Antioxidant capacity of Ocimum tenuiflorum L. or ‘ruku’ were determined in this study. Fresh
leaves of Ocimum tenuiflorum was subjected to freeze drying, vacuum drying and processed
into fermented and unfermented tea. The samples were extracted using distilled water and the
total phenolics, total flavonoids, condensed tannin content, anthocyanins and total antioxidant
capacity (TAC) were assessed, measured with ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)
and 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity (DPPH) assays. The results
showed that drying the fresh leaves of Ocimum tenuiflorum and processing them into tea leaves
significantly increase (P < 0.05) the antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content, total flavonoid
content, and condensed tannin content. However, anthocyanins content showed reduction
after drying. In the present study, it can be concluded that the vacuum drying method seem
to produce a product with higher quality of antioxidant properties than freeze drying. Hence,
vacuum drying can be used to replace freeze drying as it is also cheaper than freeze drying.
The aim of this study is to determine the antioxidant capacity of underutilized fruits in Malaysia namely Milk apple (Syzygium malaccense), Malay apple (Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. and Perry), and Water apple (Syzygium aqueum). Synthetic antioxidants (BHA and BHT) commonly used in the food industries may not be as safe as it was presumed earlier. As BHA and BHT may be carcinogenic, it is important to look for new sources of natural antioxidants from fruits and vegetables. Freeze dried samples extracted with acetone and water were measured by ferric 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assays. Acetone extract (50%) showed higher values for both DPPH and FRAP assays compared with water extract. Milk apple has the highest DPPH value of 95.26% inhibition of DPPH. Milk apple also showed the highest FRAP value with 8722.22 µM of Fe (II) per gram of freeze dried sample. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the types of extraction used. Antioxidant capacities of the samples are in the following order: Milk apple > Malay apple > Water apple. Proximate compositions and mineral contents of the samples were determined too. The samples can be used as a source of natural antioxidants.
This study was done to assess the total phenolic compounds (TPC) and 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity in the flowers and leaves of Clitoria ternateaand Vitex negundo Linn. by using methanol and water extraction. TPC were evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteau method. Methanol was more efficient in extracting phenolic compounds compared with water in measuring TPC. Vitex negundo Linn. contained higher amount of TPC compared to Clitoria ternatea. Besides that, leaves for both plants showed higher amount of TPC compared to the flowers. Methanol extracted Vitex negundo Linn. showed higher DPPH scavenging activity compared with Clitoria ternatea. In contrast, DPPH scavenging activity for water extracted Clitoria ternatea showed higher value in compare with water extracted Vitex negundo Linn. The type of solvent used to extract the plant material and concentration of extracts used showed significance difference (P < 0.05) on the amount of DPPH scavenged by the plant extract. The presence of antioxidant activity in both leaves and flowers showed that Clitoria ternatea and Vitex negundo Linn. have the potential to be an alternative source of natural antioxidants. In vivo study is needed for successful commercialization and to benefit both the food and pharmaceutical industries.
In this study, two types of plants materials were used namely Garcinia atrovirdis and Cynometra
cauliflora to determine the proximate composition, mineral content and antioxidant activities. Total phenolic content (TPC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay had been used to determine antioxidant activity in both samples. The moisture, ash, fiber, fat, protein and carbohydrate content in both samples were determined by using Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) methods. Mineral content in the sample was determined using Atomic absorption spectrophotpmetry (AAS). The results showed higher TPC and FRAP values in Cynometra cauliflora compared to Garcinia atrovirdis. Methanol extractions gave higher TPC and FRAP values compared to water extraction. The results obtained indicated that both samples have the potential to be as a source of natural antioxidants. Further study should be conducted to explore the benefits of underutilized fruits not only in antioxidant activity but other usages as well.
