In daily practice of dentistry, we use same instruments on many patients. Before use, all instruments must be cleaned, disinfected, and sterilized to prevent any contamination. Pre-cleaning and sterilization of some devices can be difficult because of their small size and complex architecture. Dental burs and endodontic files are such instruments. Dental burs come in a variety of shapes and sizes, all with highly complex and detailed surface features.
FERMSOSTAT is a developed laboratory scale solid state fermenter. It is a horizontal stirrer drum bioreactor with about 70 L capacities. The fermenter is made of stainless steel which is anti-corrosive and non-toxic to the process organism. The fermenter is equipped with sets of control systems for temperature, agitation, aeration and also outlets for substrate sampling as well as inlets for inoculation and substrate additions. The uniqueness of this FERMSOSTAT system is its ability to carry out in situ substrate sterilization and extraction of enzymes at the end of SSF process. Moreover, the mixing system provided by FERMSOSTAT can be performed either full or half mixing as well as forward or reverse mixing. Furthermore, the mixing can be programmed to run at certain agitation rate and time interval during the fermentation process to prevent or reduce damage to the fungus mycelia. FERMSOSTAT is a developed SSF bioreactor and not an improvement of any existing one. The performances of FERMSOSTAT have been evaluated. Under optimum solid state fermentation conditions, about 63.4, 397 and 3.21 U/g of CMCase, xylanase and FPase activities were detected, which were higher compared to the tray system.
Extruded bone is a rare complication of high energy open fractures, and there is only a handful of literature on reimplantation of the extruded segment. No clear guidelines exist regarding timing of reimplantation, stabilization of extruded bone segments, and also bone disinfection and sterilization techniques. Previous reports describe sterilization using thermal or chemical methods. We present a case of successful reimplantation of an extruded metaphyseal segment of femur after gamma sterilization in a fourteen- year old boy.
The optimisation of fresh fruit bunch (FFB) sterilisation process was studied using different degree of FFB ripeness (i.e. under-ripe, ripe, overripe) and loose fruits. This study was carried out with the application of Response Surface Methodology (RSM), based on the interrelation between process temperature (X1; 100 to 120oC) and time (X2; 20 to 80 min) used for FFB sterilisation process on Free Fatty Acid, FFA (Y1,underripe FFB; Y2,ripe FFB; Y3,Overripe FFB; and Y4,loose fruits). Thirteen experimental runs were conducted per degree of ripeness using laboratory scale steriliser with varying sterilisation temperature and time, as generated by Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD). Raw experimental data trend showed substantial FFA increment with the increment of FFB maturity. Four polynomial models were found appropriate to predict the responses within experimental regions. Analysis regarding factor influences on each response was performed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and graphical analysis. For under-ripe and ripe FFB, the temperature exerted higher and significant (p
Purpose:To investigate the feasibilty of using processed human amniotic membrane (HAM) to support the attachment and proliferation of chondrocytes in vitro which it turn can be utilised as a cell delivery vehicle in tissue engineering applications. Methods: Fresh HAM obtained from patients undergoing routine elective ceasarean sections was harvested., processed and dried using either freez drying (FD) or air drying (AD) methods prior to sterilisation by gamma irradiation. Isolated, processed and characterised rabbit autologous chondrolytes were seeded on processsed HAM and cultured for up to three weeks. Cell attachment and proliferation were examined qualitatively using inverted brightfield microcospy. Results: Processed HAM appeared to allow cell attachment when implanted with chrondocytes. Although cells seeded on AD and FD HAM did not appear to attach as strongly as those seeded on glycerol preserved intact human amniotic membrane, these cells to be proliferated in cell culture conditions. Conclusion: Prelimanary results show that processed HAM chondrocyte attachment and proliferation.
Sterilisation is an essential step in the reprocessing of reusable dental instruments including burs that have become contaminated, or potentially contaminated. Transmission of disease or infection may happen as an effect of improper sterilisation of the reused instruments. Dental burs are one of the essential tools in any conservative dental procedures, which undergo multiple sterilisation cycles before being discarded. However, repeated sterilisation process is associated with the reduction in cutting efficiency of a bur that is potentially due to corrosion. Thus, this study aims to compare the effect of two sterilisation methods on cutting efficiency of a diamond bur that is commonly used in dental procedures. Methods: 30 fissure diamond burs were randomly divided into three sterilisation groups: Group A (dry heat), B (steam under pressure) and C (control). Each bur was used to cut teeth for 45 seconds for ten cycles. Between cuts, the burs underwent sterilisation based on their sterilisation groups. Amount of cutting weight was measured after each cut. Results: This study shows that no significant difference (p>0.05) in the cutting efficiency of the burs following sterilisation of Groups A and B. However, there is a significant mean difference (p
In Malaysia, maggot debridement therapy (MDT) utilizes maggots of Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) to debride necrotic tissue from wound surface, reduce bacterial infection and therefore, enhance wound healing process. To evaluate the sterility of the sterile maggots produced after sterilization process before delivering onto patient wounds. Sterility of sterile maggots is crucial in ensuring the safe usage of MDT and patient's health. Eggs of L. cuprina collected from a laboratory colony were divided into treated group (sterilized) and control group (non-sterilized). Treated group underwent sterilization while eggs from control group were allowed to hatch without sterilization. Sodium hypochlorite and formaldehyde were the main disinfectants used in this sterilization process. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to examine and ascertain the sterility of sterile maggots. SEM results showed that all sterilized L. cuprina eggs and maggots achieved sterility and all were cleared from bacterial contamination. In contrast, all non-sterilized eggs and maggots were found to be colonized by microorganisms. Sterilization method employed to sterilize eggs and maggots used in Malaysia MDT was proven successful and MDT is safe to be used as wound management tools.
