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The idiom of latah: reply to Dr. Simons

Bartholomew RE

J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 1995 Mar;183(3):184-6.
PMID: 7891068
Matched MeSH terms: Hallucinations/diagnosis*
Fulltext Atypical psychosis: report of two cases

Loke KH, Rashid MA, Chin S

Med J Malaysia, 1984 Jun;39(2):151-5.
PMID: 6513855

In general, psychotic symptomatology falls within the major categories of mental disorders such as schizophrenia, affective disorder and organic mental
disorder. Those that do not fit the proposed diagnostic criteria for the aforementioned disorders are usually classified under the DSM-IV diagnosis of atypical psychosis. In the eastern culture, such symptoms are accepted as part of the cultural beliefs rather than being regarded as illness. Several such cases were seen at -the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur and two such casesare reported in this paper. Cultural influences in determining symptomatology are also discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Hallucinations/diagnosis
Fulltext Comparing schizophrenia symptoms in the Iban of Sarawak with other populations to elucidate clinical heterogeneity

McLean D, Barrett R, Loa P, Thara R, John S, McGrath J, et al.

Asia Pac Psychiatry, 2015 Mar;7(1):36-44.
PMID: 24038814 DOI: 10.1111/appy.12093

INTRODUCTION: The symptom profile of schizophrenia can vary between ethnic groups. We explored selected symptom variables previously reported to be characteristic of schizophrenia in the Iban of Sarawak in transethnic populations from Australia, India, and Sarawak, Malaysia. We tested site differences to confirm previous research, and to explore implications of differences across populations for future investigations.
METHODS: We recruited schizophrenia samples in Australia (n = 609), India (n = 310) and Sarawak (n = 205) primarily for the purposes of genetic studies. We analyzed seven identified variables and their relationship to site using logistic regression, including: global delusions, bizarre delusions, thought broadcast/insertion/withdrawal delusions, global hallucinations, auditory hallucinations, disorganized behavior, and prodromal duration.
RESULTS: We identified a distinct symptom profile in our Sarawak sample. Specifically, the Iban exhibit: low frequency of thought broadcast/insertion/withdrawal delusions, high frequency of auditory hallucinations and disorganized behavior, with a comparatively short prodrome when compared with Australian and Indian populations.
DISCUSSION: Understanding between-site variation in symptom profile may complement future transethnic genetic studies, and provide important clues as to the nature of differing schizophrenia expression across ethnically distinct groups. A comprehensive approach to subtyping schizophrenia is warranted, utilizing comprehensively ascertained transethnic samples to inform both schizophrenia genetics and nosology.

Matched MeSH terms: Hallucinations/diagnosis*
Evaluation of auditory hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia: A validation study of the Malay version of Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (PSYRATS)

Wahab S, Zakaria MN, Sidek D, Abdul Rahman AH, Shah SA, Abdul Wahab NA

Psychiatry Res, 2015 Aug 30;228(3):462-7.
PMID: 26142835 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.06.014

The Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (PSYRATS) is the most widely used validated scale to measure the specific symptoms of auditory hallucination and delusion. The aim of this study was to validate and to examine the psychometric properties of the auditory hallucination component of the Malay PSYRATS (MyPSYRATS). The research was done in the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center (UKMMC) among 51 schizophrenia inpatients and outpatients who had experienced or reported verbal auditory hallucination. The psychometric properties of MyPSYRATS (auditory hallucination) were studied and a comparison was made between the psychometric properties obtained and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). The internal consistency of MyPSYRATS was good as revealed by Cronbach's alpha value. Factor analysis replicated three components (emotional, cognitive, and physical) similar to the factorial structure of the original auditory hallucination scale. However, two items were regrouped under the emotional component. Spearman's rank-order correlation showed a significant positive relationship between the total score of auditory hallucinations and PANSS auditory hallucinations item (P3). In conclusion, the auditory hallucination domain of MyPSYRATS is a reliable and valid assessment tool for further clinical applications.

Study site: Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (PPUKM)

Matched MeSH terms: Hallucinations/diagnosis
Disease, disorder, or deception? Latah as habit in a Malay extended family

Bartholomew RE

J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 1994 Jun;182(6):331-8; discussion 339-41.
PMID: 8201305 DOI: 10.1097/00005053-199406000-00004

Thirty-seven cases of latah are examined within the author's Malay extended family (N = 115). Based on ethnographic data collected and a literature review, cases are readily divisible into two broad categories: habitual (N = 33) and performance (N = 4). The first form represents an infrequent, culturally conditioned habit that is occasionally used as a learned coping strategy in the form of a cathartic stress response to sudden startle with limited secondary benefits (i.e., exhibiting brief verbal obscenity with impunity). In this sense, it is identical to Western swearing. Performers are engaged in conscious, ritualized social gain through the purported exploitation of a neurophysiological potential. The latter process is essentially irrelevant, akin to sneezing or yawning. It is concluded that latah is a social construction of Western-trained universalist scientists. The concept of malingering and fraud in anthropology is critically discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Hallucinations/diagnosis