Clitoria ternatea (CT) or commonly known as telang tree originates from the Fabaceae
family. The flower of this tree has vivid, deep-blue and white colouration and it is usually
used as a natural colourant in food preparation especially in the local culinary scene such
as for the preparation of nasi kerabu and kuih tekan. Moreover, this plant could act as a
food source for the livestock due to the taste and nutritious value it has. Besides that, parts
of the plant such as its leaves, flowers, and roots are believed to possess sought-after
medicinal values such as analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties. The
plant also possesses a number of advantages such as antioxidant, antidiabetic,
antimicrobial, antihelminthic, hepaprotective and antiasthmatic properties that are
beneficial and useful in reducing health disorders. For the purpose of this study, the
chemical composition such as proximate analysis of flowers, leaves and also active
compound were also included in the review.
Economic development in Malaysia has led to increasing quantity and complexity of
generated waste or by-product. The main objective of this study is to investigate the
antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of squid ink powder. The squid ink was collected
from fresh squid and dried using freeze dryer before it was ground into powder. The yield
of squid ink was 22.82% after freeze-drying which was 69.37g in amount. Proximate
composition analysis as well as two total antioxidant activity assays named 2,2-diphenyl-1
-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay, and
antimicrobial analysis were done on the powdered squid ink. The proximate results of
squid ink powder were 4.43 ± 0.29% moisture, 62.46 ± 0.62% protein, 3.96 ± 0.08% fat,
and 9.29 ± 0.05% ash. Results of DPPH assay showed that water extraction of squid ink
powder has the highest 94.87 ± 4.87%, followed by ethanol 67.57 ± 7.55%, and hexane
extract 2.10 ± 1.18%. FRAP assay result presented the same trend with water extraction
had the highest value of 929.67 ± 2.31 µmol Fe (II) / g of sample extract, followed by
ethanol extract 201.00 ± 26.29 µmol Fe (II) per gram sample and hexane 79.67 ± 12.66
µmol Fe (II) / g of sample extract. Both water and ethanol extract showed antimicrobial
properties with inhibition range of 7 to 15 mm, respectively. Fresh squid ink had 1.254 ×
103
colony forming unit per gram of sample of microbial content. Squid ink powder had
protein as major compound and microbial content was below from standard value of
fisheries products as stated in Food Act 1983 and Regulation 1985.
Proximate analysis of Barringtonia racemosa (putat) leaves was carried out and total
phenolic content (TPC) was measured using total phenolic assay, also known as the Folin
Ciocalteu (FC) assay. Antioxidant activities of the methanolic and aqueous extracts were
evaluated by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay; the free radical scavenging
capacity was determined by 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity
(DPPH) assay. Proximate analysis showed that the leaves contained 70.52% moisture,
0.96% ash, 2.54% protein, 0.26% fat, 1.38% crude fiber, and 25.71% carbohydrates. The
TPC amount exhibited by the methanolic extract was 1585.20±25.54 mg GAE/100 g
sample, which was higher compared with the aqueous plant extract with 1314.12±66.19
mg GAE/100 g (p
Aqueous and methanol extracts of the flowers of Clitoria ternatea (CT), a popularly
plant consumed for blue colour in Nasi Kerabu was selected to explore its cytotoxic
effect on six types of normal and cancer-origin cell lines. These included the hormone-dependent breast cancer cell line (MCF-7), non-hormone-dependent breast cancer cell
line (MDA-MB-231), human ovary cancer cell line (Caov-3), human cervical cancer cell line (Hela), human liver cancer cell line (HepG2) and human foreskin fibroblast cell line (Hs27). The anti-proliferation activities of the extracts were examined by employing colorimetric MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) 2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay through time periods of 24, 48 and 72 hours. Preliminary results showed that the water extracted of CT had significant effects (p < 0.05) against MCF-7 with an IC50 value of 175.35 µg/ml. Furthermore, the aqueous and methanolic extracts were investigated by Gas Chromatogram-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The GC-MS chromatogram analysis of the water extracted had shown five peaks that represented components in the water extract namely mome inositol (38.7%) and pentanal (14.3%). Fifteen chemical constituents were identified in the methanol extract and the major chemical constituents were mome inositol (33.6%), cyclohexen, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethylideme)- (7.1%), acetic acid, cyano- (6.5%) and hirsutene (5.7%). Heavy metals tested were at very low levels. The analysis conducted on the flowers provides a strong basis for emphasizing the medicinal and nutritional value of CT.
