MyMedR

The epidemiology of poliomyelitis

HOLMES W

Med J Malaya, 1958 Mar;12(3):500-14.

PMID: 13565022

Matched MeSH terms: Poliomyelitis/epidemiology*

Epidemic poliomyelitis and beri-beri

Malaya Medical Journal, 1911;9:47-8.

Matched MeSH terms: Poliomyelitis

Vaccination against poliomyelitis and other diseases with a new series of combined antigens

FERGUSON JK

Med J Malaya, 1959 Jun;13:327-30.

PMID: 13822231

Matched MeSH terms: Poliomyelitis/prevention & control*

Progress toward poliomyelitis eradication -- Western Pacific Region, January 1, 1996-September 27, 1997

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 1997 Nov 28;46(47):1113-7.

PMID: 9393657

In 1988, the World Health Assembly adopted the goal of global poliomyelitis eradication by 2000, which was endorsed in each of the six regions of the World Health Organization (WHO). In the Western Pacific Region (WPR), where the last known case of polio associated with isolation of wild poliovirus occurred in March 1997, the reported number of cases decreased from 5963 in 1990 to 197 in 1996. This report documents progress toward polio eradication in WPR from January 1, 1996, through September 27, 1997, in countries where polio is endemic (Cambodia, China, Laos, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, and Vietnam) or recently was endemic (Malaysia and Mongolia) and describes the routine and supplemental vaccination activities necessary to interrupt wild poliovirus transmission in the region.

Matched MeSH terms: Poliomyelitis/epidemiology*; Poliomyelitis/prevention & control

A probable case of poliomyelitis imported to Malaysia

Tay CG, Ong LC, Goh KJ, Rahmat K, Fong CY

J Clin Neurosci, 2015 Dec;22(12):1994-5.

PMID: 26254091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2015.07.001

We report a previously well 10-month-old Somalian girl who acquired asymmetric lower limb weakness in July 2013 in Mogadishu, Banadir, before arriving in Malaysia at 12 months of age. In May 2013, there was a wild poliomyelitis outbreak in that area, as reported by the World Health Organization. Laboratory investigation, including cerebrospinal fluid, was unremarkable, and electrophysiological studies showed active axonal denervation in the left lower limb. The whole spine T2-weighted MRI revealed non-enhancing hyperintensities of the bilateral anterior horn cells, predominantly on the left side at T11-12. The viral isolations from two stool specimens at her presentation to our centre, 2 months after the onset of illness and 2 weeks apart, were negative. Despite lacking the acute virological evidence of poliomyelitis, in view of the girl's clinical, electrophysiological and classical spinal neuroradiological features, together with her temporal relationship with a World Health Organization reported wild poliomyelitis outbreak, we believe these findings are consistent with a diagnosis of imported poliomyelitis. A review at 30 months of age showed persistent left lower limb monoplegia with little recovery. Our patient reiterates the importance of maintaining awareness of wild polio importation, and keeping abreast of the latest news of global poliomyelitis outbreaks when treating patients with flaccid paralysis, even if they arrive from non-endemic poliomyelitis areas.

Matched MeSH terms: Poliomyelitis/epidemiology*; Poliomyelitis/pathology; Poliomyelitis/physiopathology

Fulltext Polio vaccination in Pakistan: by force or by volition?

Khan TM, Chiau LM

Lancet, 2015 Oct 31;386(10005):1733.

PMID: 26545429 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00689-3

Matched MeSH terms: Poliomyelitis/epidemiology*; Poliomyelitis/prevention & control*

Fulltext Polio vaccination in Pakistan

Khan MU, Ahmad A

Lancet, 2015 Jul 25;386(9991):337.

PMID: 26227462 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)61405-2

Matched MeSH terms: Poliomyelitis/epidemiology*; Poliomyelitis/prevention & control*

Expanded programme on immunization. Poliomyelitis outbreak, 1992

Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec., 1993 Oct 8;68(41):297-300.

PMID: 8240941

Matched MeSH terms: Poliomyelitis/epidemiology*; Poliomyelitis/prevention & control

Poliomyelitis antibody studies in Kuala Lumpur children

Tan DS, Lim TW, Ahluwalia P, Lee GC

Med J Malaya, 1968 Jun;23(4):269-75.

