METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted between 1 July and 31 December 2019 among patients in medical wards who had a blood glucose (BG) level of > 7.8 mmol/L and stayed in the wards for ≥ 24 h. We retrieved information on demographics, diabetes history and BG profiles. The definition of controlled glycaemic status is when ≥ 80% of BG readings were between 4.0 mmol/L and 10.0 mmol/L during the hospital stay.
RESULTS: The prevalence of inpatient hyperglycaemia was 55.2%. There were 841 patients who met the eligibility criteria; their mean age was 60 (13.8) years old. Most (79.4%) of the patients were Malay and 53.9% were male. There were 452 (53.7%) patients in the uncontrolled group. They were younger and admitted with more kidney complications compared to those in the controlled group. The median LOS for both groups was 3 (2) days. The uncontrolled group showed a higher percentage of readmission within 30 days (7.5% versus 4.6 %) and death during admission (3.3% versus 1.6 %) (P = 0.100 and P = 0.082).
CONCLUSION: The prevalence of inpatient hyperglycaemia was high. More than half of them had uncontrolled BG. Both groups had a similar average length of stay. The 30-day readmission rate and death during admission were higher in the uncontrolled group, although statistically not significant.
AREAS COVERED: The steps involved in preparing the mRNA-based cancer vaccines are isolation of the mRNA cancer from the target protein using the nucleic acid RNA-based vaccine, sequence construction to prepare the DNA template, in vitro transcription for protein translation from DNA into mRNA strand, 5' cap addition and poly(A) tailing to stabilize and protect the mRNA from degradation and purification process to remove contaminants produced during preparation.
EXPERT OPINION: Lipid nanoparticles, lipid/protamine/mRNA nanoparticles, and cell-penetrating peptides have been used to formulate mRNA vaccine and to ensure vaccine stability and delivery to the target site. Delivery of the vaccine to the target site will trigger adaptive and innate immune responses. Two predominant factors of the development of mRNA-based cancer vaccines are intrinsic influence and external influence. In addition, research relating to the dosage, route of administration, and cancer antigen types have been observed to positively impact the development of mRNA vaccine.