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  1. Duckweed protein: Extraction, modification, and potential application
    Sulaiman NS, Mohd Zaini H, Wan Ishak WR, Matanjun P, George R, Mantihal S, et al.
    Food Chem, 2025 Jan 15;463(Pt 4):141544.
    PMID: 39388881 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.141544
    Discovering alternative protein sources that are both nutritious and environmentally friendly is essential to meet the growing global population's needs. Duckweed offers promise due to its cosmopolitan distribution, rapid growth, high protein content, and scalability from household tanks to large lagoons without requiring arable land that competes for the major crops. Rich in essential amino acids, particularly branched-chain amino acids, duckweed supports human health. Extraction methods, such as ultrasound and enzymatic techniques, enhance protein yield compared to traditional methods. However, low protein solubility remains a challenge, addressed by protein modification techniques (physical, chemical, and biological) to broaden its applications. Duckweed proteins hold potential as functional food ingredients due to their unique physicochemical properties. This review also includes patents and regulations related to duckweed protein, filling a gap in current literature. Overall, duckweed presents a sustainable protein source with a lower environmental impact compared to conventional crops.
    Matched MeSH terms: Solubility
  2. Polymeric behavior evaluation of PVP K30-poloxamer binary carrier for solid dispersed nisoldipine by experimental design
    Kyaw Oo M, Mandal UK, Chatterjee B
    Pharm Dev Technol, 2017 Feb;22(1):2-12.
    PMID: 26616399 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2015.1116568
    High melting point polymeric carrier without plasticizer is unacceptable for solid dispersion (SD) by melting method. Combined polymer-plasticizer carrier significantly affects drug solubility and tableting property of SD.
    Matched MeSH terms: Solubility
  3. Effect of the molecular mobility of water adsorbed by disintegrants on storage-induced hydrolytic degradation of acetylsalicylic acid incorporated into tablets under humid conditions
    Ougi K, Okada K, Leong KH, Hayashi Y, Kumada S, Onuki Y
    Eur J Pharm Sci, 2020 Nov 01;154:105502.
    PMID: 32750421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105502
    The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of molecular mobility of water adsorbed by disintegrants on the hydrolytic degradation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Fourteen different disintegrants were tested. First, powdered disintegrants were stored at conditions of 40 °C/75% relative humidity ("humid conditions") and their T2 relaxation times were measured by time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance for examination of the molecular mobility of water adsorbed by the disintegrant. From the observed T2 values, the water molecular mobility was fully characterized. In particular, the molecular mobility of water adsorbed by crospovidones was much higher than the molecular mobility of water adsorbed by the other test disintegrants because of longer T2 values. The next study examined the hydrolytic degradation of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), a model moisture-sensitive API, stored under humid conditions. Physical mixtures of ASA and disintegrants or their model tablets were used as test samples, and they were stored for 7 d. The disintegrants contained in the samples clearly affected the ASA degradation: the most significant ASA degradation was observed for the crospovidone-containing samples. Finally, we analyzed the effect of the molecular mobility of water adsorbed by disintegrants on the ASA degradation by the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) regression techniques. As in the T2 experiment, various properties of disintegrants (i.e., water content, pH, and water activity) were used in this experiment as the explanatory variables. From the Lasso analysis, we successfully showed that the higher molecular mobility of water adsorbed by disintegrants significantly enhanced ASA degradation. These findings provide profound insights into the chemical stability of moisture-sensitive APIs in tablets.
    Matched MeSH terms: Solubility
  4. Mechanistic insights into acyclovir-polyethylene glycol 20000 binary dispersions
    Venkateskumar K, Parasuraman S, Gunasunderi R, Sureshkumar K, Nayak MM, Shah SA, et al.
    Int J Pharm Investig, 2016 Oct-Dec;6(4):194-200.
    PMID: 28123988 DOI: 10.4103/2230-973X.195925
    The objective of this study is to provide a mechanistic insight into solubility enhancement and dissolution of acyclovir (ACY) by polyethylene glycol20000 (PEG20000).