PMID: 4235589

Matched MeSH terms: Poliomyelitis/immunology*

Poliomyelitis in Malaysia: two confirmed cases after 6 years without polio

Ismail HI, Lal M

Ann Trop Paediatr, 1993;13(4):339-43.

PMID: 7506880

Poliomyelitis in Malaysia has not been reported since 1986. We report two cases of poliomyelitis in non-immunized children whose parents, though relatively educated, opted not to vaccinate their children for socio-cultural reasons. This recent trend may interfere with our attempts to eradicate poliomyelitis globally by the year 2000. The clinical features, pathophysiology and differential diagnosis are discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Poliomyelitis/diagnosis; Poliomyelitis/epidemiology*; Poliomyelitis/prevention & control

Estimation of the Direct Cost of Poliomyelitis Rehabilitation Treatment to Pakistani Patients: A 53-Year Retrospective Study

Naqvi AA, Naqvi SBS, Zehra F, Verma AK, Usmani S, Badar S, et al.

Appl Health Econ Health Policy, 2018 12;16(6):871-888.

PMID: 30128833 DOI: 10.1007/s40258-018-0422-6

BACKGROUND: Pakistan is one of the last few countries in which poliomyelitis is endemic. Evidence indicates that out-of-pocket expenditures are a barrier to polio rehabilitation treatment, yet there are no reported figures related to the financial burden of this disease on patients in a recently polio-endemic country.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated direct costs attributed to rehabilitation treatment of poliomyelitis among Pakistani patients and reported its duration along with the socioeconomic status of poliomyelitis survivors.

CONCLUSION: The cost of poliomyelitis rehabilitation in Pakistan is high; it has an economic effect on the lives of patients and their families. Despite good education, polio survivors in Pakistan appear to have low socioeconomic status, lower chances of employment and marriage, as well as fewer children. Further research is recommended to explore the burden of disease on society, i.e., indirect costs and suffering.

Matched MeSH terms: Poliomyelitis/economics*; Poliomyelitis/epidemiology; Poliomyelitis/rehabilitation

Media and interpersonal persuasions in the polio eradication campaign in northern Nigeria

Ozohu-Suleiman Y

J Public Health Afr, 2010 Sep 01;1(1):e2.

PMID: 28299036 DOI: 10.4081/jphia.2010.e2

This study is premised on the increasing global concerns over the widespread resistance to polio eradication campaign in northern Nigeria. It aims to determine the level of campaign acceptance and compare the influences of mass media and interpersonal communication sources in Zaria local government area, being one of the high-risk (WPV-endemic) areas in northern Nigeria, where campaign resistance is known to be high. By way of quantitative survey, the study utilized 10% sample of the populations of eight out of the thirteen Wards in Zaria local government area, with a response rate of 78.6%. Findings reveal close ranks between campaign acceptance and resistance in the local government area, thus further confirming the difficulties still faced in polio eradication campaign in the region. This study also indicates higher performance of Interpersonal than Mass Media sources in influencing campaign acceptance and resistance in the local communities. Contact with friends and relations was rated the most influential interpersonal sources in the acceptance and resistance decision of individuals, while newspapers and magazines were rated most influential media sources that influenced campaign resistance in the local communities. The study concludes that a polio eradication campaign, backed with competent and sufficient communication expertise that utilizes knowledge-based indigenous interpersonal communication strategies will likely result in greater community acceptance in northern Nigeria.

Matched MeSH terms: Poliomyelitis

Fulltext Laboratory acute flaccid paralysis surveillance in Malaysia: a decade of commitment to the WHO global polio eradication initiative

Saraswathy TS, Khairullah NS, Sinniah M, Fauziah MK, Apandi MY, Shamsuddin M

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 2004 Jun;35(2):421-4.

PMID: 15691149

The Institute for Medical Research, Malaysia, was designated the National Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis Eradication (NRLPE) in 1992. Since then, our Polio Laboratory has collaborated actively with the Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health (MOH), Malaysia and WHO towards achieving polio eradication. Since 1992, the NRLPE has investigated 1,063 stool specimens from 641 acute flaccidparalysis (AFP) cases. One hundred and one enteroviruses were isolated from these specimens. Positive cell cultures were confirmed by microneutralization assay using standard WHO antisera. All enterovirus isolates were sent to the Victorian Infectious Disease Reference Laboratory in Melbourne, Australia, for further identification and poliovirus intratypic differentiation. Thirty-one out of these 101 virus isolates (30%) were polioviruses (PV) and the remaining 70 (70%) were non-polio enteroviruses (NPEV) which included coxsackie B viruses, echoviruses and enterovirus 71. Three of the poliovirus isolates were wild-type polioviruses isolated in 1992 which were the last wild-type polioviruses isolated in Malaysia. The rest were vaccine-related Sabin-like strains. Monthly reports of the virological investigation of AFP cases are sent to WHO and to the MOH, AFP control committee. The NRLPE continues to play an integral role in AFP surveillance and is committed to the WHO's goal of global polio eradication by the year 2005.

