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Observations by a pathologist during three and a half years as a prisoner of war in Malaya and Thailand

MARSDEN AT

Med J Aust, 1946 Jun 1;1:766-9.
PMID: 20988815
Matched MeSH terms: Prisoners*; Prisoners of War*
Oedema in an internment camp

Pallister RA

QJM, 1947;16(2):47-60.
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.qjmed.a066486

1. Three series of cases of oedema in an internment camp are described.
2. The first series of cases consisted of those diagnosed as beriberi. They were much less common than cases of oedema from other nutritional causes. Most of the beriberi cases occurred in a period when the supply of vitamin B1 was low. The other patients developed their disease while outside the camp. The clinical features are described and the diagnosis discussed.
3. The second series of cases occurred at the same time as the beriberi, but the olinical appearances were sufficiently different from beriberi to lead to the diagnosis of nutritional oedema from some unknown cause.
4. The third series occurred towards the end of internment and were probably due to hypoproteinaemia.

Matched MeSH terms: Prisoners
Cry freedom. Interview by Carol Davis

Chell D

Nurs Times, 2000 Aug;97(31):26-7.
PMID: 11957529
Matched MeSH terms: Prisoners*
Prisoners, prisons, and HIV: time for reform

Beyrer C, Kamarulzaman A, McKee M, Lancet HIV in Prisoners Group

Lancet, 2016 Sep 10;388(10049):1033-1035.
PMID: 27427447 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30829-7
Matched MeSH terms: Prisoners*
Fulltext Continuity of opioid substitution treatment between prison and community in Southeast Asia: A scoping review

Loh DA, Plugge E, Van Hout MC

Int J Drug Policy, 2023 Feb;112:103957.
PMID: 36693296 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.103957

BACKGROUND: Criminalisation of drug use and compulsory detention has largely characterised the Southeast Asia region's response to people who use drugs. Whilst access to and provision of healthcare for people living in prison are mandated by international human rights standards, many opioid dependent people living in prison continue to lack access to opioid substitution treatment (OST) during incarceration, and face uncertainties of continuity of care beyond the prison gate.
METHODS: A scoping review using Arksey and O'Malley's framework mapped what is currently known about the continuity of OST post-release in Southeast Asia, with a focus on the three countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam) that provide OST in at least one prison. A multi-lingual systematic search (English, Malay, Indonesian, Vietnamese) on Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Library collected and reviewed extant relevant published empirical and grey literature including government reports between 2011 and 2021. Of the 365 records found, 18 were eligible for inclusion following removal of duplicates and application of exclusion criteria. These records were charted and thematically analysed.
RESULTS: Three main themes were generated: Facilitators of post release continuity of care, Barriers to post release continuity of care and Therapeutic considerations supporting post release continuity of care. When individual and structural gaps exist, disruptions to continuity of OST care post release are observed. Adequate methadone dosage of >80mg/day appears significantly associated with retention in post-release OST.
CONCLUSIONS: The review highlights the facilitators, barriers and therapeutic considerations of continuity of care of OST between prison and community for people living in prisons from Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam. Improving community services with family support are key to supporting continued OST adherence post release along with reducing societal stigma towards people who use drugs and those entering or leaving prison. Further efforts are warranted to ensure parity, quality and continuity of OST care post release.

Matched MeSH terms: Prisoners*
Fulltext Scaling up evidence-based approaches to tuberculosis screening in prisons

Charalambous S, Velen K, Rueda Z, Croda J, Herce ME, Shenoi SV, et al.

Lancet Public Health, 2023 Apr;8(4):e305-e310.
PMID: 36780916 DOI: 10.1016/S2468-2667(23)00002-6

People deprived of liberty have among the highest rates of tuberculosis globally. The incidence of tuberculosis is ten times greater than the incidence of tuberculosis in the general population. In 2021, WHO updated its guidance to strongly recommend systematic screening for tuberculosis in prisons and penitentiary systems. Which case-finding strategies should be adopted, and how to effectively implement these strategies in these settings, will be crucial questions facing ministries of health and justice. In this Viewpoint, we review the evidence base for tuberculosis screening and diagnostic strategies in prisons, highlighting promising approaches and knowledge gaps. Drawing upon past experiences of implementing active case-finding and care programmes in settings with a high tuberculosis burden, we discuss challenges and opportunities for improving the tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment cascade in these settings. We argue that improved transparency in reporting of tuberculosis notifications and outcomes in prisons and renewed focus and resourcing from WHO and other stakeholders will be crucial for building the commitment and investments needed from countries to address the continued crisis of tuberculosis in prisons.