    Matched MeSH terms: Solubility
  5. The improved dissolution performance of a post processing treated spray-dried crystalline solid dispersion of poorly soluble drugs
    Chan SY, Toh SM, Khan NH, Chung YY, Cheah XZ
    Drug Dev Ind Pharm, 2016 Nov;42(11):1800-1812.
    PMID: 27049232
    Solution-mediated transformation has been cited as one of the main problems that deteriorate dissolution performances of solid dispersion (SD). This is mainly attributed by the recrystallization tendency of poorly soluble drug. Eventually, it will lead to extensive agglomeration which is a key process in reducing the dissolution performance of SD and offsets the true benefit of SD system. Here, a post-processing treatment is suggested in order to reduce the recrystallization tendency and hence bring forth the dissolution advantage of SD system.
    Matched MeSH terms: Solubility
  6. Trehalose-conjugated lentil-casein protein complexes prepared by structural interaction: Effects on water solubility and protein digestibility
    Alrosan M, Madi Almajwal A, Al-Qaisi A, Gammoh S, Alu'datt MH, Al Qudsi FR, et al.
    Food Chem, 2024 Jul 30;447:138882.
    PMID: 38452537 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138882
    The two limiting factors for lentil protein utilization are water solubility and digestibility. In this study, we utilized two non-thermal techniques: (1) protein complexation of lentil and casein proteins using the pH-shifting method and (2) protein conjugation with trehalose to produce trehalose-conjugated lentil-casein protein complexes (T-CPs) with enhanced water solubility and digestibility. The protein structure of the T-CPs was analyzed for secondary protein structure, conformation protein, and tertiary protein structure using Fourier-transform infrared, UV, and fluorescence spectroscopies, respectively. The surface hydrophobicity and surface charge of T-CPs solution at pH 7.0 changed significantly (P 
    Matched MeSH terms: Solubility
  7. Fulltext Effects of Annealing on the Properties of Gamma-Irradiated Sago Starch
    Lee JS, Akanda JH, Fong SL, Siew CK, Ho AL
    Molecules, 2022 Jul 28;27(15).
    PMID: 35956797 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154838
    The increase in health and safety concerns regarding chemical modification in recent years has caused a growing research interest in the modification of starch by physical techniques. There has been a growing trend toward using a combination of treatments in starch modification in producing desirable functional properties to widen the application of a specific starch. In this study, a novel combination of gamma irradiation and annealing (ANN) was used to modify sago starch (Metroxylon sagu). The starch was subjected to gamma irradiation (5, 10, 25, 50 kGy) prior to ANN at 5 °C (To-5) and 10 °C (To-10) below the gelatinization temperature. Determination of amylose content, pH, carboxyl content, FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) intensity ratio (R1047/1022), swelling power and solubility, thermal behavior, pasting properties, and morphology were carried out. Annealing irradiated starch at To-5 promoted more crystalline perfection as compared to To-10, particularly when combined with 25 and 50 kGy, whereby a synergistic effect was observed. Dual-modified sago starch exhibited lower swelling power, improved gel firmness, and thermal stability with an intact granular structure. Results suggested the potential of gamma irradiation and annealing to induce some novel characteristics in sago starch for extended applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Solubility
  8. Fulltext Functionality of wet-granulated disintegrant in comparison to directly incorporated disintegrant in a poorly water-soluble tablet matrix
    Veronica N, Lee ESM, Heng PWS, Liew CV
    Int J Pharm, 2024 Aug 15;661:124467.
