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Traditional Postpartum Practices Among Malaysian Mothers: A Review

Fadzil F, Shamsuddin K, Wan Puteh SE

J Altern Complement Med, 2016 Jul;22(7):503-8.
PMID: 26167656 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2013.0469

To briefly describe the postpartum practices among the three major ethnic groups in Malaysia and to identify commonalities in their traditional postpartum beliefs and practices.

Matched MeSH terms: Postnatal Care*
Fulltext A Participatory, Needs-Based Approach to Breastfeeding Training for Confinement Centres

Foong SC, Foong WC, Tan ML, Ho JJ, Omer-Salim A

Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2022 Sep 01;19(17).
PMID: 36078639 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710914

With a focus on traditional practices rather than evidence-based practices, breastfeeding support is sub-optimal in confinement centres (CCs). We used a participatory, needs-based approach to develop a training module for CC staff adopting Kern's six-step approach as our conceptual framework. Of 46 identified CCs, 25 accepted our invitation to a dialogue aimed at establishing relationships and understanding their needs. An interactive training workshop was developed from the dialogue's findings. The workshop, attended by 32 CCs (101 participants), was conducted four times over a four-month period. Questions raised by the participants reflected deficits in understanding breastfeeding concepts and erroneous cultural beliefs. Correct answers rose from 20% pre-test to 51% post-test. Post-workshop feedback showed that participants appreciated the safe environment to ask questions, raise concerns and correct misconceptions. An interview conducted 14 months later showed that while some CCs improved breastfeeding support, others made no change due to conflict between breastfeeding and traditional postnatal practices, which was aggravated by a lack of support due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A participatory approach established a trustful learning environment, helping CCs appreciate the value of learning and adopting new concepts. However, cultural perceptions take time to change, hence continuous training and support are vital for sustained changes.

Matched MeSH terms: Postnatal Care
Fulltext Influence of a targeted educational intervention on evidence-based practice in two Malaysian maternity units: the SEA ORCHID project in Malaysia

Ho JJ, Japaraj RP, Anuar CY, Van Rostenberghe HA, Chang AS, Sivasangari S

Med J Malaysia, 2011 Oct;66(4):288-95.
PMID: 22299544 MyJurnal

We conducted a before and after study to determine whether an educational intervention to build capacity in the understanding and implementation of evidence could result in improved outcomes for mothers and babies in obstetric and neonatal units of two Malaysian hospitals. Twelve practices and thirteen associated outcomes were selected based on clear evidence from the Cochrane Library. There were significant improvements in most practices with little change in outcomes. In the short term a targeted intervention to build capacity in the understanding and implementation of evidence results in an improved process of care without adverse outcomes.

Matched MeSH terms: Postnatal Care/standards*
Fulltext Predictors of Male Involvement in Postnatal Care in Jambi, Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Guspianto G, Ibnu IN, Veruswati M, Asyary A

Ann Ig, 2023;35(2):149-158.
PMID: 35603972 DOI: 10.7416/ai.2022.2529

BACKGROUND: Postpartum care (postnatal care, or PNC) is crucial for the health of mothers and newborns. After child delivery, mothers and babies should have optimal access to the health care system to utilize the facilities and skilled health workers. The involvement of men has a positive impact on the use of PNC and plays an important role in reducing delays, especially in preventing maternal and newborn deaths.
OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the level of the involvement of men in PNC and analyzed the factors that determined this involvement.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted through a survey of 381 males who were selected by multistage random sampling in Muaro Jambi, Indonesia, from April to August 2020. The dependent variable was the involvement of men in PNC, which was constructed from four dichotomous indicators. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed using SPSS 24.0 at a significance level of 0.05.
RESULTS: Over 50% of respondents were highly involved in PNC, with the predicting factors being the number of children (OR = 2.195, 95% CI = 1.096-4.397), the quality of health service (OR = 6.072, 95% CI = 3.324-11.09), communication (OR = 6.908, 95% CI = 3.255-14.66), and culture (OR = 4.031, 95% CI = 2.196-7.399). The communication factor was the main predictor of male involvement in PNC in Muaro Jambi Regency.
CONCLUSION: The involvement of men in PNC in Muaro Jambi Regency was related to the number of children, quality of health service, communication, and culture. Counseling "as a couple" is needed to improve the communication between husband and wife so that they can understand each other's needs in PNC.