PIP:
A total of 552 women in 1983 have undergone laparoscopic sterilization under local anesthesia with sedation in the family planning clinic at Maternity Hospital and the Specialist Center at Batu Complex. A review was made to evaluate the risks, benefits, and safety of outpatient surgery in view of the shortage of anesthetic personnel, operating theaters and costs to patients if general anesthesia were to be used instead. Anesthetic complications (0.9%) were found to be of a very minor nature, not requiring hospitalization. Surgical complication was higher at 3.8%. There was a high rate (21%) of difficulties encountered at operation, 15% for medical officers and trainees but only 6% for specialists. In summary, a very low complication rate was encountered with local anesthetics. The use of local anesthesia with sedation is advocated. This cuts down on costs, hospitalization and recovey time and overcomes the perennial problem of shortage of anesthetic staff and operating theaters. The rate of the surgical complications was related to the surgeon's experience.
Study site: family planning clinic at Maternity Hospital and the Specialist Center at Batu Comple
PIP: In 1986, single puncture laparoscopic application of the Filshie clip was introduced into Malaysia's National Population and Family Development Board's female sterilization program for an evaluation. A total of 42 female sterilizations were performed by this method between June 1986 and December 1986. Laparoscopy was performed on an outpatient basis under local anesthesia. In 37 cases, the sterilization was interval. Filshie clips were successfully applied to the fallopian tubes of 40 women; in the remaining 2 cases, the latching mechanism jammed and Falope rings were used instead. The average time from application of 1st clip to skin closure was 10 minutes. During clip application, technical problems (faulty applicator, clip fell into the pelvic cavity, failure of latching mechanism) were encountered in 4 cases and surgical difficulties (poor visualization, hydrosalpinx, and tubal adhesions) occurred in 10 cases. In general, complications were minimal: 1 patient developed cynosis after anesyhesia (Pethidine) injection, the omentum was torn during introduction of the trocar in another, and a 3rd patient developed thrombophlebitis at the intravenous site. Only 1 pregnancy was recorded during the follow-up period; this occurred 15 months postoperatively and was intrauterine. Given the facts that this procedure is easy to learn, fast and simple, associated with no more complications than other laparoscopic procedures, and is cosmetically more acceptable to women, its more widespread application is recommended.
This study investigates the effect of strategies on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)] production in bioreactor. In the production of P(3HB), urea and glucose feeding streams were developed to characterize the fed-batch culture conditions for new Cupriavidus necator NSDG-GG mutant. Feeding urea in repeated fed-batch stage (RFB-I) at 6, and 12 h in cultivation led to insignificant kinetic effect on the cell dry mass (CDM) and P(3HB) accumulation. Feeding glucose in repeated fed-batch stage (RFB-II) demonstrated that the incremental feeding approach of glucose after urea in fill-and-draw (F/D) mode at 24, 30, 36, 42, and 48 h in fermentation increased CDM and P(3HB) concentration. In the 1st cycle in RFB-II, the cumulative CDM reached the value of 26.22 g/L and then it increased with the successive repeated fed-batches to attain biomass of 145 g/L at the end of 5th cycle of RFB-II. The final cumulative P(3HB) concentration at the end of 5th cycle of RFB-II reached 111 g/L with the overall yield of 0.50 g P(3HB) g gluc- 1; the CDM productivity from the RFB-II cycles was in the range of 0.84-1.3 g/(L·h). The RFB-II of glucose in an increment mode produced nearly 2.2 times more increase in CDM and P(3HB) productivities compared to the decrement RFB-II mode. Repeated cultivation had also the advantage of avoiding extra time required for innoculum preparation, and sterilization of bioreactor during batch, thereby it increased the overall industrial importance of the process.
Despite increasing use of bone graft in Malaysia, there was still lack of data to quantify knowledge level on bone banking among orthopaedic community who are involved in transplantation related work. Therefore, a survey on awareness in tissue banking specifically bone banking, usage and choice of bone grafts was conducted. From 80 respondents, 82.5% were aware about tissue banking however only 12.5% knew of the existence of tissue banks in Malaysia. Femoral head was the bone allograft most often used as a substitute to autograft. Only 34.8% respondents preferred irradiated bone grafts whilst 46.9% preferred nonirradiated, indicating the need to educate the importance of radiation for sterilising tissues. Exhibition was the most preferred medium for awareness programme to disseminate information about bone banking in the orthopaedic community. The professional awareness is necessary to increase the knowledge on the use of bone graft, hence to increase bone transplantation for musculoskeletal surgeries in the country.
PIP: A great deal of attention is being devoted to the use of nonphysicians to provide such fertility control services as contraception, sterilization, and abortion. Legal obstacles exist, however, which must be overcome before the role of nonphysicians can be expanded. Such obstacles include medical practice statutes, nursing and midwifery legislation, and laws and regulations directly related to such fertility control measures as the provision of contraceptions and the performance of sterilizations. On the other hand, the following 3 main approaches have been used to permit increased participation of nonphysicians: delegation of tasks by physicians, liberal interpretation of existing laws, and authorization. Thus, the important elements in expanding the roles of nonphysicians are 1) authorization; 2) training; 3) qualification; 4) supervision; and 5) opportunities for referrals to physicians. The ultimate role of paramedicals will depend upon the continued simplification of technology, the results of research on the quality of care which they can provide, the attitudes of the medical profession, and the elimination of the legal ambiguities and obstacles which exist.