Enterovirus 71 (EV71) was first isolated in 1969 in California, USA. Several epidemic outbreaks with high mortality rates have occurred in European and Asian Countries (Bulgaria in 1975, Hungary in 1978, Malaysia in 1997, Taiwan in 1998 and China in 2008). EV71 CNS involvement may be associated with neurological sequelae, delayed neurodevelopment and reduced cognitive functioning. Since poliovirus was nearly eradicated by vaccination, EV71 is now considered as one of the top candidates for new vaccine development against human enteroviruses. Recently, several EV71 vaccine candidates, including live-attenuated virus, inactivated whole virus, recombinant viral protein, virus-like particle and DNA vaccines, have been evaluated in animals but no clinical trial has yet been conducted. Based on historical experiences with poliovirus vaccines and animal studies, the inactivated whole-virus vaccines are feasible and could be licensed readily, so these are targeted for preparing clinical trials in several organizations in Asia.
Streptococcosis and motile aeromonad septicemia (MAS) are well-known diseases in tilapia culture, which cause mass mortality with significant economic losses. The development of feed-based bivalent vaccines in controlling these diseases has been initiated, however, the mechanisms of immunities and cross-protection in fish remain unclear. This study was conducted to assess the immuno-protective as well as the cross-protective efficacy of a newly developed feed-based bivalent vaccine against Streptococcus and Aeromonas infections in red hybrid tilapia. A total of five groups of fish were vaccinated orally through two different techniques; bivalent vaccine (inactivated Streptococcus iniae and Aeromonas hydrophila) sprayed on feed pellets (BS group); bivalent vaccine (inactivated S. iniae and A. hydrophila) incorporated in feed (BI group); monovalent inactivated S. iniae and A. hydrophila vaccine separately incorporated into feed as monovalent S. iniae (MS group) and monovalent A. hydrophila (MA group); and control group (without vaccine). The feed-based vaccine was delivered orally at 5% of body weight for five consecutive days. The booster doses were given in the same manner on weeks 2 and 6. Serum and skin mucus samples were collected to assess the IgM responses using indirect ELISA. The first administration of the feed-based vaccine stimulated the IgM levels that lasted until week 3, while the second booster ensured that the IgM levels remained high for a period of 16 weeks in the BI, MS and MA groups. The BI group developed a strong and significantly (P
Data on the immunogenicity of the influenza vaccine in children after liver transplantation are sparse. Our study aims to evaluate the response of such patients to the trivalent influenza vaccine, administered by different protocols in 2 influenza seasons.
Trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) is reformulated annually to contain representative strains of 2 influenza A subtypes (H1N1 and H3N2) and 1 B lineage (Yamagata or Victoria). We describe a sentinel surveillance approach to link influenza variant detection with component-specific vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimation.