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Investigation of distribution of radioactivity with effects of heavy metals in toothpastes from Penang markets

Salih NF, Jafri ZM, Jaafar MS

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2016 Dec;23(23):23662-23674.
PMID: 27619370

This study was carried out to determine the concentration of (222)Rn, (226)Ra, and (238)U in 25 different toothpastes available in the local market in Penang, Malaysia, using a CR-39 detector. The results showed the maximum concentration of radon/ radium/uranium to be 4197.644 Bq.m(-3), 54.369 Bq.Kgm(-1), and 0.044 ppm in Colgate4; the annual effective dose was found (0.402 mSvy(-1)) in S07. The average concentration of radon (42 %, 3.224 KBq.m(-3)) was higher than the concentration of (214)Po, (218)Po in POS (32 %, 2.415 KBq.m(-3)) and POW (26 %, 1.979 KBq.m(-3)). Also the values of pH of samples ranged from 4.21 (highly acidic) in S04 to 9.97 (highly basic) in S07, with an average of 6.33 which tended towards an acidic behavior; a low or high pH for a long period of time can cause harmful side-effects and enamel erosion. Concentrations of heavy metals varied from the maximum value 56.156 ppm in the Ca elements in the Colgate 4 sample to a minimum value of -0.858 ppm in the Cd elements in Colgate 6 (Ca 56.156 ppm > Cd 51.572 ppm > Zn 41.039 ppm > Mg 11.682 ppm > Pb 11.009 ppm]. Monitoring the accumulation of these metals in toothpaste samples is very important: the average annual effective dose (0.3118 mSvy(-1)) was below the range (3-10 mSvy(-1)) reported by ICRP (1993), and therefore there is no evidence of health problems. Significant strong positive correlations were found (r = 1, Pearson correlation, p

Matched MeSH terms: Toothpastes/chemistry*
Fluoride toothpaste utilization behaviour among preschool children in Perlis, Malaysia

Tay HL, Zainudin IS, Jaafar N

Community Dent Health, 2009 Dec;26(4):211-5.
PMID: 20088218

Very mild fluorosis is quite prevalent in children and one of the sources may be attributed to poor fluoride toothpaste utilization habits.

Matched MeSH terms: Toothpastes/chemistry
Attitudes towards the use of fluorides for oral health among Islamic clerics in Kelantan Province, Malaysia

Nazita Y, Jaafar N, Doss JG, Rahman MM

Community Dent Health, 2013 Mar;30(1):30-3.
PMID: 23550504

To assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of Imams (Islamic clerics) concerning fluoride toothpaste and fluoridated water to improve oral health in Kelantan.

Matched MeSH terms: Toothpastes/chemistry
Fluoride exposure from ingested toothpaste in 4-5-year-old Malaysian children

Siew Tan B, Razak IA

Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 2005 Oct;33(5):317-25.
PMID: 16128790

The aim of this study was to assess (by direct determination) the fluoride (F) exposure from ingested toothpaste among 4-5-year-old Malaysian children.

Matched MeSH terms: Toothpastes/chemistry
Efficacy of 'Gamadent' toothpaste on the healing of gingival tissues: a preliminary report

Taiyeb-Ali TB, Zainuddin SL, Swaminathan D, Yaacob H

J Oral Sci, 2003 Sep;45(3):153-9.
PMID: 14650580

The aim of this randomised, parallel, double-blind study, in which 28 adult patients diagnosed with chronic gingivitis or early stages of chronic periodontitis were recruited, was to evaluate the efficacy of 'Gamadent' toothpaste compared to a placebo toothpaste. 'Gamadent' toothpaste has all the basic constituents of a toothpaste with the addition of a sea cucumber extract (SCE) of the species Stichopus sp. 1 to improve the healing potential of tissues. The placebo has the same basic constituents minus the extract. Out of the 28 patients, 14 were placed in the test group who used the 'Gamadent' toothpaste, and 14 patients were placed in the control group (2 control subjects defaulted and were excluded), who brushed using the placebo toothpaste. The longitudinal study was carried out over a period of 3 months with assessments made at baseline, 1 month, 2 months and 3 months after conventional therapy at the baseline visit. The clinical parameters used during the trial were Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), Papilla Bleeding Index (PBI) and Probing Pocket Depth (PPD). A predetermined number of sites on a molar, premolar, canine and an incisor were examined and evaluated in each quadrant. After the baseline assessment, the patients had full mouth scaling and debridement as well as oral hygiene instructions. Patients were instructed to brush their teeth twice a day with the toothbrush provided (Oral-B plus, size 35) and toothpaste (test or control), using the Bass technique. At the 1-month assessment, there were significant mean reductions to baseline mean values in PI (P < 0.005) and GI (P < 0.001) in the test group as compared to the control group. At the end of the 2-month interval, significant reductions were observed in PI, PBI and PPD (P < 0.001). By the end of 3 months, there were significant differences in the mean reduction of all the parameters i.e. PI, PBI, GI and PPD (P < 0.001), between the test and control sites. In conclusion, 'Gamadent' toothpaste provided noteworthy benefits, producing statistically significant improvement in all clinical parameters compared to the placebo during the healing phase after conventional initial therapy.