Matched MeSH terms: Poliomyelitis/epidemiology; Poliomyelitis/prevention & control*; Poliomyelitis/virology

Characterization of species B adenoviruses isolated from fecal specimens taken from poliomyelitis-suspected cases

de Azevedo JP, Nascimento LR, Cortinovis MC, Oliveira SS, da Costa EV, da Silva EE

J Clin Virol, 2004 Dec;31(4):248-52.

PMID: 15494264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2004.04.007

BACKGROUND: Human adenoviruses are classified into six species, A-F, and 51 serotypes are recognized. Adenoviruses can cause a broad range of diseases. Serotypes 3, 7 and 21 are most commonly associated with CNS disease. Serotype 21 (specie B) was isolated from brain tissue and CSF of patients with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in Malaysia.
OBJECTIVES: Characterize, by molecular methods, species B adenoviruses isolated from poliomyelitis-suspected cases and investigate the possible etiological role of adenoviruses in acute flaccid paralysis (AFP).
STUDY DESIGN: 622 virus isolates, including Sabin-related polioviruses, non-polio enteroviruses (NPEV) and adenoviruses, were recovered from fecal specimens in our laboratory during the period of 1997-2002 from AFP cases occurring in Brazil, Peru and Bolivia. Negative controls consisted of 528 fecal specimens collected from healthy children <==5 of age. Of these, 478 were contacts of AFP negative cases and 50 were from a day-care center.
RESULTS: Sixty-four adenovirus strains isolated in HEp2 (human laryngeal tumor cells) cells were confirmed as such by an adenovirus-group specific PCR. Nucleotide sequencing identified the following adenovirus species: A (3 isolates), B (20 isolates), C (38 isolates), D (2 isolates) and E (1 isolate). The following serotypes belonging to the species B were identified: Ad3 (1 strain), Ad7 (17 strains) and, Ad16 (2 strains).
CONCLUSION: Other viral agents became more recognized in association with CNS diseases in areas where wild polioviruses have been eradicated. The possible role of species B adenoviruses in the etiology of AFP cases similar to that caused by wild poliovirus is discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Poliomyelitis/epidemiology; Poliomyelitis/virology*

Fulltext Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards polio immunization among residents of two highly affected regions of Pakistan

Khan MU, Ahmad A, Aqeel T, Salman S, Ibrahim Q, Idrees J, et al.

BMC Public Health, 2015;15:1100.

PMID: 26541976 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2471-1

Despite the efforts of national and international organizations, polio has not been eradicated from Pakistan. The prevalence of polio in Pakistan is exceptional in global context. Quetta and Peshawar divisions are amongst the most affected regions hit by polio in Pakistan. This study was carried out to assess the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards polio immunization among residents of Quetta and Peshawar divisions in Pakistan.

Matched MeSH terms: Poliomyelitis/epidemiology; Poliomyelitis/prevention & control*

Poliomyelitis vaccination benefits--versus risk

Assaad F

Dev. Biol. Stand., 1979;43:141-50.

PMID: 520666

Paralytic poliomyelitis is a constantly rising problem in the developing world. It may take an insiduous endemic "infantile paralysis" behaviour exacting a high toll in the first few years of life, as in Ghana or Burma but on the other hand it may take the form of sudden extensive outbreaks of paralytic disease as in Argentina, Mexico or Malaysia. The developed world has controlled the disease by effectively immunizing a very high proportion of their populations, but those who have not been vaccinated are at risk even in countries with very high coverage, as has been noted in the Netherlands, Sweden, United States of America, etc. There is no reason to have a crippled paralytic child (or adult). Both the live and killed vaccines have been repeatedly shown to be safe and effective. The minute risk incidental to vaccination is more than one hundredfold smaller than the risk from the disease, not only in the developing world but in the developed world as well. Therefore, the question of which vaccine to use is of far less relevance than of how to increase effective coverage with any available vaccine. This does not mean that vaccine control should be relaxed. A health respect should be maintained for the polioviruses used as vaccine sources and great care must be exercised by those undertaking the manufacture or the administration of vaccine.