    PMID: 39004293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124467
    Tablet disintegration is crucial for drug release and subsequent systemic absorption. Although factors affecting the disintegrant's functionality have been extensively studied, the impact of wet granulation on the performance of disintegrants in a poorly water-soluble matrix has received much less attention. In this study, the disintegrants, crospovidone (XPVP), croscarmellose sodium (CCS) and sodium starch glycolate (SSG), were wet-granulated with dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate as the poorly water-soluble matrix and polyvinylpyrrolidone as the binder. The effect of wet granulation was studied by evaluating tablet tensile strength and disintegratability. Comparison between tablets with granulated or ungranulated disintegrants as well those without disintegrants were also made. Different formulations showed different degrees of sensitivity to changes in tablet tensile strength and disintegratability post-wet granulation. Tablet tensile strength decreased for tablets with granulated disintegrant XPVP or CCS, but to a smaller extent for SSG. While tablets with granulated XPVP or CCS had increased disintegration time, the increment was lesser than for SSG, suggesting that wet granulation impacted a swelling disintegrant more. The findings showed that tablets with wet-granulated disintegrant had altered the disintegrant's functionality. These findings could provide better insights into changes in the disintegrant's functionality after wet granulation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Solubility*
  9. QbD Assisted Systematic Review for Optimizing the Selection of PVP as a Ternary Substance in Enhancing the Complexation Efficiency of Cyclodextrins: a Pilot Study
    Mulenga G, Alahmed TAA, Sami F, Majeed S, Ali MS, Le JLJ, et al.
    AAPS PharmSciTech, 2024 Jun 11;25(5):134.
    PMID: 38862663 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02845-3
    Inclusion complexes require higher concentration of Beta cyclodextrins (βCD) resulting in increased formulation bulk, toxicity, and production costs. This systematic review offers a comprehensive analysis using Quality by design (QbD) as a tool to predict potential applications of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a ternary substance to address issues of inclusion complexes. We reviewed 623 documents from 2013 to 2023 and Eighteen (18) research papers were selected for statistical and meta-analysis using the QbD concept to identify the most critical factors for selecting drugs and effect of PVP on inclusion complexes. The QbD analysis revealed that Molecular weight (MW), Partition coefficient (Log P), and the auxiliary substance ratio directly affected complexation efficiency (CE), thermodynamic stability in terms of Gibbs free energy (ΔG), and percent drug release. However, Stability constant (Ks) remained unaffected by any of these parameters. The results showed that low MW (250), median Log P (6), and a βCD: PVP ratio of 2:3 would result in higher CE, lower G, and improved drug release. PVP improves drug solubility, enhances delivery and therapeutic outcomes, and counteracts increased drug ionization due to decreased pH. In certain cases, its bulky nature and hydrogen bonding with CD molecules can form non-inclusion complexes. The findings of the study shows that there is potential molecular interaction between PVP and β-cyclodextrins, which possibly enhances the stability of inclusion complexes for drug with low MW and log P values less than 9. The systematic review shows a comprehensive methodology based on QbD offers a replicable template for future investigations into drug formulation research.
    Matched MeSH terms: Solubility*
  10. Fulltext Importance and globalization status of good manufacturing practice (GMP) requirements for pharmaceutical excipients
    Abdellah A, Noordin MI, Wan Ismail WA
    Saudi Pharm J, 2015 Jan;23(1):9-13.
    PMID: 25685037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2013.06.003
    Pharmaceutical excipients are no longer inert materials but it is effective and able to improve the characteristics of the products' quality, stability, functionality, safety, solubility and acceptance of patients. It can interact with the active ingredients and alter the medicament characteristics. The globalization of medicines' supply enhances the importance of globalized good manufacturing practice (GMP) requirements for pharmaceutical excipients. This review was intended to assess the globalization status of good manufacturing practice (GMP) requirements for pharmaceutical excipients. The review outcomes demonstrate that there is a lack of accurately defined methods to evaluate and measure excipients' safety. Furthermore good manufacturing practice requirements for excipients are not effectively globalized.
    Matched MeSH terms: Solubility
  11. Fulltext internal fit of CAD/CAM fabricated metal alloy fixed partial dentures
    Mohd Faiz Nasruddin, Theocharospoulos, Antonios, Ray, Noel, Burke, Francis M.
    Compendium of Oral Science, 2016;3(1):1-8.
    MyJurnal
    Fitting accuracy of dental prostheses is essential for clinical success. An ideal marginal and internal fit will minimize plaque accumulation, gingival irritation, cement dissolution and micro leakage as well as enhancing the mechanical behaviour of a fixed partial denture (FPD) (1). Unfortunately, there is disagreement about acceptable marginal and internal fit discrepancies of FPD’s (2) from 75-200μm. There are two main manufacturing routes of CAD/CAM FPD’s: the subtractive and the additive route. The subtractive route is a top-down approach which involves milling the desired article out of a block of the material of choice using a series of burs. This route is currently the most common CAD/CAM technique for the fabrication of metal alloy FPD’s. The additive route is a bottom-up approach where the desired article is fabricated layer by layer out of the material of choice. Examples include selective laser sintering and selective laser melting for metal alloy FPD’s.
