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  1. Fulltext Novel drug delivery systems
    Tariq AR
    Med J Malaysia, 1993 Sep;48(3):253-5.
    PMID: 8183134
  2. Fulltext Students’ perspectives on pharmacy curriculum in a Malaysian university
    Qais Alefan, Haniki Nik Mohamad, M., Awaisu, A., Tariq A. Razak, Jamalludin A. Rahman
    Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 2009;7(2):125-136.
    MyJurnal
    Institutions of higher learning are working hard to provide effective, high quality educational programs. Meanwhile, potential students are also looking at “quality” as a metric to help make their decisions about which college to join. Mechanisms to evaluate the quality of higher education offered in universities are already available. This study aimed to determine students’ attitudes and opinions regarding the pharmacy curriculum at the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). A survey instrument was administered to all final year bachelor of pharmacy (BPharm) students. Forty students (93%) completed and returned the survey. The majority of students (75%) expressed their satisfaction regarding the curriculum in general. Most students (74%) were also satisfied with the courses offered by the department of pharmacy practice. However, students were not satisfied with certain issues such as overlapping of some pharmacy practice courses, and the inclusion of the Malaysian language course in the BPharm curriculum.
  3. Fulltext Racial differences in the fasting lipid profile of healthy Malaysians
    Zaraihan S, Azman AB, Tariq AR
    Med J Malaysia, 1994 Dec;49(4):355-63.
    PMID: 7674971
    The fasting lipid profile of a sample of Malays, Chinese and Indians in Peninsular Malaysia was studied to see whether these might explain differences in the rate of coronary heart disease mortality amongst the three ethnic groups. Fifty healthy subjects were studied from each of the three groups. They were matched for age, body mass index, gender and smoking habits, if any. The total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio and LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio were found to be statistically higher in the Indians than in the Malays and the Chinese. The differences between the Indians and the Chinese were statistically more significant than the differences between the Indians and the Malays. Our findings may partially explain the higher predisposition of the Indian community in Malaysia to CHD mortality and are consistent with those of other studies performed on Indian communities living outside the Indian subcontinent.
  4. Fulltext Dose requirement and effect of nicardipine on lipid profile in mild to moderate essential hypertensives
    Tariq AR, Maheendran K, Kamsiah J, Christina P
    Med J Malaysia, 1992 Sep;47(3):182-9.
    PMID: 1491643
    Twenty eight patients who satisfied the entry criteria and had completed an initial 2 weeks treatment with placebo were titrated fortnightly with doses of Nicardipine ranging from 30 mg to 90 mg daily in two or three divided doses. Nicardipine treatment significantly reduced blood pressures both in the supine and standing positions (p < 0.0004) when compared with placebo treatment. Heart rates however did not change significantly. Forty six percent (13/28) of patients on 20 mg twice daily, 25% (7/28) on 10 mg three times daily, 18% (5/28) of patients on 20 mg three times daily and 11% (3/28) on 30 mg three times daily achieved supine diastolic blood pressures < 90 mm Hg. Nicardipine treatment at 16 weeks and at 24 weeks did not significantly alter the lipid profile when compared to the end of placebo treatment period. No other biochemical abnormalities were reported during the study period. Except for 2 cases of mild pedal oedema and 2 cases of transient headaches, no serious side-effects were encountered.
  5. Fulltext Dietary Knowledge among Adults with Type 2 Diabetes-Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
    Sami W, Alabdulwahhab KM, Ab Hamid MR, Alasbali TA, Alwadani FA, Ahmad MS
    Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020 01 30;17(3).
    PMID: 32019083 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030858
    Dietary management is considered as a major step in assessing a patient's knowledge related to nutritional aspects, treatment, and complications of diabetes. Diabetes patients frequently face difficulty in identifying the recommended diet, including its quality and quantity. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), sedentary lifestyle, along with food choices and portion sizes, have increased considerably and this has resulted in the soaring risk of diabetes. In addition, there is paucity of literature focusing on the Dietary Knowledge (DK) of type 2 diabetics in KSA. The study aimed to assess and evaluate the DK of type 2 diabetics. An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among 350 type 2 diabetics using a valid and reliable self-prepared questionnaire comprising of 21 questions. Results showed that type 2 diabetics had an overall poor DK (28.57%). Sub-group analysis further revealed that diabetes patients had poor knowledge related to the consumption of carbohydrates and food choices, whereas they had good knowledge related to lipids and fats, proteins and food types. The role of diet in controlling of diabetes is considered imperative, but still, diabetes patients are unaware how they should approach this issue. The patient empowerment approach can be used to counsel patients with a poor DK. Primary care physicians and dietitians should work together and carry out individualized, tailored and patient-centered dietary education sessions.
