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  1. Fulltext A Semi-quantitative Evaluation of Out-to-Out Agenesis of Posterior Wall in a Dry Human Sacrum in Bangladesh
    Naznin RA, Haq MA, Sumi SA, Ahmad R, Haque M
    Cureus, 2022 Nov;14(11):e31163.
    PMID: 36349077 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.31163
    BACKGROUND: Each vertebra is formed by combining the distal portion of one somite and the cranial half of its proximate part. HOX genes regulate the patterning of the shapes of the non-identical spinal column. In the sacral area, anatomical dissimilarity is on account of the distinct shape of the sacral hiatus and the outright non-subsistence of the posticous embankment of the sacral neural tube, which is a consequence of the non-fulfillment of bonding of lamina of all sacral vertebrae. After that, the meninges and the spinal nerve are unprotected and undiagnosable without an X-ray examination. Therefore, it is difficult to detect the reasons for caudal block failure, low back pain, etc. The current research aimed to improve the proficiency of anatomical and developmental errors of the dorsal wall of the sacrum.

    METHODS: This study was conducted on 60 dried adult sacra of unknown sexes from the stock wing of Anatomy, Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College, Bangladesh, from 2017 to 2018. The undefined gender of the sacrum was identified.

    RESULTS: Out of 60 sacra, 30 (50.0%) were found to be that of males and 30 (50.0%) of females. Among the study samples, only three (5%) samples presented a complete absence of the sacrum's dorsal wall and and incidence among males was higher than females.

    CONCLUSION: This type of sacral aberration has paramount clinical importance. Thereby avoiding caudal epidural block-connected sufferings and backbone operative procedures. The expertise regarding the anatomical variation of sacral hiatus is necessary to reduce the failure rate during caudal epidural anesthesia, helps orthopedic surgeons diagnose the cause of low back pain or in surgical situations, and helps pediatricians deal with congenital anomalies such as meningocele and myelomeningocele.

  2. Histological Study on the Thickness of Gray Matter at the Summit and Bottom of Folium in Different Age Groups of Bangladeshi People
    Nitu NS, Sultana SZ, Haq A, Sumi SA, Bose SK, Sinha S, et al.
    Cureus, 2023 Jul;15(7):e42103.
    PMID: 37476298 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42103
    Context The cerebellum is a part of the hindbrain and consists of cortical gray matter (GM) at the surface and a medullary core of white matter (WM). The GM contains a cell body of neurons that helps process and transmit any command type through nerve fibers found in the WM. The main functions of GM in the central nervous system empower persons to control motor activity, recollection, and passion. So, this research aims to assess the thickness of GM at the summit and bottom of folia by histologically studying the cerebellum cortex. Methods The collection of data was a descriptive type of cross-sectional study. The method was the purposive type. This study was conducted from August 2016 to March 2017, and the research was carried out at Mymensingh Medical College's Department of Anatomy, Bangladesh. Specimens containing cerebellum were preserved from Bangladeshi cadavers according to sexes and ages ranging in years. We chose fresh specimens from people who died within the last 12 hours and preserved them in 10% formol saline. The size of the tissue that was collected for the histological study was not more than 2 cm2 and not more than 4-5 mm thick. Then the tissue was placed in 10% formol saline. This fluid was used for quick fixation and partial dehydration of the tissue. After dehydration, each tissue segment is processed for infiltration and embedding separately. Every section was stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain (H&E) before being coated with dibutyl phthalate polystyrene xylene (DPX) coverslips on slides. Result The mean (±SD) thickness of GM at the summit of folium was 886.2±29.7µm in Group A, 925.2±25.9µm in Group B, 912.7±22.3µm in Group C, and 839.9±40.7µm in Group D. Mean (±SD) GM thickness at the bottom of the fissure was 395.6±12.2 µm, 403.9±26.0µm, 380.4±23.4 µm, and 375.8±28.8 µm in Groups A, B, C, and D respectively. Conclusion The thickness of the cortex is an essential factor in the normal development process, and it was similar in the current study. Normal aging, Alzheimer's disease, and other dementias cause reduced GM which makes the cortical sheet thin. Huntington's disease, corticobasal degeneration, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and schizophrenia are all examples of neurological disorders. Cortical thinning is typically locally localized, and the progression of atrophy can thus disclose much about a disease's history and causal variables. The present study correspondingly found that GM was reduced after the age of 50 years onward. Furthermore, longitudinal investigations of cortical atrophy have the potential to be extremely useful in measuring the efficacy of a wide range of treatments.
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