Matched MeSH terms: Postnatal Care*
Fulltext Management of diabetes in pregnancy in primary care

Nurain MN, Marmuji LZ, Mastura I, Michael FH, Barakatun-Nisak MY, Yusof M, et al.

Malays Fam Physician, 2019;14(3):55-59.
PMID: 32175041

Diabetes in pregnancy is associated with risks to the woman and her developing fetus. Management of the condition at the primary care level includes pre-conception care, screening, diagnosis, as well as antenatal and postpartum care. A multidisciplinary approach is essential in ensuring its holistic management.

Matched MeSH terms: Postnatal Care
Fulltext Selected data on health status of migrant women respondents

Siti Norazah Z

JUMMEC, 2002;7(1):15-23.

Reproductive health is "a state of complete, mental and social well-being in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes. Implicit in this is the right of men and women to be informed and to have access to safe, effective and affordable and acceptable methods of family planning of their choice, as well as other methods of their choice for regulation of fertility, which are not against the law, and the right of access to health-care services that enable women to go safely through pregnancy and childbirth." The survey on Health Problems of Migrant Workers included a section on Women's Health covering aspects of reproductive health. This was based on concerns over reproductive health needs of migrant women workers, particularly since the large majority are in the reproductive age-group, and the utilisation of government healthcare facilities. The latter has implications for the potential burden on public healthcare services in terms of resources and costs. Specifically, the Women's Health section included questions on pregnancy, place of delivery of last baby (born in Malaysia), postnatal care related to this delivery, and mode of payment. For those currently pregnant, questions were asked of sources of antenatal care, postnatal care and respective modes of payment for thsoe services. This section also included questions on current contraceptive practices, source of supplies, and mode of payment for contraceptive methods.

Matched MeSH terms: Postnatal Care
Fulltext What makes a city 'breastfeeding-friendly'? A scoping review of indicators of a breastfeeding-friendly city

Tan ML, Mohd Shukri IA, Ho JJ, O'Sullivan EJ, Omer-Salim A, McAuliffe FM

Matern Child Nutr, 2024 Apr;20(2):e13608.
PMID: 38100143 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13608

A breastfeeding-friendly city is one where there is an enabling environment to support breastfeeding throughout the first 2 years or more of a child's life. Indicators of a breastfeeding-friendly city have yet to be identified. What are the indicators or criteria used to define breastfeeding friendliness in a geographic area such as a city and the settings within, which we have classified as community, healthcare and workplace? Three major databases and grey literature were searched. Records were screened to identify publications describing criteria such as indicators or descriptions of a breastfeeding-friendly setting, defined as 'criteria-sets'. These criteria-sets were then categorized and summarized by settings. The search up to 2 September 2021 found 119 criteria-sets from a range of settings: geographic locations (n = 33), community entities (n = 24), healthcare facilities (n = 28), workplaces (n = 28) and others (n = 6). Overall, 15 community, 22 healthcare and 9 workplace related criteria were extracted from the criteria-sets. Criteria that were consistently present in all settings were policy, training & education, skilled breastfeeding support and physical infrastructure. Some criteria-sets of geographic locations contained criteria only from a single setting (e.g., the presence of breastfeeding-friendly cafes). Criteria-sets were present for all settings as defined in this review, but few were actual indicators. Specifically, there were no existing indicators of a breastfeeding-friendly city. Several common components of the criteria-sets were identified, and these could be used in developing indicators of a breastfeeding-friendly city. Future studies should determine which of these are important and how each can be measured.

Matched MeSH terms: Postnatal Care
Separate care for new mother and infant versus rooming-in for increasing the duration of breastfeeding

Jaafar SH, Lee KS, Ho JJ

Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2012.
PMID: 22972095 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006641.pub2

Separate care for a new mother and infant may affect the duration of breastfeeding, breastfeeding behaviour and may have an adverse effect on neonatal and maternal outcomes.

