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Screening of tetrodotoxin in puffers using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Man CN, Noor NM, Harn GL, Lajis R, Mohamad S

J Chromatogr A, 2010 Nov 19;1217(47):7455-9.
PMID: 20950812 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.09.064

Tetrodotoxin (TTX), a toxic compound found in some puffers can cause death to humans through consumption. We have developed a simplified method for the screening of TTX in puffers using GC-MS. A puffer tissue of 0.5g was treated with 5mL of 0.1% acetic acid, followed by alkaline hydrolysis, LLE or liquid-liquid extraction and N-methyl-N-TMS-trifluoroacetamide derivatization. The developed method used only a small sample and solvent, simplified LLE and derivatization procedures and short chromatographic analysis (8.2min). All of these contribute to cost-saving, enhanced sample throughput and high sensitivity of the screening assay. The developed method was validated and proved to be within the acceptable range.

Matched MeSH terms: Tetrodotoxin/analysis*; Tetrodotoxin/metabolism
Fulltext Puffer fish poisoning: four case reports

Lyn PCW

Med J Malaysia, 1985 Mar;40(1):31-4.
PMID: 3831731

Four cases of puffer fish poisoning with one death in a family are described. Acute respiratory cessation probably resulted from both depression of the medullary centres and muscular paralysis by the neurotoxin. Artificial ventilation is the single most effective therapeutic measure and should be considered in all severe cases. Delay in treatment may result in death. Anticholinesterases are not known to confer any benefit. Medical staff in coastal hospitals should familiarise themselves with the management of puffer fish poisoning.

Matched MeSH terms: Tetrodotoxin/poisoning*
Assessment of proximate composition and tetrodotoxin content in the muscle of yellow puffer fish, xenopterus naritus (richardson 1848) from Sarawak, Malaysia

Mohd Nor Azman, A., Samsur, M., Mohammed, M., Fasihuddin, B.A.

International Food Research Journal, 2015;22(6):2280-2287.
MyJurnal

This study is to report the proximate compositions as well as tetrodotoxin (TTX) content in the muscles of yellow puffer fish Xenopterus naritus that collected from Kg. Manggut and Kabong, Sarawak. The internal organs of 26 and 20 specimens from Kg. Manggut and Kabong respectively were removed by the local people that had skills and experiences with the preparation of yellow puffer fish. In general, the moisture contents were ranging between 75.2% and 80.6%. X. naritus from Kabong showed higher crude protein contents (88.2% dry weight) than the same species from Kg. Manggut (87.9% dry weight) and not significantly different (p>0.05). X. naritus from Kg. Manggut demonstrated a significantly higher (p

Matched MeSH terms: Tetrodotoxin
Fulltext Puffer fish poisoning: a family affair

Chua HH, Chew LP

Med J Malaysia, 2009 Jun;64(2):181-2.
PMID: 20058587 MyJurnal

Tetrodotoxin poisoning has been commonly reported in Japan due to consumption of contaminated fugu (puffer fish). Poisoning is possible when the fish is not cleansed and dressed properly. Puffer fish is considered a delicacy by the Japanese as the fish meat is very tender and tasty. A certified chef trained in ways of preparing this poisonous fish should only be allowed to serve this fish. Despite careful preparation, this fish remains a deadly meal for many as 50 deaths are reported annually1 . An outbreak of 34 cases of tetrodotoxin occurred in Johor in May 2008. Here, we would like to report three cases of tetrodotoxin poisoning in a family who consumed this deadly fish and was admitted to Hospital Sultanah Aminah Johor Bahru (HSAJB).

Matched MeSH terms: Tetrodotoxin/poisoning*
Fulltext A unique case of tetrodotoxin poisoning

Loke YK, Tan MH

Med J Malaysia, 1997 Jun;52(2):172-4.
PMID: 10968077

A 69-year-old lady who was referred by her general practitioner with a diagnosis of food poisoning developed cardiorespiratory arrest shortly after arriving at the Casualty Department. Cardiac output was successfully restored with resuscitation but she had to be mechanically ventilated due to the absence of any spontaneous respiratory effort. Assessment 24 hours after admission, showed fixed and dilated pupils with brain stem areflexia. Her family was told that the prognosis was hopeless. Surprisingly, her condition rapidly improved a day later and she eventually had a good recovery. Her condition was actually due to severe tetrodotoxin poisoning after eating roe of the puffer fish and it was fortunate that appropriate aggressive resuscitation was instituted to revive the patient from her critical state.