Matched MeSH terms: Prisoners*
Fulltext Adapting an Evidence-Based Intervention Targeting HIV-Infected Prisoners in Malaysia

Copenhaver MM, Tunku N, Ezeabogu I, Potrepka J, Zahari MM, Kamarulzaman A, et al.

AIDS Res Treat, 2011;2011:131045.
PMID: 21860786 DOI: 10.1155/2011/131045

HIV-infected prisoners in Malaysia represent a critical target population for secondary HIV risk reduction interventions and care. We report on the process and outcome of our formative research aimed at systematically selecting and adapting an EBI designed to reduce secondary HIV risk and improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy among soon-to-be-released HIV-infected prisoners. Our formative work involved a critical examination of established EBIs and associated published reports complemented by data elicited through structured interviews and focus groups with key stakeholders, members of the target population, and their family members. Based on all information, we adapted the Holistic Health Recovery Program targeting people living with HIV (HHRP+), an EBI, to consist of eight 2-hour sessions that cover a range of specified topics so that participants may individually apply intervention content as needed to accommodate their particular substance abuse, HIV risk, and antiretroviral adherence issues. This study provides a complete example of the process of selecting and adapting an EBI-taking into account both empirical evidence and input from target organization stakeholders and target population members and their families-for use in real world prison settings where high-risk populations are concentrated.

Matched MeSH terms: Prisoners*
Appropriate medical care for persons in detention

Idris I

Med J Malaysia, 2003 Mar;58 Suppl A:119-22.
PMID: 14556359

The people who are in detention are screened by the Medical Officer of the Prison and if they are found to be unwell, these prisoners will be accommodated in the sickbay and medical treatment will be provided. If their sickness needs further investigations and management, they will be sent to the Government Hospital. If the prisoners are found to have infectious or contagious diseases, steps will be taken to prevent the spread of these diseases to other prisoners in the prison. Prisoners are given time to exercise to maintain good health and their clothing are regularly washed to make sure that they will not contract skin diseases, e.g. scabies, ringworm, etc. The Prison Department since 1989 has increasing numbers of HIV positive prisoners. The Department complies with this problem by sending staff for courses, lectures and seminars so that they will be able to handle these prisoners more efficiently in the prison. When these HIV/AIDS prisoners' condition turns bad, they are usually transferred to a Government Hospital. Another of the Prison Department's prominent medical problem among the prisoners is drug addiction. Staff trained with skill and techniques are counselors for the drug related prisoners. Realizing and in anticipation that the sickbays in the prisons are going to be full of HIV/AIDS prisoners and drug related prisoners, special attention will be given to more allocation to upgrade the sickbays in the prison. White attires will be provided to the sick prisoners in the sickbays so that they will look neat and clean. More doctors, medical assistants and nurses will be employed so that appropriate medical care or rather more appropriate medical care can be provided to the sick prisoners in the prisons. The Prison Department is in the process of privatizing medical care for prisoners in the prison and the Department is also trying to convert some prisons to be medical prisons so that adequate medical care can be given to the sick prisoners.

Matched MeSH terms: Prisoners*
Incarcerated strangulated anal fibroepithelial polyp: a rare case of anorectal emergency

Nor AM, Mohamad AM, Elagili F, Hamdan A

ANZ J Surg, 2021 12;91(12):2855-2856.
PMID: 34913562 DOI: 10.1111/ans.17303
Matched MeSH terms: Prisoners*
Malaysia: Judge refuses to reduce sentence on account of HIV

Ketter A

HIV AIDS Policy Law Rev, 2005 Apr;10(1):62-3.
PMID: 15997473
Matched MeSH terms: Prisoners/legislation & jurisprudence*
War diary reminiscences: part two

MacDuff B

Int Hist Nurs J, 1996;1(3):55-60.
PMID: 11619078

In the concluding part of her war diary, Brenda MacDuff, a nurse with the Colonial Nursing Service in Malaya, tells of her final incarceration, eventual freedom and reunion with her husband.