Matched MeSH terms: Toothpastes/chemistry
Managing complications of radiation therapy in head and neck cancer patients: Part II. Management of radiation-induced caries

Chai WL, Ngeow WC, Ramli R, Rahman RA

Singapore Dent J, 2006 Dec;28(1):4-6.
PMID: 17378334

Head and neck cancer is becoming a more recognizable pathology to the general population and dentists. The modes of treatment include surgery and/or radiation therapy. Where possible, pretreatment dental assessment shall be provided for these patients before they undergo radiation therapy. There are occasions, however, whereby head and neck cancer patients are not prepared optimally for radiation therapy. Because of this, they succumb to complicated oral complications after radiation therapy. The management of xerostomia has been reviewed in Part I of this series. In this article, the management of dental caries, a sequalae of xerostomia following radiation therapy is reviewed.

Matched MeSH terms: Toothpastes/chemistry
Effects of probiotics on salivary Streptecoccus mutans and Lactobacillus levels in orthodontic patients

Alp S, Baka ZM

Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 2018 Oct;154(4):517-523.
PMID: 30268262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2018.01.010

INTRODUCTION: In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of regular probiotic consumption on microbial colonization in saliva in orthodontic patients and to comparatively evaluate the difference between the systemic consumption of probiotic products and the local application.
METHODS: This study included 3 groups with 15 orthodontic patients in each. The control group included patients who had no probiotic treatment, the subjects in the kefir group consumed 2 × 100 ml of kefir (Atatürk Orman Ciftligi, Ankara, Turkey) per day, and the subjects in the toothpaste group brushed their teeth with toothpaste with probiotic content (GD toothpaste; Dental Asia Manufacturing, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia) twice a day. Samples were collected at 3 times: beginning of the study, 3 weeks later, and 6 weeks later. The salivary flow rate, buffer capacity, and Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus levels in the saliva were evaluated. Chair-side kits were used to determine the S mutans and Lactobacillus levels.
RESULTS: A statistically significant decrease was observed in the salivary S mutans and Lactobacillus levels in the kefir and toothpaste groups compared with the control group (P <0.05). A statistically significant increase was observed in the toothpaste group compared with the control and kefir groups in buffer capacity. Changes in the salivary flow rate were not statistically significant.
CONCLUSIONS: The regular use of probiotics during fixed orthodontic treatment reduces the S mutans and Lactobacillus levels in the saliva.

Matched MeSH terms: Toothpastes/chemistry
Fulltext Iontophoresis and topical application of 8% arginine-calcium carbonate to treat dentinal hypersensitivity

Kumar S, Thomas BS, Gupta K, Guddattu V, Alexander M

Niger J Clin Pract, 2018 Aug;21(8):1029-1033.
PMID: 30074006 DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_341_17

Aim and objectives: The aim and the objectives were. (1) to assess the efficacy of a desensitizing toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine-calcium carbonate (Colgate® Sensitive Pro-Relief™), (2) to assess the efficacy of a desensitizing toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine-calcium carbonate (Colgate® Sensitive Pro-Relief™) used in combination with iontophoresis, and (3) to compare the effectiveness of the above methods.
Subjects and Methods: Two groups of 40 patients each having dentinal hypersensitivity were treated using 8% proarginine and iontophoresis. The patients were recalled after 1, 2, and 4 weeks. The scores were tabulated and the results were analyzed using SPSS statistical software.
Results: Visual analog scale between the two groups showed a significant difference from the 1st week till the 4th week. ANOVA values showed the reduction in the dentinal hypersensitivity in Group 2 using the iontophoresis along with the 8.0% arginine-calcium carbonate toothpaste. The Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel correlation test of the Schiff's dentinal hypersensitivity cross-tabulation showed P < 0.001 which was statistically significant reduction after the 4th week following the application of 8.0% arginine-calcium carbonate along with iontophoresis.
Conclusion: Iontophoresis, when used along with Colgate® Sensitive Pro-Relief™ toothpaste, can provide additional benefit as this provides a better sealing effect.

Matched MeSH terms: Toothpastes/chemistry