  6. Fulltext The effects of Cicletanine, a new antihypertensive agent on insulin release in rat isolated pancreas by the perfusion technique
    Mashori GR, Tariq AR, Shahimi MM, Suhaimi H
    Singapore Med J, 1996 Jun;37(3):278-81.
    PMID: 8942229
    Treatment of hypertension has reduced the incidence of stroke, heart failure and renal failure. However, the incidence of coronary heart disease is not reduced to the same degree. Many of the drugs advocated as first-line drugs in the step-wise therapy have been shown to cause carbohydrate intolerance and it is an independent risk factor in the development of coronary heart disease. It is thus important to identify the antihypertensive drugs that may cause deterioration in glucose tolerance. Cicletanine, the first derivative of the furopyridines, is a new class of antihypertensive agents. It acts directly on vascular endothelium cells by increasing prostacyclin synthesis. It also decreases intracytosolic calcium levels in smooth muscles. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of Cicletanine on insulin release in rat isolated pancreas by the perfusion technique adapted from Loubatieres and co-workers (1972). Doses used were based on therapeutic peak plasma concentration. Diazoxide was used as a positive control ie a known insulin suppressant. Cicletanine at 1/10 and equivalent therapeutic concentrations (0.5 microgram/mL and 5.0 micrograms/mL) did not suppress insulin release. However, at concentration exceeding 10X its therapeutic levels (50 micrograms/mL) it begins to suppress insulin release. In conclusion, Cicletanine did not inhibit insulin release at concentrations within the therapeutic range.
  7. Effects of hydraulic retention time and cultivation on nutrients removal and biomass production in wastewater by membrane photobioreactor: Modeling and optimization by machine learning and response surface methodology
    Hua H, Zahmatkesh S, Osman H, Tariq A, Zhou JL
    Chemosphere, 2024 Feb 05.
    PMID: 38325614 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141394
    Discharge of excess nutrients in wastewater can potentially cause eutrophication and poor water quality in the aquatic environment. A new approach of nutrients removal in wastewater is by utilizing microalgae which grow by absorbing CO2 from air. Furthermore, the use of membrane photo-bioreactor (MPBR) that combines membranes and photo-bioreactor has emerged as a novel wastewater treatment method. This research sought to model, forecast, and optimize the behavior of dry biomass, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) in MPBR by response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) algorithms, which saved time and resources of experimental work. The independent variables that have been used for modeling were hydraulic retention time (HRT) and cultivation. For this purpose, the dry biomass of algal production, DIN and DIP behavior were modeled by RSM and ANN algorithms, to identify the optimum mode of processing. RSM modeling has shown good agreement with experimental data. According to RSM optimization, the optimum mode for DIN and DIP occurred at 1.15 days of HRT and 1.92 days of cultivation. The ANN showed better performance than the RSM model, with the margin of deviation being less than 10%. Furthermore, the ANN algorithm showed higher accuracy than RSM method in predicting the dry biomass, DIN and DIP behavior in MPBR.
  8. Fulltext Obesity in multiracial schizophrenia patients receiving outpatient treatment in a regional tertiary hospital in malaysia
    Norlelawati AT, Kartini A, Ramli M, Norsidah K, Wan Azizi WS, Tariq AR
    East Asian Arch Psychiatry, 2012 Jun;22(2):49-56.
    PMID: 22714874
    OBJECTIVES. Obesity is an issue of concern among patients with schizophrenia as it is a co-morbid condition that is closely related to metabolic syndrome. The present study assessed the correlation of body mass index with antipsychotic use among multiracial schizophrenia outpatients. The study also compared the patients' body mass index with Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey (MANS) data.