Matched MeSH terms: Prisoners*
War diary reminiscences

MacDuff B

Int Hist Nurs J, 1995;1(2):83-96.
PMID: 11619073

In Part 1 of her war diary, Brenda MacDuff, a nurse with the Colonial Nursing Service in Malaya, tells of her early experiences in the country at the outbreak of war in the East and of her subsequent capture by the Japanese Army.

Matched MeSH terms: Prisoners*
Fulltext A pilot implementation study to scale-up methadone in incarcerated persons with opioid use disorder and retain them on treatment after release in Moldova

Dorgay CE, Bromberg DJ, Doltu S, Litz T, Galvez S, Polonsky M, et al.

Int J Drug Policy, 2022 Jun;104:103683.
PMID: 35417790 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103683

BACKGROUND: Eastern Europe and Central Asia have intertwined HIV and incarceration epidemics, concentrated in people who inject drugs. Moldova is one of the few countries in this region that offers methadone within prisons, but uptake and post-release retention remains suboptimal. Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) procedures are a potential implementation strategy to address this problem.
METHODS: From June 1, 2017 to March 3, 2018, we conducted a 2-stage SBIRT strategy in nine prisons and four pre-trial detention facilities in Moldova among incarcerated persons with opioid use disorder (OUD; N = 121) and within 90 days of release. Survey results were analyzed to evaluate the effect of the SBIRT strategy on the uptake of and post-release retention on methadone maintenance treatment (MMT).
RESULTS: Among the 121 screened with OUD, 27 were on MMT at baseline within the prison and this number increased to 41 after the two-step SBIRT intervention, reflecting a 51.9% increase over baseline. Eleven (78.6%) of the 14 participants that newly started MMT did so only after completing both SBIRT sessions. The brief intervention did not significantly improve knowledge about methadone but did improve attitudes towards it. Among the 41 participants who received methadone during this trial, 40 (97.6%) were retained 6 months after release; the one participant not retained was on methadone at the time of the intervention and had planned to taper off.
CONCLUSION: The SBIRT strategy significantly improved participant attitudes, but treatment initiation mostly occurred after completing both sessions, including soon after release, but remained low overall. Work within the Moldovan prison subculture to dispel negative myths and misinformation is needed to further scale-up OAT in Moldova.

Matched MeSH terms: Prisoners*
Drug abuse in Malaysia

Seong TE, Haq SM

Med J Malaysia, 1974 Dec;29(2):126-30.
PMID: 4282398
Matched MeSH terms: Prisoners
Observations on the dental condition of Europeans and Asiatics in Singapore following the Japanese Occupation

CAMERON G

Br Dent J, 1946 Jul;81:16.
PMID: 20991033
Matched MeSH terms: Prisoners*; Prisoners of War*
Quinine by continuous intravenous drip in the treatment of acute falciparum malaria

Strahan JH

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1948;41:669-671.

1.This paper records the treatment by a continuous intravenous quinine drip technique of fifteen cases of heavy P. falciparum infection in malnourished prisoners of war in a Singapore camp. These cases were selected from a series of approximately 1,000.2.The efficiency of the method, its simplicity, and the ease with which it can be combined with blood transfusion or the slow administration of thiamin are stressed.3.Recovery by this method of treatment is recorded of three cases with a peripheral intensity of infection higher than has hitherto been reported in Malaya with survival.4.The author is of the opinion that this is a safe and effective method for the treatment of pernicious falciparum infections.