    Matched MeSH terms: Solubility
  12. Targeting Cancer using Curcumin Encapsulated Vesicular Drug Delivery Systems
    Hardwick J, Taylor J, Mehta M, Satija S, Paudel KR, Hansbro PM, et al.
    Curr Pharm Des, 2021;27(1):2-14.
    PMID: 32723255 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200728151610
    Curcumin is a major curcuminoid present in turmeric. The compound is attributed to various therapeutic properties, which include anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-malarial, and neuroprotection. Due to its therapeutic potential, curcumin has been employed for centuries in treating different ailments. Curcumin has been investigated lately as a novel therapeutic agent in the treatment of cancer. However, the mechanisms by which curcumin exerts its cytotoxic effects on malignant cells are still not fully understood. One of the main limiting factors in the clinical use of curcumin is its poor bioavailability and rapid elimination. Advancements in drug delivery systems such as nanoparticle-based vesicular drug delivery platforms have improved several parameters, namely, drug bioavailability, solubility, stability, and controlled release properties. The use of curcumin-encapsulated niosomes to improve the physical and pharmacokinetic properties of curcumin is one such approach. This review provides an up-to-date summary of nanoparticle-based vesicular drug carriers and their therapeutic applications. Specifically, we focus on niosomes as novel drug delivery formulations and their potential in improving the delivery of challenging small molecules, including curcumin. Overall, the applications of such carriers will provide a new direction for novel pharmaceutical drug delivery, as well as for biotechnology, nutraceutical, and functional food industries.
    Matched MeSH terms: Solubility
  13. Solubility of ionic surfactants below their Krafft point in mixed micellar solutions: Phase diagrams for methyl ester sulfonates and nonionic cosurfactants
    Danov KD, Stanimirova RD, Kralchevsky PA, Slavova TG, Yavrukova VI, Ung YW, et al.
    J Colloid Interface Sci, 2021 Nov;601:474-485.
    PMID: 34090025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.05.147
    HYPOTHESIS: Many ionic surfactants with wide applications in personal-care and house-hold detergency show limited water solubility at lower temperatures (Krafft point). This drawback can be overcome by using mixed solutions, where the ionic surfactant is incorporated in mixed micelles with another surfactant, which is soluble at lower temperatures.

    EXPERIMENTS: The solubility and electrolytic conductivity for a binary surfactant mixture of anionic methyl ester sulfonates (MES) with nonionic alkyl polyglucoside and alkyl polyoxyethylene ether at 5 °C during long-term storage were measured. Phase diagrams were established; a general theoretical model for their explanation was developed and checked experimentally.

    FINDINGS: The binary and ternary phase diagrams for studied surfactant mixtures include phase domains: mixed micelles; micelles + crystallites; crystallites, and molecular solution. The proposed general methodology, which utilizes the equations of molecular thermodynamics at minimum number of experimental measurements, is convenient for construction of such phase diagrams. The results could increase the range of applicability of MES-surfactants with relatively high Krafft temperature, but with various useful properties such as excellent biodegradability and skin compatibility; stability in hard water; good wetting and cleaning performance.

    Matched MeSH terms: Solubility
  14. Formation of Antihyperlipidemic Nano-Ezetimibe from Volatile Microemulsion Template for Enhanced Dissolution Profile
    Saleem MA, Yasir Siddique M, Nazar MF, Khan SU, Ahmad A, Khan R, et al.
    Langmuir, 2020 07 14;36(27):7908-7915.
