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  1. Fulltext Hormones in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal models
    Ghareghani M, Ghanbari A, Eid A, Shaito A, Mohamed W, Mondello S, et al.
    Transl Neurosci, 2021 Jan 01;12(1):164-189.
    PMID: 34046214 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2020-0169
    Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in which activated immune cells attack the CNS and cause inflammation and demyelination. While the etiology of MS is still largely unknown, the interaction between hormones and the immune system plays a role in disease progression, but the mechanisms by which this occurs are incompletely understood. Several in vitro and in vivo experimental, but also clinical studies, have addressed the possible role of the endocrine system in susceptibility and severity of autoimmune diseases. Although there are several demyelinating models, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the oldest and most commonly used model for MS in laboratory animals which enables researchers to translate their findings from EAE into human. Evidences imply that there is great heterogeneity in the susceptibility to the induction, the method of induction, and the response to various immunological or pharmacological interventions, which led to conflicting results on the role of specific hormones in the EAE model. In this review, we address the role of endocrine system in EAE model to provide a comprehensive view and a better understanding of the interactions between the endocrine and the immune systems in various models of EAE, to open up a ground for further detailed studies in this field by considering and comparing the results and models used in previous studies.
  2. Fulltext Puzzle task ERP response: time-frequency and source localization analysis
    Almurshedi A, Ismail AK
    Transl Neurosci, 2015;6(1):187-197.
    PMID: 28123804 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2015-0020
    Perceptual decision making depends on the choices available for the presented task. Most event-related potential (ERP) experiments are designed with two options, such as YES or NO. In some cases, however, subjects may become confused about the presented task in such a way that they cannot provide a behavioral response. This study aims to put subjects into such a puzzled state in order to address the following questions: How does the brain respond during puzzling moments? And what is the brain's response to a non-answerable task? To address these questions, ERP were acquired from the brain during a scintillation grid illusion task. The subjects were required to count the number of illusory dots, a task that was impossible to perform. The results showed the presence of N130 over the parietal area during the puzzling task. Coherency among the brain hemispheres was enhanced with the complexity of the task. The neural generators' source localizations were projected to a multimodal complex covering the left postcentral gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, and angular gyrus. This study concludes that the brain component N130 is strongly related to perception in a puzzling task network but not the visual processing network.
  3. Fulltext Autobiographical Memory Increases Pupil Dilation
    El Haj M, M J Janssen S, Gallouj K, Lenoble Q
    Transl Neurosci, 2019;10:280-287.
    PMID: 31915538 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2019-0044
    BACKGROUND: Pupil activity has been widely considered as a "summed index" of physiological activities during cognitive processing.

    METHODOLOGY: We investigated pupil dilation during retrieval of autobiographical memory and compared pupil diameter with a control condition in which participants had to count aloud. We also measured pupil diameters retrieval of free (i.e., first memory that comes to mind), positive, and negative memories (memories associated, respectively, with the words "happy" and "sad").

    RESULTS: Analyses demonstrated larger pupil diameters during the free, positive, and negative autobiographical memory retrieval than during the control task. Analyses also demonstrated no significant differences in pupil diameters across the three autobiographical memory conditions.

    CONCLUSION: These outcomes demonstrate that, compared with counting, autobiographical retrieval results in a larger pupil size. However, the emotional valence of memories yields non-significant effect on pupil diameters. Our findings demonstrate how autobiographical memory retrieval yields pupil dilation.

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