Matched MeSH terms: Postnatal Care/methods*
Return for postpartum oral glucose tolerance test following gestational diabetes mellitus

Mohd Suan MA

Asia Pac J Public Health, 2015 Sep;27(6):601-9.
PMID: 26041835 DOI: 10.1177/1010539515588943

A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence and characteristics of women who received a postpartum oral glucose tolerance test and to examine barriers as reported by women who failed to return for the test. Data were collected using a mobile phone-based short messaging service. Only 352 (81.9%) women returned for the test. Women who failed to return for the test were younger (30.1 vs 32.1, P = .003) and did not have a previous history of gestational diabetes (93.6% vs 84.9%, P = .043) compared to women who returned for the test. The commonest reasons given for not returning for the test was "Still waiting for the appointment date for the test" (37.2%), "had family/health problems" (11.5%), and "busy/no time" (10.3%). Flexible time for the test, active involvement from health care staff, and strengthening continuous care system were among the interventions needed to improve the return rate for this screening test.

Matched MeSH terms: Postnatal Care*
Fulltext Rooming-in for new mother and infant versus separate care for increasing the duration of breastfeeding

Jaafar SH, Ho JJ, Lee KS

Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2016 Aug 26;2016(8):CD006641.
PMID: 27562563 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006641.pub3

BACKGROUND: Mother-infant proximity and interactions after birth and during the early postpartum period are important for breast-milk production and breastfeeding success. Rooming-in and separate care are both traditional practices. Rooming-in involves keeping the mother and the baby together in the same room after birth for the duration of hospitalisation, whereas separate care is keeping the baby in the hospital nursery and the baby is either brought to the mother for breastfeeding or she walks to the nursery.
OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of mother-infant rooming-in versus separation on the duration of breastfeeding (exclusive and total duration of breastfeeding).
SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (30 May 2016) and reference lists of retrieved studies.
SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effect of mother-infant rooming-in versus separate care after hospital birth or at home on the duration of breastfeeding, proportion of breastfeeding at six months and adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently assessed the studies for inclusion and assessed trial quality. Two review authors extracted data. Data were checked for accuracy. We assessed the quality of the evidence using the GRADE approach.
MAIN RESULTS: We included one trial (involving 176 women) in this review. This trial included four groups with a factorial design. The factorial design took into account two factors, i.e. infant location in relation to the mother and the type of infant apparel. We combined three of the groups as the intervention (rooming-in) group and the fourth group acted as the control (separate care) and we analysed the results as a single pair-wise comparison. Primary outcomesThe primary outcome, duration of any breastfeeding, was reported by authors as median values because the distribution was found to be skewed. They reported the overall median duration of any breastfeeding to be four months, with no difference found between groups. Duration of exclusive breastfeeding and the proportion of infants being exclusively breastfed at six months of age was not reported in the trial. There was no difference found between the two groups in the proportion of infants receiving any breastfeeding at six months of age (risk ratio (RR) 0.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.51 to 1.39; one trial; 137 women; low-quality evidence). Secondary outcomesThe mean frequency of breastfeeds per day on day four postpartum for the rooming-in group was 8.3 (standard deviation (SD) 2.2), slightly higher than the separate care group, i.e. seven times per day. However, between-group comparison of this outcome was not appropriate since every infant in the separate care group was breastfed at a fixed schedule of seven times per day (SD = 0) resulting in no estimable comparison. The rate of exclusive breastfeeding on day four postpartum before discharge from hospital was significantly higher in the rooming-in group 86% (99 of 115) compared with separate care group, 45% (17 of 38), (RR 1.92; 95% CI 1.34 to 2.76; one trial, 153 women; low-quality evidence). None of our other pre-specified secondary outcomes were reported.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: We found little evidence to support or refute the practice of rooming-in versus mother-infant separation. Further well-designed RCTs to investigate full mother-infant rooming-in versus partial rooming-in or separate care including all important outcomes are needed.

Matched MeSH terms: Postnatal Care/methods*
Postpartum depression in Asian cultures: a literature review

Klainin P, Arthur DG

Int J Nurs Stud, 2009 Oct;46(10):1355-73.
PMID: 19327773 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.02.012

OBJECTIVES:
Postpartum depression (PPD), a major health concern, produces insidious effects on new mothers, their infant, and family. This literature review aims to explore risk factors for postpartum depression among women in Asian cultures, which has not been fully elaborated.

DATA SOURCES:
A literature search was undertaken by using various electronic research databases. Studies were eligible for this review if they (a) examined risk factors for PPD, (b) were conducted in Asian countries using quantitative or qualitative methodologies, and (c) were published in English in peer-reviewed journals between 1998 and 2008. A total of 64 studies from 17 countries were reviewed, summarised, and synthesised.