Different concentrations of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Ocimum tenuiflorum L.
leaves were evaluated for their sucrase inhibition and non-enzymatic glycation inhibitory
effects. The results revealed that aqueous extracts, particularly the one from oven-dried
leaves had significant inhibition potential for all three assays. The IC50 values for sucrase
inhibition assay, BSA-glucose assay, and BSA-fructose assay were, 370.48±2.14 µg/ml,
188.19±2.52 µg/ml, and 166.16±1.99 µg/ml, respectively and the highest inhibition found
in1250 µg/ml were, 91.88±0.16%, 118.46±0.27%, and 104.15±0.21%, respectively. Other
than that, the aqueous extract of fresh leaves and 50% ethanol extract of oven dried leaves
also showed good inhibition activity. Though, the results presented the highest inhibition
activity for BSA-glucose assay. The leaves also attained 50% inhibition with the lowest
concentration for BSA-fructose assay. The overall result of O. tenuiflorum leaves
suggested that it can be used for treating diabetes mellitus and the complications
associated with this.
Two different drying methods- freeze drying and vacuum oven drying were applied to
Ocimum basilicum leaves to determine the proximate composition and antioxidant
activities. The results were compared to fresh leaves of Ocimum basilicum. Each sample
was prepared for determination in three different solvents- methanol, ethanol, and water
have been used. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) assays
showed almost the same values in the freeze-dried sample of methanol extract as it
exhibited the highest TPC and TFC values - 54.46±1.24 mg gallic acid/g, 950±17.32 mg
quercetin/g whereas the water extract showed only 26.23±0.63 mg gallic acid/g and
543.33±56.86 mg quercetin/g, respectively. On the contrary, fresh sample with water
extract displayed the lowest TPC and TFC. In addition, the percent inhibition of 1,1-
diphenyl-2-2picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical-scavenging assay ranged from 6.09±
0.47% in fresh sample with water extract to 92.60±0.58% in freeze-dried sample with
methanol extract. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay values ranged from
7.62±1.09 µmol FeII/g in fresh samples with water extract to 1,160.95±15.80 µmol FeII/g
in freeze-dried sample with methanol extract. Both assays showed the same trend of result
with the highest antioxidant activity observed in freeze-dried sample with methanol extract
and the lowest from fresh samples with water extract.
Formulation 2 (1 g w/w) was the most favourable and was chosen for further analyses to
compare its composition with that of a control (0 g w/w). Total phenolic content (TPC) of
the fresh noodles remained higher than that of the control even after cooking. However,
after cooking, the carbohydrate and protein contents showed significant increases. The
results showed that the lemuni-supplemented noodles have a longer shelf life compared to
the control. The colour parameters L* and a* also showed significant differences as the
lightness decreased, and the redness increased after the substitution. The L*, a* and b*
values decreased significantly after the noodles of both formulations were cooked. The
tensile strength, adhesiveness, and hardness of the lemuni noodles were significantly
higher than those of the control. Thus, the Vitex negundo Linn. leaf has the potential to
increase the health benefits of food products.
This study started with the development of juice from sapodilla (Manilkara zapota L.) fruit.
Among three formulations, sapodilla juice with the combination of 50% pure sapodilla
juice, 25oBrix, and 0.40% of titratable acidity have gained the highest score in the hedonic
sensory test, with overall acceptability ranging from “like slightly” to “like moderately”.