    METHODS. A total of 216 participants were recruited into a cross-sectional study conducted over 5 months, from December 2010 to April 2011. Body weight and height were measured using the standard methods. Demographic data and treatment variables were gathered through interview or review of the medical records.
    RESULTS. There were differences in mean body mass index between men and women (p = 0.02) and between Malay, Chinese and Indian races (p = 0.04). Stratified by sex, age, and race, the body mass index distributions of the patients were significantly different to those of the reference MANS population. The prevalence of obesity among patients was more than 2-fold greater than among the reference population in all variables. Although body mass index distribution was related to antipsychotic drugs (χ(2) = 33.42; p = 0.04), obesity could not be attributed to any specific drug.
    CONCLUSION. The prevalence of obesity among patients with schizophrenia was significantly greater than that in the healthy Malaysian population, and affects the 3 main races in Malaysia.
    Study site: Psychiatry Clinic, Tengku Ampuan Afzan Hospital, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
  9. Fulltext Synthesis, spectral characterization and crystals structure of some arsane derivatives of gold (I) complexes: a comparative density functional theory study
    Shawkataly OB, Goh CP, Tariq A, Khan IA, Fun HK, Rosli MM
    PLoS One, 2015;10(3):e0119620.
    PMID: 25798915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119620
    A series of complexes of the type LAuCl where L = tris(p-tolylarsane), tris(m-tolylarsane), bis(diphenylarsano)ethane, and tris(naphthyl)arsane have been synthesized. All of the new complexes, 1-4, have been fully characterized by means of ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray crystallography. The structures of complexes 1-4 have been determined from X-ray diffraction data. The linear molecules have an average bond distance between gold-arsenic and gold-chlorine of 2.3390Å and 2.2846Å, respectively. Aurophilic interaction was prominent in complex 1 and 3, whereas complex 2 and 4 do not show any such interaction. The intermolecular gold interaction bond length was affected by the electronegativity of the molecule. The computed values calculated at DFT level using B3LYP function are in good agreement with the experimental results.
  10. Fulltext Prevalence of diabetes, hypertension and renal disease amongst railway workers in Malaysia
    Khalid BA, Usha R, Ng ML, Norella Kong CT, Tariq AR
    Med J Malaysia, 1990 Mar;45(1):8-13.
    PMID: 2152075
    A survey was done to determine the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and renal disease, as well as extent of diabetic control, amongst the workers of Malaysian Railways. The prevalence of diabetes was high at 6.6%, with 3.8% of these being insulin dependent diabetes. The highest prevalence was in Indians (16.0%) followed by Chinese (4.9%) and Malays (3.0%). Using HbA1 measurements, diabetic control was poor in 70.6% of the diabetics. Hypertension was found in 37% and proteinuria in 35%. Renal impairment was present in 30% of the diabetics. This survey shows that diabetes, hypertension and renal disease are high amongst the railway workers in Malaysia.
  11. Fulltext Biochemical and Molecular Investigation of In Vitro Antioxidant and Anticancer Activity Spectrum of Crude Extracts of Willow Leaves Salix safsaf
    Aboul-Soud MAM, Ashour AE, Challis JK, Ahmed AF, Kumar A, Nassrallah A, et al.
    Plants (Basel), 2020 Sep 30;9(10).
    PMID: 33008079 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101295
    Organic fractions and extracts of willow (Salix safsaf) leaves, produced by sequential solvent extraction as well as infusion and decoction, exhibited anticancer potencies in four cancerous cell lines, including breast (MCF-7), colorectal (HCT-116), cervical (HeLa) and liver (HepG2). Results of the MTT assay revealed that chloroform (CHCl3) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc)-soluble fractions exhibited specific anticancer activities as marginal toxicities were observed against two non-cancerous control cell lines (BJ-1 and MCF-12). Ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry Q-Exactive™ HF Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap™ coupled with liquid chromatography (UHPLC) indicated that both extracts are enriched in features belonging to major phenolic and purine derivatives. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis (FACS), employing annexin V-FITC/PI double staining indicated that the observed cytotoxic potency was mediated via apoptosis. FACS analysis, monitoring the increase in fluorescence signal, associated with oxidation of DCFH to DCF, indicated that the mechanism of apoptosis is independent of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Results of immunoblotting and RT-qPCR assays showed that treatment with organic fractions under investigation resulted in significant up-regulation of pro-apoptotic protein and mRNA markers for Caspase-3, p53 and Bax, whereas it resulted in a significant reduction in amounts of both protein and mRNA of the anti-apoptotic marker Bcl-2. FACS analysis also indicated that pre-treatment and co-treatment of human amniotic epithelial (WISH) cells exposed to the ROS H2O2 with EtOAc fraction provide a cytoprotective and antioxidant capacity against generated oxidative stress. In conclusion, our findings highlight the importance of natural phenolic and flavonoid compounds with unparalleled and unique antioxidant and anticancer properties.