RESULTS:
The prevalence of postpartum depression in Asian countries ranged from 3.5% to 63.3% where Malaysia and Pakistan had the lowest and highest, respectively. Risk factors for postpartum depression were clustered into five major groups: biological/physical (e.g., riboflavin consumption), psychological (e.g., antenatal depression), obstetric/paediatric (e.g., unwanted pregnancy), socio-demographic (e.g., poverty), and cultural factors (e.g., preference of infants' gender). Traditional postpartum rituals were not found to provide substantial psychological benefits for the new mothers.

CONCLUSIONS:
This review informs a current state of knowledge regarding risk factors for postpartum depression and has implications for clinical practice. Health care professionals should be aware that the phenomenon is as prevalent in Asian cultures as in European cultures. Women should be screened for potential risk factors and depressive symptoms during pregnancy and postpartum periods so that appropriate interventions, if needed, can be initiated in a timely fashion.

Matched MeSH terms: Postnatal Care/organization & administration; Postnatal Care/psychology
Food ideology and eating behavior: contributions from Malay studies

Laderman C

Soc Sci Med, 1984;19(5):547-59.
PMID: 6484640 DOI: 10.1016/0277-9536(84)90050-9

A study of food ideology and eating behavior in a Malay village demonstrates that the relationship between belief and action is complex and not always predictable. Over-reliance upon stated beliefs, and generalizations derived from particular ecological settings, have influenced investigators into making universal and logical statements about Malay eating behavior and its health consequences--a logic which, however, does not always jibe with reality. Food ideology, like any other portion of a belief system, is subject to innovation, interpretation and rationalization, and contains within it 'rules to break rules' which assure the continued integrity of the symbolic system by patterning what might otherwise be seen as rifts in its fabric. An understanding of eating behavior must be based both on a knowledge of the subsidiary, as well as primary, clauses of food ideology, and on direct observation of the behaviors elicited by these beliefs and modified by the setting, the situation and the individual.

Matched MeSH terms: Postnatal Care
Fulltext Associations of father’s breastfeeding attitude and support with the duration of exclusive breastfeeding among first-time mothers

Hui Wen Phua, Nur Aina Afrina Abdul Razak, Nurul Husna Mohd Shukri

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2020;16(106):84-89.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Initiating and sustaining breastfeeding are influence by many factors including involvement, attitude and support from the partner. Research on breastfeeding mostly investigate maternal factors, although the father’s behaviour and role may influence the success of breastfeeding. Hence, this study aimed to determine the associa- tions of father’s attitude and support with the duration of exclusive breastfeeding new parents. Methods: The study involved 104 new parents in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, recruited at three randomly selected antenatal clinics using purposive sampling. Fathers’ breastfeeding attitude was measured using Iowa-Infant-Feeding-Attitude-Scale, whereas paternal support using Subjective Norms and Paternal-Breastfeeding-Influence-Scale questionnaires. Mothers were asked about breastfeeding practice. Results: Exclusive breastfeeding duration rates at six months was 27.9%. The average score for paternal attitude on breastfeeding was 61.0 ±6.3, indicating father’s positive attitude towards breastfeeding. The mean score of paternal breastfeeding supports for subjective norms surrounding breastfeeding and overall support score were 4.3+0.6 and 4.06+0.6, respectively, demonstrating frequent paternal engaging and support in breastfeeding. Duration of exclusive breastfeeding were positively associated with the paternal attitude (β=0.235, p=0.027) and overall mean score for breastfeeding support (β=2.166, p=0.028), but negatively associated with support strategies score (β= -2.203, p=0.026). Conclusion: Overall, paternal support and positive attitude were associated with breastfeeding duration. It is important to increase public awareness on the important roles of fathers during the breastfeeding process such as emphasizing the husband’s role in supporting their wives to breastfeed, as well as the importance of paternal role in caring the baby, especially among new couples.