Formulated sapodilla juice and pure sapodilla juice were analysed for their total phenolic
and ascorbic acid contents, pH, total soluble solid and titratable acidity. The formulated
sapodilla juice has lower pH (3.35), higher titratable acidity content (0.40%) and total
soluble solid (25oBrix) than pure sapodilla juice. The total phenolic (469.82 mg GAE/L)
and ascorbic acid contents (3.60 mg/100 mL) of formulated sapodilla juice which consists
only 50% of sapodilla juice showed the lower value than the pure sapodilla juice.
Formulated sapodilla juice with lower pH will be less susceptible to enzymatic browning.
In microbiology total plate count, no colony formed on the formulated juice, whereas the
mean number of colony forming units (CFU) in pure juice was 169318.18 CFU/ml juice
stored in room temperature (28°C) for a week. These results revealed that the formulated
juice had better microbial stability than pure juice.
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths among females in Malaysia. Ocimum
tenuiflorum L., (O. tenuiflorum) commonly known as ruku in Malaysia, is usually
cultivated as a garden ornamental plant because of its small purplish and some yellowish
flower. The specific objective of this research is to investigate the anticancer of O.
tenuiflorum against human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and
human fibroblast cell line (HS-27). In addition, another objective is to determine the
mineral and heavy metal determination of O. tenuiflorum. O. tenuiflorum exhibited
anticancer activity against MCF-7 (a hormone-dependent breast cancer cell line). The
viability of MCF-7 cells decreased significantly after treatment with various
concentrations of methanolic plant extracts (25 and 100 µg/mL), as shown via 3-(4,5-
dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The crude extracts
show the lower IC50 (less than 100 µg/mL) value against the cancer cell lines and show no
effect on HS-27. The high content of calcium in the leaves of O. tenuiflorum may play a
role in decreasing the risk of certain cancer. The concentrations of heavy metals (Pb and
As) detected in O. tenuiflorum are safe for consumption.
Plants, particularly fruits and vegetables, have many phytochemicals that possess various bioactivities, including antioxidant and anticancer properties. In this study, the aim was to investigate the antiproliferative properties of Syzygium fruits, namely water apple (Syzygium aqueum), milk apple (Syzygium malaccense), and malay apple (Syzygium malaccense L.) against two types of cancer-origin cells, namely MCF-7 (hormone dependent breast cancer cell line) and MDA-MB-231 (nonhormone-dependent breast cancer cell line). Two solvent methods were prepared using aqueous and methanol extraction. Antiproliferation activities of these extracts were evaluated by employing colorimetric MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay through time periods of 24, 48, and 72 hours. The result showed that extracts from the three fruits had no significant effects for 24 and 48 hours time periods (p >0.05) but extracts of Water apple and Malay apple displayed antiproliferation effects on MCF-7 cell lines (p
This study aimed to compare the physical and functional properties of Indian squid (Loligo
duvauceli) and cuttlefish (Sepia latimanus) ink powders. Indian squid and cuttlefish are
common major sources of seafood products available in Malaysia. However, the inks of
these cephalopods are considered waste products. Inks were removed from squids, freezedried,
and ground into powder form. The color, pH, water activity, bulk and tapped
densities, emulsifying activity and stability, viscosity, water solubility and microscopic
study were examined. The mean L* value of cuttlefish ink was 14.27±0.010. Squid ink
was slightly darker in color (12.21±0.005). The physical properties of squid and cuttlefish
ink were pH (6.48±0.01, 7.26±0.02), water activity (0.091±0.006, 0.166±0.003), and bulk
and tapped densities (24.650±0.02, 20.591±1.78 g/m3
). The functional properties of both
squid and cuttlefish were emulsion activity (15.38±2.67, 11.88±0.23), emulsion stability
(56.56±30.45, 39.09±2.91), viscosity (3.07±0.051 mPa, 2.96±0.057 mPa), and water
solubility index (17.12±0.01%, 10.51±0.01%). Cuttlefish ink powder is better than squid
ink powder because it possessed most of the properties satisfying industrial requirements
(emulsion activity, emulsion stability, viscosity, water solubility, bulk and tapped
densities). This ink can also be used as a natural emulsifier in food applications.