Matched MeSH terms: Poliomyelitis/epidemiology*; Poliomyelitis/prevention & control*

Final stages of poliomyelitis eradication--Western Pacific Region, 1997-1998

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 1999 Jan 22;48(2):29-33.

PMID: 9933126

In 1988, the World Health Assembly resolved to eradicate poliomyelitis globally by 2000. A plan of action for polio eradication in the Western Pacific Region (WPR) by 1995 was adopted in 1990. The plan was based on routine and supplemental vaccination activities with oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) and acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance in the eight countries where polio was endemic (Cambodia, China, Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, and Vietnam). Regionwide, the number of reported polio cases decreased from approximately 6000 in 1990 to zero in 1998. This report describes the extensive efforts to eliminate the last chains of poliovirus transmission in the Mekong River area.

Matched MeSH terms: Poliomyelitis/epidemiology*; Poliomyelitis/prevention & control

Fulltext Recovery of poliovirus from cut surface of stored fresh papaya fruit

Lee ASC, Yap KL

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1999 Jun;30(2):280-3.

PMID: 10774695

Poliovirus kept on the cut surfaces of fully ripe papaya cubes placed in an ice box showed a sharp and significant reduction in the recovery of infectious virus about 15 minutes after exposure. Thereafter, a very gradual decrease ensued and infectious residual virus was detected up to the end of the 6-hour exposure period. Papaya cubes washed or kept overnight before virus inoculation, and from less ripe fruits produced a similar survival pattern. A very small proportion of the inoculum was recovered from the mashed content of the inoculated papaya cubes thus suggesting that most of the non-recovered virus particles were inactivated. The results suggest that the importance of poliovirus-contaminated cut papayas as a transmission vehicle for the virus is greatly reduced by the rapid decline in the infectivity of a large proportion of the virus soon after contamination. Nevertheless, the potential to transmit remains as a small residual pool of infectious poliovirus is able to survive for a relatively long period.

Matched MeSH terms: Poliomyelitis/prevention & control; Poliomyelitis/transmission*

Fulltext Poliomyelitis and measles serosurvey in northern Malaysia

Saraswathy TS, Sinniah M, Lee WS, Lye MS, Choo KE, Jusoh H

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1994 Sep;25(3):565-8.

PMID: 7777927

In 1990 the Institute for Medical Research carried out a serosurvey in the state of Kelantan to study the age stratified immune prevalence rates for measles and poliomyelitis. Our findings indicate that 981 out of 1,097 (89%) of the population screened had measles antibodies and more than 90% (366 out of 400) had antibodies to all three serotypes of poliovirus. The susceptible group for measles was infants below one year of age, of whom 53.3% (8/15) did not have measles antibody. Of 400 subjects, 125 (31.3%) who were either incompletely vaccinated or had not been vaccinated against poliomyelitis, had polio neutralizing antibodies to all three poliovirus serotypes, suggesting herd immunity in the population. No high risk age group could be identified for poliomyelitis.

Matched MeSH terms: Poliomyelitis/epidemiology*; Poliomyelitis/virology

Enterovirus survey before and after poliomyelitis vaccination in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Tan DS, Lam SK

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1978 Sep;9(3):301-7.

PMID: 219550

Stool samples from healthy children mainly of the low income group aged 0 to 7 years of age from five Maternal and Child Health Centres in Kuala Lumpur were obtained for isolation of enteroviruses. The specimens were collected before and after the mass vaccination given in the face of polio type 1 epidemic which started in October, 1971. The prevelance rate of enteroviruses was 11.9% (3.0% polioviruses, 8.9% non-polio enteroviruses) before the vaccination and essentially the same after. Coxsackie A viruses predominated over the other enteroviruses in the pre- and post-vaccination phases. The highest isolation rate of enteroviruses was observed in children 0 to 2 years age. No significant differences in distribution by sex, race and month were noted. A sharp fall in the prevalence rates of total enteroviruses and polioviruses was noted shortly after the mass vaccination campaign However, the rates reverted to the pre-vaccination state during the next successive years.

Matched MeSH terms: Poliomyelitis/immunology; Poliomyelitis/microbiology

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