Matched MeSH terms: Prisoners
Fulltext Psychological traits underlying different killing methods among Malaysian male murderers

Kamaluddin M, Shariff NS, Nurfarliza S, Othman A, Ismail KH, Mat Saat GA

Malays J Pathol, 2014 Apr;36(1):41-50.
PMID: 24763234 MyJurnal

Murder is the most notorious crime that violates religious, social and cultural norms. Examining the types and number of different killing methods that used are pivotal in a murder case. However, the psychological traits underlying specific and multiple killing methods are still understudied. The present study attempts to fill this gap in knowledge by identifying the underlying psychological traits of different killing methods among Malaysian murderers. The study adapted an observational cross-sectional methodology using a guided self-administered questionnaire for data collection. The sampling frame consisted of 71 Malaysian male murderers from 11 Malaysian prisons who were selected using purposive sampling method. The participants were also asked to provide the types and number of different killing methods used to kill their respective victims. An independent sample t-test was performed to establish the mean score difference of psychological traits between the murderers who used single and multiple types of killing methods. Kruskal-Wallis tests were carried out to ascertain the psychological trait differences between specific types of killing methods. The results suggest that specific psychological traits underlie the type and number of different killing methods used during murder. The majority (88.7%) of murderers used a single method of killing. Multiple methods of killing was evident in 'premeditated' murder compared to 'passion' murder, and revenge was a common motive. Examples of multiple methods are combinations of stabbing and strangulation or slashing and physical force. An exception was premeditated murder committed with shooting, when it was usually a single method, attributed to the high lethality of firearms. Shooting was also notable when the motive was financial gain or related to drug dealing. Murderers who used multiple killing methods were more aggressive and sadistic than those who used a single killing method. Those who used multiple methods or slashing also displayed a higher level of minimisation traits. Despite its limitations, this study has provided some light on the underlying psychological traits of different killing methods which is useful in the field of criminology.

Matched MeSH terms: Prisoners/psychology*
Medical care for people under detention

Ritom MH

Med J Malaysia, 2003 Mar;58 Suppl A:72-7.
PMID: 14556353

Human Rights traditionally refer to rights and freedom that are inherent to every human being. They are based on Human Rights Law and concern the respect for dignity and worth of a person. These rights are universal, inalienable, indivisible, inter-related and interdependent. Members of Societies are detained for varied reasons and are made up of different age groups and gender. The United Nations through its numerous agencies, associated Conventions, Treaties and Resolutions have laid down guidelines that govern the rights of those under detention. Article 5 of General Assembly Resolution 45/111 clearly stipulates that except for those limitations that are demonstrably necessitated by the fact of incarceration, all prisoners shall retain the human rights and fundamental freedom set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. As such, the Medical and Health Care of People under Detention should not be any different from the other members of societies. The Right to Health and Medical Care is stipulated under various Articles contained in the UN Bill of Human Rights (UDHR, ICCPCR and ICESCR) as well as other Conventions, e.g. Convention against Torture (CAT), Convention on Rights of the Child (CRC) and Convention for the Extinction of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). The United Nations have also developed specific guidelines and instruments for Treatment of People under Detention. These include the General Assembly Resolution 45/111 December 1990 elucidating the Basic Principles for Treatment of Prisoners, ECOSOG resolution 663C and 2076 regarding the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners which covers rules pertaining to accommodation and Medical Services, General Assembly Resolution 37/194 on Principles of Medical Ethics relevant to the role of health personnel, particularly Physicians, in the Protection of Prisoners and Detainees against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.

Matched MeSH terms: Prisoners/legislation & jurisprudence*
Legal minimum standards of medical care for people in detention in Malaysia

Abraham R

Med J Malaysia, 2003 Mar;58 Suppl A:123-33.
PMID: 14556360
Matched MeSH terms: Prisoners/legislation & jurisprudence*
Prisoners with HIV/AIDS: a participatory learning and action initiative in Malaysia

Townsend D

Trop Doct, 2001 Jan;31(1):8-10.
PMID: 11205619

Rapid participatory research and project development is possible within a tightly controlled social context such as a prison. Having gained access, based on trust and mutual respect, external agents may then facilitate significant change. Given adequate support, incarcerated people with HIV/AIDS and limited medical access may be able to develop mutual care, social support and income-generating activities. In the Malaysian context, we estimated in 1998 that up to one-quarter of prisoners with HIV had indicators of significant disease. We estimated that significant indicators remained unrevealed among between one-half and two-thirds of these. Given prevailing conditions, these would probably only be amenable to peer-based care.

Matched MeSH terms: Prisoners*

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