    PMID: 32551692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01016
    Nanostructures play an important role in targeting sparingly water-soluble drugs to specific sites. Because of the structural flexibility and stability, the use of template microemulsions (μEs) can produce functional nanopharmaceuticals of different sizes, shapes, and chemical properties. In this article, we report a new volatile oil-in-water (o/w) μE formulation comprising ethyl acetate/ethanol/brij-35/water to obtain the highly water-dispersible nanoparticles of an antihyperlipidemic agent, ezetimibe (EZM-NPs), to enhance its dissolution profile. A pseudoternary phase diagram was delineated in a specified brij-35/ethanol ratio (1:1) to describe the transparent, optically isotropic domain of the as-formulated μE. The water-dilutable μE formulation, comprising an optimum composition of ethyl acetate (18.0%), ethanol (25.0%), brij-35 (25.0%), and water (32.0%), showed a good dissolvability of EZM around 4.8 wt % at pH 5.2. Electron micrographs showed a fine monomodal collection of EZM-loaded μE droplets (∼45 nm) that did not coalesce even after lyophilization, forming small spherical EZM-NPs (∼60 nm). However, the maturity of nanodrug droplets observed through dynamic light scattering suggests the affinity of EZM to the nonpolar microenvironment, which was further supported through peak-to-peak correlation of infrared analysis and fluorescence measurements. Moreover, the release profile of the as-obtained EZM-nanopowder increased significantly >98% in 30 min, which indicates that a reduced drug concentration will be needed for capsules or tablets in the future and can be simply incorporated into the multidosage formulation of EZM.
    Matched MeSH terms: Solubility
  15. Effects of drying techniques on the physicochemical, functional, thermal, structural and rheological properties of mung bean (Vigna radiata) protein isolate powder
    Brishti FH, Chay SY, Muhammad K, Ismail-Fitry MR, Zarei M, Karthikeyan S, et al.
    Food Res Int, 2020 12;138(Pt B):109783.
    PMID: 33288169 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109783
    Mung bean is an inexpensive yet sustainable protein source. Current work compared the effects of freeze (FD), spray (SD) and oven drying (OD), on mung bean protein isolate (MBPI) produced on pilot scale. All samples showed no dissociation of protein subunits and were thermally stable (Td = 157.90-158.07 °C). According to morphological studies, FD formed a porous protein while SD and OD formed wrinkled and compact crystals, respectively. FD and SD formed elastic gels with better gelling capacity than OD (aggregated gel). FD showed exceptional protein solubility, water and oil absorption capacity (4.23 g/g and 8.38 g/g, respectively). SD demonstrated the smallest particle size, excellent emulsion activity index (29.21 m2/g) and stability (351.90 min) and the highest β-sheet amount (37.61%). FTIR spectra for all samples showed characteristic peaks which corresponded well to the secondary structure of legume proteins. Rheological analysis revealed that gelation temperature for all MBPI lied around 90 °C. Current work described the different final properties achieved for MBPI produced under different drying techniques that allowed tailoring for different food systems, whereby FD is ideal for meat extender, SD is suitable for meat emulsion while OD is suitable in general protein-based application.
    Matched MeSH terms: Solubility
  16. Fulltext Preparation of CaCu3Ti4O12 using a wet chemical method
    Yeoh, Cheow Keat, Srimala Sreekantan, Sabar Derita Hutagalung, Zainal Arifin Ahmad
    Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies, 2007;2005(1):53-61.
    MyJurnal
    CaCu3Ti4O12 was synthesized starting from a solution of TiO2 to which Ca and Cu nitrates were added. Due to the differences in the solubilities of the Ca, Cu and Ti, initial variations from ideal stoichiometry and a high solution pH was necessary to obtain stoichiometric CaCu3Ti4O12 precipitates. As precipitated samples were amorphous with CuO phases observed after drying of the precipitates at 300 oC. CaCu3Ti4O12 phases were observed after heat treatment at 1000 oC. XRD studies show the presence of CuO and TiO2 in addition to the CaCu3Ti4O12 for non stoichiometric samples. Observations under the SEM show the presence of Cu rich and Ti rich phases in addition to the CaCu3Ti4O12.
    Matched MeSH terms: Solubility
  17. Polymer-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes: a transformation toward better applications in healthcare
    Chik MW, Hussain Z, Zulkefeli M, Tripathy M, Kumar S, Majeed ABA, et al.
    Drug Deliv Transl Res, 2019 04;9(2):578-594.