Matched MeSH terms: Postnatal Care
Fulltext The Effectiveness of Breastfeeding Intervention on Breastfeeding Exclusivity and Duration among Primiparous Mothers in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia

Rosuzeita F, Che Rabiaah M, Rohani I, Mohd Shukri O

Malays J Med Sci, 2018 Feb;25(1):53-66.
PMID: 29599635 MyJurnal DOI: 10.21315/mjms2018.25.1.7

Background: In Malaysia, the rates of mothers practising breastfeeding exclusively among babies at six months of age still do not achieve the Global Nutritional Targets 2025 which is 50%.
Objective: To determine the effectiveness of breastfeeding intervention in improving breastfeeding outcomes.
Method: A quasi-experimental design was used involving a purposive sample of 96 primigravidas (intervention group (IG) = 48, control group (CG) = 48) recruited at Hospital USM. Data were collected using the Breastfeeding Assessment Questionnaire. Mothers in IG received the current usual care and two hours of an additional education programme on breastfeeding, breastfeeding booklet, notes from the module, and postnatal breastfeeding support in the first week of postpartum. Mothers in CG received the current usual care only. The mothers were assessed on the first and sixth week and then the fourth and sixth month of postpartum.
Results: The results indicated that there was a statistically significant difference between the groups on the fourth month postpartum (X2= 5.671,P= 0.017) in practicing full breastfeeding. The breastfeeding duration rates of the IG were longer than those of the CG. However, the results showed only two follow-up weeks that were significant (week 6,X2= 5.414,P= 0.020, month 4,X2= 7.515,P= 0.006). There was a statistically significant difference between IG and CG as determined by one-way ANCOVA on the breastfeeding duration after controlling age and occupation, F (3, 82) = 6.7,P= 0.011. The test revealed that the breastfeeding duration among IG was significantly higher (20.80 ± 6.31) compared to CG (16.98 ± 8.97).
Conclusions: Breastfeeding intervention can effectively increase breastfeeding duration and exclusivity outcomes among primiparous mothers.

Matched MeSH terms: Postnatal Care
A need-responsive programme in post-partum female sterilisation

Arshat H

Malays J Reprod Health, 1986 Dec;4(2):51-5.
PMID: 12314884
Matched MeSH terms: Postnatal Care*
Fulltext A Comparison of Practices During the Confinement Period among Chinese, Malay, and Indian Mothers in Singapore

Fok D, Aris IM, Ho J, Lim SB, Chua MC, Pang WW, et al.

Birth, 2016 09;43(3):247-54.
PMID: 27018256 DOI: 10.1111/birt.12233

BACKGROUND: Confinement (restrictions placed on diet and practices during the month right after delivery) represents a key feature of Asian populations. Few studies, however, have focused specifically on ethnic differences in confinement practices. This study assesses the confinement practices of three ethnic groups in a multi-ethnic Asian population.
METHODS: Participants were part of a prospective birth cohort study that recruited 1,247 pregnant women (57.2% Chinese, 25.5% Malay, and 17.3% Indian) during their first trimester. The 1,220 participants were followed up 3 weeks postpartum at home when questionnaires were administered to ascertain the frequency of adherence to the following confinement practices: showering; confinement-specific meals; going out with or without the baby; choice of caregiver assistance; and the use of massage therapy.
RESULTS: Most participants reported that they followed confinement practices during the first 3 weeks postpartum (Chinese: 96.4%, Malay: 92.4%, Indian: 85.6%). Chinese and Indian mothers tended to eat more special confinement diets than Malay mothers (p < 0.001), and Chinese mothers showered less and were more likely to depend on confinement nannies during this period than mothers from the two other ethnic groups (p < 0.001 for all). Malay mothers tended to make greater use of massage therapy (p < 0.001), whilst Indian mothers tended to have their mothers or mothers-in-law as assistant caregivers (p < 0.001).
CONCLUSION: Most Singapore mothers follow confinement practices, but the three Asian ethnic groups differed in specific confinement practices. Future studies should examine whether ethnic differences persist in later childrearing practices.

Matched MeSH terms: Postnatal Care/methods*
Heart failure in pregnancy: an overview

Ahmad WA, Khanom M, Yaakob ZH

Int J Clin Pract, 2011 Aug;65(8):848-51.
PMID: 21762308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2011.02714.x

The treatment of heart failure in pregnant women is more difficult than in non-pregnant women, and should always involve a multidisciplinary team approach. Knowledge required includes hemodynamic changes in pregnancy and the resultant effect on women with pre-existing or pregnancy-related cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular drugs in pregnancy, ethical issues and challenges regarding saving mother and baby. In addition, women having high risk cardiac lesions should be counselled strongly against pregnancy and followed up regularly. Pregnancy with heart failure is an important issue, demanding more comprehensive studies.

