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  1. Childhood drowning in Malaysia
    Hss AS, Tan PS, Hashim L
    Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot, 2014;21(1):75-80.
    PMID: 23651461 DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2013.792284
    This study aimed to collate data on childhood drowning in Malaysia and review existing drowning prevention measures. This study used secondary data from governmental and non-governmental agencies. All reported fatal drownings from 2000 to 2007 and all reported non-fatal drownings from 2000 to 2008 were included. Data were analysed to provide understanding of the epidemiology of drowning incidents, risk factors and available preventive efforts. On average 286 (range 248-344) children died yearly due to drowning with a death rate of 3.05 per 100,000 annually. An additional average of 207 children drowned but survived annually (1.99 per 100,000). The estimated burden of drowning in children (death and non-death) is 5 per 100,000. There was no reduction in annual drowning fatalities over time. Most drowning took place in east coast regions during the annual monsoon season. It was 3.52 (2.80-4.41) times more common in boys and most prevalent among 10-14 years. Most prevalent sites of all-age drowning were seas and rivers. Limited water safety regulations are currently available in the country. This is the first comprehensive national study in Malaysia on paediatric drowning and highlights the magnitude of the problem. It calls for concerted effort to devise effective national drowning prevention measures.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drowning/mortality*
  2. Fulltext Drowning in children in Iran: outcomes and prognostic factors
    Mosayebi Z, Movahedian AH, Mousavi GA
    Med J Malaysia, 2011 Aug;66(3):187-90.
    PMID: 22111437
    The aim of this study was to determine possible associations between some prognostic factors and drowning outcome. There were 47 drowning victims during the study period, of whom 39 (83%) survived and 8 (17%) died. All deaths occurred in children aged under 5 including 7 (87.5%) male and 1 (12.5%) female victims. Seven (87.5%) were Iranian and only one (12.5%) was from Afghanistan. Absence of vital signs at hospital arrival, need for resuscitation, GCS < 5 and acidosis all were associated with adverse outcome with a statistical significance (P < 0.05), but hypothermia was the only idependent predictor of poor outcome (OR 13.7; 95% CI 2.27 to 82.7 , P = 0.003). Since prognostic factors do not predict outcome with 100% accuracy, performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation at the scene and continuing it in the hospital can provide higher chances of recovery for the children.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drowning/mortality*
  3. Fulltext Changes in drowning mortality rates and quality of reporting from 2004-2005 to 2014-2015: a comparative study of 61 countries
    Lin CY, Wang LY, Lu TH
    BMC Public Health, 2019 Oct 28;19(1):1391.
    PMID: 31660919 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7749-2
    BACKGROUND: This study assessed international variations in changes in drowning mortality rates and the quality of reporting specific information in death certificates over the past decade.

    METHODS: Drowning mortality data of 61 countries were extracted from the World Health Organization Mortality Database. We calculated the percentage change (PC) in age-standardized drowning mortality rates and percentage of drowning deaths reported with unspecified codes between 2004 and 2005 and 2014-2015.

    RESULTS: Of the 61 countries studied, 50 exhibited a reduction in drowning mortality rates from 2004 to 2005 to 2014-2015. Additionally, five countries-Lithuania, Moldova, Kyrgyzstan, Romania, and El Salvador-with a high mortality rate in 2004-2005 (> 40 deaths per 100,000) showed improvement (PC  40%) exhibited a marked reduction (PC 

    Matched MeSH terms: Drowning/mortality*
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