Matched MeSH terms: Tetrodotoxin/poisoning*
AN OUTBREAK OF TETRODOTOXIN POISONING FROM CONSUMING HORSESHOE CRABS IN SABAH

Suleiman M, Muhammad J, Jelip J, William T, Chua TH

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 2017 Jan;48(1):197-203.
PMID: 29644840

The horseshoe crab (Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda) is consumed by those
residing near the coastal areas of Kota Marudu District in Malaysia, as it is considered
a delicacy. During June to August, 2011 thirty cases of tetrodotoxin poisoning
were reported from Kota Marudu District following ingestion of horseshoe
crabs caught in Kota Marudu Bay. The purpose of this study is to describe this
case series in order to determine risk factors to prevent further outbreaks. There
were six confirmed and 24 probable cases of tetrodotoxin poisoning identified in
the study area during the study period as diagnosed by clinical presentation and
laboratory findings. Symptoms included dizziness (80%), circumoral and lingual
numbness (80%), hand and feet numbness (63.3%), nausea and vomiting (30%)
and weakness and difficulty in breathing (26.6%). Three cases (10%) died while 27
cases recovered. Forty-seven percent of the cases had onset of symptoms within
30 minutes of ingestion and 14% 31-60 minutes after ingestion of horseshoe crab
meat. Urine samples were collected from the cases, while horseshoe crabs, cockles
and sea water from the epidemic area were also taken for analysis. Tetrodotoxin
was detected in the urine of six cases; the highest concentrations recorded were
among the three cases who died. High tetrodotoxin concentrations were found
in the hepatic cecum and eggs of the tested horseshoe crabs. Dinoflagellates were
not detected in the sea water or cockle samples. Intensive health education was
initiated quickly to stop other members of the Marudu Bay community from
consuming the horseshoe crabs. This is the first documented epidemic of tetrodotoxin
poisoning in Sabah.

Matched MeSH terms: Tetrodotoxin/poisoning*
Fulltext Detection of tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin in dried salted yellow puffer fish (Xenopterus naritus) eggs from Satok Market, Kuching, Sarawak

Mohd Nor Azman, A., Wan Norhana, M.N.

International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(5):2963-2966.
MyJurnal

The detection of tetrodotoxin (TTX) and saxitoxin (STX) in dried salted yellow puffer fish (Xenopterus naritus) eggs bought from Satok Market, Kuching, Sarawak was carried out by mouse bioassay method. The amount of TTX and STX detected in the samples ranged from 95.6-195.5 Mouse Unit (MU)/g and 1.72-3.58 MU/g respectively. The results indicate that the dried salted eggs samples were found to contain TTX 9-20 times above the regulatory limit for human consumption (10 MU/g). Although detected, the amount of STX in salted eggs extract was slightly below the accepted threshold limit (4 MU/g). The local public in Sarawak should be educated on the potential danger of consuming dried salted puffer fish eggs in addition to the current warnings on puffer fish.

Matched MeSH terms: Tetrodotoxin
Fulltext Nine fatal cases of puffer fish poisoning in Sabah, Malaysia

Kan SKP, Chan MKC, David P

Med J Malaysia, 1987 Sep;42(3):199-200.
PMID: 3506645

The puffer fish belongs to the family Tetraodontidae and has one identifying characteristic which is the ability to inflate itself by gulping in large quantities of air or water. They are commonly found in estuarine and inshore water. The viscera (ovaries, testes and liver) of puffer fish contain varying amounts of extremely potent toxins [tetraodontoxin). The most violent form of fish poisoning is produced by ingestion of tetraodontoid or puffer-like fishes and this has been reported. The putftoad, Tetradon maculatum, has caused fatal poisoning? Despite the high toxicity of this group of fish, the meat is commonly consumed by some fisherman in Sabah without much morbidity. In Japan, puffer fish, called "fuqu" commands the highest prices in food fish and are prepared and sold in special restaurants where specially trained cooks are employed to prepare the "fuqu". Nevertheless it is still the primary cause of food poisoning in Japan especially among the lower socio-economic classes who fail to take the necessary precautions. In Sabah, four cases of puffer fish poisoning resulting in one death have been documented." We report herewith another incidence of puffer fish poisoning in which 18 persons from seven families were affected with nine deaths from two families.

Matched MeSH terms: Tetrodotoxin/poisoning*
Fulltext Pharmacophore modelling of vanillin derivatives, favipiravir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, monolaurin and tetrodotoxin as MPro inhibitors of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)

Law WY, Asaruddin MR, Bhawani SA, Mohamad S

BMC Res Notes, 2020 Nov 11;13(1):527.
PMID: 33176880 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05379-6

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to use Ligand-based pharmacophore modelling approach for four established antiviral drugs, namely remdesivir, lopinavir, ritonavir and hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 inhibitors as training sets. In this study Twenty vanillin derivatives together with monolaurin and tetrodotoxin were used as test sets to evaluate as potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors. The Structure-based pharmacophore modelling approach was also performed using 5RE6, 5REX and 5RFZ in order to analyse the binding site and ligand-protein complex interactions.
RESULTS: The pharmacophore modelling mode of 5RE6 displayed two Hydrogen Bond Acceptors (HBA) and one Hydrophobic (HY) interaction. Besides, the pharmacophore model of 5REX showed two HBA and two HY interactions. Finally, the pharmacophore model of 5RFZ showed three HBA and one HY interaction. Based on ligand-based approach, 20 Schiff-based vanillin derivatives, showed strong MPro inhibition activity. This was due to their good alignment and common features to PDB-5RE6. Similarly, monolaurin and tetrodotoxin displayed some significant activity against SARS-CoV-2. From structure-based approach, vanillin derivatives (1) to (12) displayed some potent MPro inhibition against SARS-CoV-2. Favipiravir, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine also showed some significant MPro inhibition.

Matched MeSH terms: Tetrodotoxin/pharmacology; Tetrodotoxin/chemistry