Matched MeSH terms: Postnatal Care/methods
Fulltext Nurses' knowledge, beliefs and practices regarding the screening and treatment of postpartum depression in maternal and child health clinics: A cross-sectional survey

Kang PS, Mohazmi M, Ng YM, Liew SM

Malays Fam Physician, 2019;14(1):18-25.
PMID: 31289627

Background: Postpartum depression (PPD) affects 10-15% of women worldwide, and screening is recommended by clinical guidelines. In Malaysia, nurses in maternal and child health (MCH) clinics provide postpartum care.

Aim: To determine nurses' level of knowledge, beliefs and practices regarding PPD and factors associated with screening practices.

Methods: A cross-sectional study using universal sampling was conducted on nurses from seven government MCH clinics in Malaysia. Data was collected from March until April 2016 through a self-reported questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with having ever performed PPD screening.

Results: Of the 108 nurses, 55.6% scored above the median total knowledge score (17 out of 24 points). Despite a high proportion of nurses believing that they were responsible for PPD screening (72.2%), counselling depressed mothers (72.2%) and referring mothers for further treatment (87.0%), only 64.8% and 51.9% were confident in recognizing PPD and counselling depressed mothers, respectively. Only 25.9% had ever practiced PPD screening, which was associated with beliefs concerning screening taking too much time (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=0.13, 95% confidence interval [CI]= 0.02-0.74, P=0.022) and that screening is their responsibility (AOR=14.12, 95%CI=1.65-120.75, P=0.016).

Conclusion: More than half of the nurses scored above the median total knowledge score and had positive beliefs towards PPD screening. However, PPD screening practices were poor, and this outcome was associated with their beliefs regarding time and responsibility.

Matched MeSH terms: Postnatal Care
Fulltext Effectiveness of free maternal healthcare programme under the successful delivery programme in jigawa state, Nigeria

Muhammad Abdulkadir, Ruslan Rainis, Alshammari Eissa Zaidan, Murtala Uba Muhammad, Yamuna A Kani

Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2019;4(7):140-151.
MyJurnal

In the state effort reduce the number of maternal death, a free child and maternal healthcare programme were introduced called Successful delivery. This main aim of this research is to evaluate if women registered with the programme had a better chance of accessing the services in the state. A crosssectional quantitative study involving household interviews of all women of the reproductive age group (15–49 years) residing in Jigawa state from February to April 2019. Logistic regression analysis at 95% confidence interval was used to determine the independent associations between the scheme and use of antenatal care, hospital delivery and postnatal care services. Successful delivery program influenced the antenatal care visit as women registered with the schemes are more likely to have maximum of six visit 39.5 times than those who did not and also more likely to have four visit 2.6 times than those without scheme. Hospital delivery is also attached to the scheme as women registered with the scheme is 5.3 times likely to deliver at hospital when compared to those with not. Successful delivery program influence antenatal care visit and hospital base delivery. Nevertheless many of the pregnant women after delivery did not attend postnatal care.

Matched MeSH terms: Postnatal Care
Fulltext Challenge and support for breastfeeding in highly motivated Malaysian mothers

Nazatul, S.B., Ruby, H.

JUMMEC, 2009;12(2):70-73.
MyJurnal

The exclusive breastfeeding rate in Malaysia is very low. However in recent years the awareness of breastfeeding among mothers has increased. A preliminary qualitative research was carried out on these motivated mothers. The objective of this study was to understand the challenges encountered by breastfeeding mothers and to explore the support and motivation received by them. Information from the motivated mothers was obtained from focus group discussion. Some obstacles faced by the mothers were lack of knowledge on breastfeeding and lack of support from health professionals, parents and siblings. Facilities to express breast milk while at work were not readily available. The main motivation to breastfeed came from the mother herself and support from the husband. A holistic approach must be used to help mothers to continue breastfeeding. This includes breastfeeding promotion and education, setting up more Baby Friendly Hospitals, availability of breastfeeding support groups and provision of enough breastfeeding facilities at work and public places.

Matched MeSH terms: Postnatal Care

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