concomitant medications, and disease state. We evaluated the effectiveness and safety of a 10mg warfarin initiation nomogram in an Asian population. Retrospective cross-sectional audit studies were conducted from March 2009 to March 2010. The use of a 10mg-loading dose to initiate warfarin treatment resulted in 33(84.6%) patients attaining a therapeutic INR within four days (mean time, 2.6 days). There was no significant correlation between age, gender, race, and serum albumin for the time to reach a therapeutic INR. A significant correlation was noted for patient's baseline INR and time to reach a therapeutic INR (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed in time to reach a therapeutic INR in patients treated with specific class of concomitant drugs or patients with specific disease states. The overall incidence of over-anticoagulation was 35.9%; however, no bleeding episodes were encountered. In conclusion, the use of a 10mg warfarin nomogram was effective in rapidly achieving a therapeutic INR. However, the nomogram's safety is debatable owing to the high over-anticoagulation rate warfarin-administered patients. Caution is recommended in the initiation of warfarin treatment using the 10mg nomogram.
    Matched MeSH terms: Atrial Fibrillation/drug therapy*; Coronary Thrombosis/drug therapy*; Pulmonary Embolism/drug therapy*; Venous Thrombosis/drug therapy*; Stroke/drug therapy
  14. Chemotherapy of solid tumors in private practice in Malaysia
    Narasimha K
    Gan To Kagaku Ryoho, 1992 Jul;19(8 Suppl):1220-3.
    PMID: 1514835
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms/drug therapy; Head and Neck Neoplasms/drug therapy; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/drug therapy; Neoplasms/drug therapy*
  15. The Use of Methylphenidate for Physical and Psychological Symptoms in Cancer Patients: A Review
    Andrew BN, Guan NC, Jaafar NRN
    Curr Drug Targets, 2018;19(8):877-887.
    PMID: 28322161 DOI: 10.2174/1389450118666170317162603
    BACKGROUND: One of the goals of cancer treatment is symptoms management especially at the end stage. The common symptoms in cancer include pain, fatigue, depression and cognitive dysfunction. The available treatment options for symptom management are limited. Methylphenidate, a psychostimulant, may be of benefit for these patients. In this report, we review the use of methylphenidate for symptoms control in cancer patients.

    METHOD: Electronic literature search on PubMed was conducted using the following keywords: methylphenidate, cancer, carcinoma, oncology, oncological and tumour. We identified forty two relevant studies and publications on the use of methylphenidate in cancer patients to be included in this review.

    RESULTS: Methylphenidate was found to have some evidence in reducing opioid-induced sedation, improving cognitive symptoms and reduction of fatigue in cancer patients. Nevertheless, the results were inconsistent due to variations in the study populations, study design and outcome measures, among others. There was minimal evidence on its use in treating depression. Otherwise, methylphenidate was generally well-tolerated by patients.

    CONCLUSION: This review potentially supports the use of methylphenidate for opioid-induced sedation, cognitive decline and fatigue in cancer patients. Further placebo-controlled trials would help in strengthening the evidence for this treatment.