    PMID: 29594914 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-018-0505-9
    Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) possess outstanding properties that could be useful in several technological, drug delivery, and diagnostic applications. However, their unique physical and chemical properties are hindered due to their poor solubility. This article review's the different ways and means of solubility enhancement of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The advantages of SWNTs over the multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and the method of non-covalent modification for solubility enhancement has been the key interest in this review. The review also highlights a few examples of dispersant design. The review includes some interesting utility of SWNTs being wrapped with polymer especially in biological media that could mediate proper drug delivery to target cells. Further, the use of wrapped SWNTs with phospholipids, nucleic acid, and amphiphillic polymers as biosensors is of research interest. The review aims at summarizing the developments relating to wrapped SWNTs to generate further research prospects in healthcare.
    Matched MeSH terms: Solubility
  18. Phase dependent structural perturbation of a robust multicomponent assembled icosahedral array
    Ling I, Kumari H, Mirzamani M, Sobolev AN, Garvey CJ, Atwood JL, et al.
    Chem Commun (Camb), 2018 Sep 25;54(77):10824-10827.
    PMID: 30140821 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05650a
    We report on the assembly of three-fold axially compressed icosahedral arrays of the bowl shaped p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene molecules in the solid-state, intricately bound to dipicolinate and yttrium(iii) ions, with the compression reflected in Hirshfeld surface analyses. Solution studies show dissolution of the icosahedra intact, but with a geometrical rearrangement to regular icosahedra.
    Matched MeSH terms: Solubility
  19. Modeling of the dissolution kinetics of arbutus wild berries-based tablets as evaluated by electric conductivity
    Tounsia Abbas-Aksil, Salem Benamara
    Sains Malaysiana, 2015;44:301-308.
    Lyophilized powder (LP) from Algerian arbutus wild berries (Arbutus unedo L.) was obtained. This present paper reports about the dissolution (releasing) properties of LP-based tablets, evaluated through the electric conductivity (EC) of distilled water which is employed as surrounding medium, at three different temperatures (291, 298 and 309 K). In addition to this, secondary physicochemical characteristics such as elementary analysis, color and compressibility were evaluated. Regarding the modeling of ionic transfer, among the three tested models, namely Peleg, Singh et al. and Singh and Kulshestha, the latter seems to be the most appropriate (R2 = 0.99), particularly in the case of compacted tablets under 2000 Pa. The temperature dependence of the dissolution process was also studied applying Arrhenius equation (R2>0.8) which allowed to deduce the activation energy, ranging from 18.7 to 21.4 kJ.mol-1 according to the model and compression force employed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Solubility
  20. Reinvention of starch for oral drug delivery system design
    Ab'lah N, Yusuf CYL, Rojsitthisak P, Wong TW
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2023 Jun 30;241:124506.
    PMID: 37085071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124506
    Starch is a polysaccharide with varying amylose-to-amylopectin ratios as a function of its biological sources. It is characterized by low shear stress resistance, poor aqueous/organic solubility and gastrointestinal digestibility which limit its ease of processing and functionality display as an oral drug delivery vehicle. Modulation of starch composition through genetic engineering primarily alters amylose-to-amylopectin ratio. Greater molecular properties changes require chemical and enzymatic modifications of starch. Acetylation reduces water solubility and enzymatic digestibility of starch. Carboxymethylation turns starch acid-insoluble and aggregative at low pHs. The summative effects are sustaining drug release in the upper gut. Acid-insoluble carboxymethylated starch can be aminated to provide an ionic character essential for hydrogel formation which further reduces its drug release. Ionic starch can coacervate with oppositely charged starch, non-starch polyelectrolyte or drug into insoluble, controlled-release complexes. Enzymatically debranched and resistant starch has a small molecular size which confers chain aggregation into a helical hydrogel network that traps the drug molecules, protecting them from biodegradation. The modified starch has been used to modulate the intestinal/colon-specific or controlled systemic delivery of oral small molecule drugs and macromolecular therapeutics. This review highlights synthesis aspects of starch and starch derivatives, and their outcomes and challenges of applications in oral drug delivery.
    Matched MeSH terms: Solubility
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