  12. Fulltext Once daily felodipine monotherapy in mild to moderate hypertension
    Kon SP, Tan HW, Chua CT, Ong ML, Kamsiah J, Maheendran KK, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 1992 Dec;47(4):290-6.
    PMID: 1303482
    In a single-blind study conducted at our centres, 78 hypertensive patients were enrolled with 58 completing the study according to the protocol. Mean supine and standing blood pressures were significantly reduced after treatment with felodipine, reductions being 27/21 mmHg (p < 0.0001) and 25/19 mmHg (p < 0.0001) respectively. Of 46 patients given felodipine 5 mg, 44 (95.7%) achieved target blood pressure defined as a diastolic blood pressure of < 90 mmHg, while all 12 patients on felodipine 10 mg did so. The 2 patients who did not achieve target pressure at the final visit did so on previous visits. There were no differences in pre and post-treatment laboratory variables. Treatment was discontinued in 6 patients because of headaches. No adverse events of clinical significance were reported in the 58 patients who completed the study. In conclusion, we found felodipine given once daily to be effective in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension.

    Study site: Multicentre
  13. Fulltext A cross-sectional assessment of knowledge, attitudes and self-perceived effectiveness of complementary and alternative medicine among pharmacy and non-pharmacy university students
    Ashraf M, Saeed H, Saleem Z, Rathore HA, Rasool F, Tahir E, et al.
    BMC Complement Altern Med, 2019 May 03;19(1):95.
    PMID: 31053114 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2503-y
    BACKGROUND: Traditional medicine has always been Pakistan's cultural heritage, providing health care to a large part of its population. Thus, we aimed to assess and compare the knowledge, attitude, and perception about complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) between pharmacy and non-pharmacy students, the results of which may be helpful in devising national health-education policy.

    METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted by enrolling 937 students, pharmacy (437) and non-pharmacy (500), of Punjab University, Lahore. A self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were analyzed using SPSS. (IBM v22).

    RESULTS: Data suggested that majority of students knew about the use of traditional herbs and considered massage (P: 84.4%, NP: 82%, p = 0.099), homeopathy, herbs (P: 86.5%, NP: 81%, p = 0.064], yoga [P: 357 (81.7%), NP: 84%), p = 0.42] and spiritual healing (P: 85.6%, NP: 86.2%, p = 0.55) as effective and least harmful CAM modalities. The pharmacy students had better knowledge about CAM modalities compared to non-pharmacy students. Despite utilizing non-reliable sources of CAM information and their belief that CAM is practiced by quacks, the majority of students had positive attitudes and perceptions about CAM usage. Students also believed that CAM had a positive impact on health outcomes [P: 3.19 ± 1.04, NP: 3.02 ± 1.09, p = 0.008] and acceded to include CAM in the pharmacy curriculum. However, non-pharmacy students scored higher in their beliefs that CAM usage should be discouraged due to the non-scientific basis of CAM (P: 3.04 ± 0.97, NP: 3.17 ± 1.02, p = 0.028) and a possible threat to public health (P: 3.81 ± 1.74, NP: 4.06 ± 1.56, p = 0.02). On the other hand, pharmacy students believed that patients might get benefits from CAM modalities (P: 4.31 ± 1.48, NP: 4.12 ± 1.45, p = 0.02). Majority of students perceived that spiritual healing is the most useful and safer CAM modality, while acupuncture (P: 25.4%, NP: 21.8%, p = 0.0005), hypnosis (P: 26.8%, NP: 19.6%, p = 0.001) and chiropractic (P: 18.8%, NP: 11.6%, p = 0.0005) were among the harmful ones.