    Matched MeSH terms: Depression/drug therapy; Fatigue/drug therapy; Neoplasms/drug therapy; Mild Cognitive Impairment/drug therapy; Cancer Pain/drug therapy
  16. Fulltext Piperacillin-tazobactam plus amikacin as an initial empirical therapy of febrile neutropenia in paediatric cancer patients
    Hamidah A, Rizal AM, Nordiah AJ, Jamal R
    Singapore Med J, 2008 Jan;49(1):26-30.
    PMID: 18204765
    We evaluated piperacillin-tazobactam in association with amikacin in the initial empirical therapy of febrile neutropenic children.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bacterial Infections/drug therapy; Drug Therapy, Combination*; Neoplasms/drug therapy; Neutropenia/drug therapy*
  17. Ancrod decreases the frequency of cyclic flow variations and causes thrombolysis following acute coronary thrombosis
    Apprill PG, Ashton J, Guerrero J, Glas-Greenwalt P, Buja LM, Willerson JT
    Am Heart J, 1987 Apr;113(4):898-906.
    PMID: 3565240
    The potential use of ancrod, a purified isolate from the venom of the Malaysian pit viper, Agkistrodon rhodostoma, in decreasing the frequency of cyclic flow variations in severely stenosed canine coronary arteries and causing thrombolysis of an acute coronary thrombus induced by a copper coil was evaluated. Open-chest, anesthetized dogs were used. Ancrod was given intravenously (8 U/kg) over 1 hour and caused a significant reduction in the frequency of cyclic flow variations (5.8 +/- 0.7 to 3.6 +/- 0.8 cyclic flow variations per 30 minutes, p less than 0.05), whereas control animals failed to decrease the frequency of their cyclic flow variations over the same time period (5.3 +/- 0.3 to 5.0 +/- 0.4 cyclic flow variations per 30-minute period). Twenty-seven dogs had a coronary thrombus induced by a copper coil positioned directly in a major coronary artery; of these, four died of ventricular fibrillation prior to treatment, eight received an infusion of saline and showed no thrombolysis over 5 hours, and three died of ventricular fibrillation during the initial part of an intravenous infusion of ancrod. The remaining 12 dogs received ancrod intravenously (16 U/kg); six demonstrated lysis of the coronary thrombus (mean time to lysis, 65 +/- 20 minutes). The concentrations of ancrod used in these studies produced a severe decrease in systemic fibrinogen concentration and a significant decrease in the inhibitor of plasminogen activator levels. Thus, ancrod decreases the frequency of cyclic flow variations in stenosed canine coronary arteries and may cause coronary thrombolysis in approximately 50% of animals within 65 +/- 20 minutes of its intravenous administration.
    Matched MeSH terms: Angina Pectoris/drug therapy; Constriction, Pathologic/drug therapy; Coronary Disease/drug therapy*; Coronary Thrombosis/drug therapy*; Heart Diseases/drug therapy
  18. Fulltext Current Status of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Type II Diabetes
    Mustapha S, Mohammed M, Azemi AK, Jatau AI, Shehu A, Mustapha L, et al.
    Molecules, 2021 Jul 19;26(14).
    PMID: 34299638 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144362
    The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a multifunctional role in lipid biosynthesis, calcium storage, protein folding, and processing. Thus, maintaining ER homeostasis is essential for cellular functions. Several pathophysiological conditions and pharmacological agents are known to disrupt ER homeostasis, thereby, causing ER stress. The cells react to ER stress by initiating an adaptive signaling process called the unfolded protein response (UPR). However, the ER initiates death signaling pathways when ER stress persists. ER stress is linked to several diseases, such as cancer, obesity, and diabetes. Thus, its regulation can provide possible therapeutic targets for these. Current evidence suggests that chronic hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia linked to type II diabetes disrupt ER homeostasis, thereby, resulting in irreversible UPR activation and cell death. Despite progress in understanding the pathophysiology of the UPR and ER stress, to date, the mechanisms of ER stress in relation to type II diabetes remain unclear. This review provides up-to-date information regarding the UPR, ER stress mechanisms, insulin dysfunction, oxidative stress, and the therapeutic potential of targeting specific ER stress pathways.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy; Hyperglycemia/drug therapy; Hyperlipidemias/drug therapy; Neoplasms/drug therapy; Obesity/drug therapy
  19. Synthesis of flexirubin-mediated silver nanoparticles using Chryseobacterium artocarpi CECT 8497 and investigation of its anticancer activity
    Venil CK, Sathishkumar P, Malathi M, Usha R, Jayakumar R, Yusoff ARM, et al.
    Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2016 Feb;59:228-234.
    PMID: 26652368 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.10.019
    In this work, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles from a pigment produced by a recently-discovered bacterium, Chryseobacterium artocarpi CECT 8497, was achieved, followed by an investigation of its anticancer properties. The bacterial pigment was identified as flexirubin following NMR ((1)H NMR and (13)C NMR), UV-Vis, and LC-MS analysis. An aqueous silver nitrate solution was treated with isolated flexirubin to produce silver nanoparticles. The synthesised silver nanoparticles were subsequently characterised by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy methodologies. Furthermore, the anticancer effects of synthesised silver nanoparticles in a human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) were evaluated. The tests showed significant cytotoxicity activity of the silver nanoparticles in the cultured cells, with an IC50 value of 36μgmL(-1). This study demonstrates that silver nanoparticles, synthesised from flexirubin from C. artocarpi CECT 8497, may have potential as a novel chemotherapeutic agent.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy*
  20. Polyphenols: Potential Future Arsenals in the Treatment of Diabetes
    Solayman M, Ali Y, Alam F, Islam MA, Alam N, Khalil MI, et al.
    Curr Pharm Des, 2016;22(5):549-65.
    PMID: 26601968
    Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common endocrine metabolic disorders. In addition to exercise and diet, oral anti-diabetic drugs have been used as a part of the management strategy worldwide. Unfortunately, none of the conventional anti-diabetic drugs are without side effects, and these drugs pose an economic burden. Therefore, the investigation of novel anti-diabetic regimens is a major challenge for researchers, in which nature has been the primary resource for the discovery of potential therapeutics. Many plants have been shown to act as anti-diabetic agents, in which the main active constituents are believed to be polyphenols. Natural products containing high polyphenol levels can control carbohydrate metabolism by various mechanisms, such as protecting and restoring beta-cell integrity, enhancing insulin releasing activity, and increasing cellular glucose uptake. Blackberries, red grapes, apricots, eggplant and popular drinks such as coffee, cocoa and green tea are all rich in polyphenols, which may dampen insulin resistance and be natural alternatives in the treatment of diabetes. Therefore, the aim of this review is to report on the available anti-diabetic polyphenols (medicinal plants, fruits and vegetables), their mechanisms in the various pathways of DM and their correlations with DM. Additionally, this review emphasizes the types of polyphenols that could be potential future resources in the treatment of DM via either novel regimens or as supplementary agents.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy*
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