    CONCLUSION: In conclusion, despite poor knowledge about CAM, students demonstrated positive attitudes and beliefs regarding CAM. They exhibited better awareness about yoga, spiritual healing/prayer, herbs, and massage. Students also showed willingness to advance their knowledge about CAM and favored its inclusion in the curriculum.

  14. Efficacy of pentamidine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles as a novel drug delivery system for Leishmania tropica
    Khan RU, Khan M, Sohail A, Ullah R, Iqbal A, Ahmad B, et al.
    Trop Biomed, 2022 Dec 01;39(4):511-517.
    PMID: 36602209 DOI: 10.47665/tb.39.4.003
    The present study compares the in vitro effects of nanoparticles loaded pentamidine drug and conventional pentamidine on Leishmania tropica. Herein, pentamidine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (PTN-CNPs) have been synthesized through an ionic gelation method with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP). Next, the physical characteristics of PTN-CNPs were determined through the surface texture, zeta potential, in vitro drug release, drug loading content (DLC), and encapsulation efficacy (EE) and compared its efficacy with free pentamidine (PTN) drug against promastigotes and axenic amastigotes forms of L. tropica in vitro. The PTN-CNPs displayed a spherical shape having a size of 88 nm, an almost negative surface charge (-3.09 mV), EE for PTN entrapment of 86%, and in vitro drug release of 92% after 36 h. In vitro antileishmanial activity of PTN-CNPs and free PTN was performed against Leishmania tropica KWH23 promastigote and axenic amastigote using 3-(4, 5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyletetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. It was observed that the effect of PTN-CNPs and free PTN on both forms of the parasite was dose and time dependent. Free PTN presented low efficacy even at higher dose (40 µg/ml) with 25.6 ± 1.3 and 26.5 ±1.4 mean viability rate of the promastigotes and axenic amastigotes, respectively after 72 hrs incubation. While PTN-CNPs showed strong antileishmanial effects on both forms of parasite with 16 ± 0.4 and 19 ± 0.7 mean viability rate at the same higher concentration (40 µg/ml) after 72 hrs incubation. Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of PTN-CNPs toward promastigotes and amastigotes were obtained as 0.1375 µg/ml and 0.1910 µg/ml, respectively. In conclusion, PTN-CNPs effectively inhibited both forms of the L. tropica; however, its effect was more salient on promastigotes. This data indicates that the PTN-CNPs act as a target drug delivery system. However, further research is needed to support its efficacy in animal and human CL.
  15. In silico identification of potential drug-like molecules against G glycoprotein of Nipah virus by molecular docking, DFT studies, and molecular dynamic simulation
    Naeem I, Mateen RM, Sibtul Hassan S, Tariq A, Parveen R, Saqib MAN, et al.
    J Biomol Struct Dyn, 2023;41(15):7104-7118.
    PMID: 36036362 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2115557
    Nipah virus (NiV) is a novel zoonotic pathogen that belongs to the Paramyxovirus family. The pathogen has infected a number of people in countries like Bangladesh, India, Singapore, and Malaysia with high mortality rates. Although the NiV has been classified as a biosafety level four pathogen (BSL-4), there is no drug approved for treatment against it. In this study, the G glycoprotein of the NiV was chosen as an antiviral target. Based on ADMET criteria, BBB- and BBB + group compounds were screened out of the Gold & platinum Asinex library containing 211620 compounds. After careful evaluation, the selected ligands were then virtually screened to identify the potential inhibitors against the G glycoprotein of the NiV through molecular docking, density functional theory (DFT), and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation studies. In our study we identified 5-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-[(3-fluorobenzyl)sulfanyl]-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-4,7(1H,6H)-dione (from BBB- group) and 7,7-Dimethyl-1-(4-methylphenyl)-3-(4-morpholinylcarbonyl)-7,8-dihydro-2,5(1H,6H)-quinolinedione) (from BBB + group) as potential compounds for the prevention and treatment of NiV related diseases.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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