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  1. Classification of glomerulonephritis. A clinician's view
    Cheong IKS
    Family Practitioner, 1983;6<I> </I>:73-77.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glomerulonephritis
  2. Glomerulonephritis in the childhood
    Indon L
    Family Physician, 1991;3:13-15.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glomerulonephritis
  3. Fulltext Glomerulonephritis in Kelantan, Malaysia: a review of the histological pattern
    Zainal D, Riduan A, Ismail AM, Norhayati O
    Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1995 Mar;26(1):149-53.
    PMID: 8525403
    Renal biopsy is essential in the management of renal parenchymal diseases. Thus far there is no publish report on the pattern of glomerulonephritis in Kelantan. We decided to establish the pattern of glomerulonephritis in Kelantan and use this information as our reference in future studies. Records of patients who had proven glomerulonephritis histologically were analysed. Their biological data, clinical presentation, etiology and clinicopathological pattern were studied. Where appropriate mean and standard deviation were calculated. A total of 74 biopsies were performed during the study period (between January 1991 and December 1993), out of which 72 biopsies (97.3%) were considered suitable for analysis. The male to female ratio was 1:1.1. Mean age at presentation was 27.6 +/- 12.2 years. Nephrotic syndrome was the commonest clinical presentation (65.3%). The main underlying cause was systemic lupus erythematosus (50%) followed by primary glomerulonephritis. Histologically, IgA nephropathy and minimal change disease were the main patterns among patients with primary glomerulonephritis while diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis was the commonest pattern among patients with lupus nephritis. Hence the pattern of glomerulonephritis is similar to other reported series. The procedure is considered safe and has a high success rate.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glomerulonephritis/complications; Glomerulonephritis/epidemiology; Glomerulonephritis/pathology*; Glomerulonephritis, IGA/epidemiology; Glomerulonephritis, IGA/pathology
  4. Fulltext Biopsy-proven childhood glomerulonephritis in Johor
    Khoo JJ, Pee S, Thevarajah B, Yap YC, Chin CK
    Med J Malaysia, 2004 Jun;59(2):218-25.
    PMID: 15559173 MyJurnal
    Background: There has been no published study of biopsy proven childhood glomerulonephritis in Malaysia.
    Objectives: To determine the pattern of childhood glomerulonephritis in Johor, Malaysia from a histopathological perspective and the various indications used for renal biopsy in children.
    Materials and methods: Retrospective study was done of all renal biopsies from children under 16 years of age, received in Sultanah Aminah Hospital, Johor between 1994 and 2001. The histopathological findings were reviewed to determine the pattern of biopsy proven glomerulonephritis. The indications of biopsy, mode of therapy given after biopsy and the clinical outcome were studied.
    Results: 123 adequate biopsies were received, 9 children had repeated biopsies. Of the 113 biopsies, minimal change disease formed the most common histopathological diagnosis (40.7%) while lupus nephritis formed the most common secondary glomerulonephritis (23.0%). The main indications for biopsy were nephrotic syndrome (50.8%), lupus nephritis (25.4%) and renal impairment (13.1%). The mode of therapy was changed in 59.8% of the children. Of 106 patients followed up, 84 children were found to have normal renal function in remission or on treatment. 4 patients developed chronic renal impairment and 16 reached end stage renal disease. Five of the 16 children with end stage disease had since died while 11 were on renal replacement therapy. another 2 patients died of other complications.
    Conclusions: The pattern of childhood GN in our study tended to reflect the more severe renal parenchymal diseases in children and those requiring more aggressive treatment. This was because of our criteria of selection (indication) for renal biopsy. Renal biopsy where performed appropriately in selected children may not only be a useful investigative tool for histological diagnosis and prognosis but may help clinicians plan the optimal therapy for these children.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glomerulonephritis/epidemiology*; Glomerulonephritis/pathology; Glomerulonephritis/therapy
  5. Fulltext Asymptomatic proteinuria and/or haematuria in 265 Malaysian adults
    Cheong IKS, Kong N, Segasothy M, Morad Z, Menon P, Suleiman AB
    Med J Malaysia, 1991 Jun;46(2):150-4.
    PMID: 1839419
    Two-hundred and sixty-five patients with asymptomatic proteinuria and/or haematuria were studied at the Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia and Department of Nephrology, General Hospital Kuala Lumpur. They represented 25.4% of all the renal biopsies performed during the period 1980-88. All the three races were affected with 71.3% occurring between the ages of 20-39 years and 41.1% were detected during routine medical examination. Excluding those patients with lupus nephritis, IgA nephropathy was the commonest histological diagnosis (51.7%). The presence of severe and advanced histological changes in a significant number of biopsies emphasises the need for more effective screening and early referral of this group of patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glomerulonephritis/complications; Glomerulonephritis/diagnosis; Glomerulonephritis, IGA/complications; Glomerulonephritis, IGA/diagnosis
  6. Systemic lupus erythematosus with membranous lupus nephropathy in Malaysian patients
    Wang F, Looi LM
    Q. J. Med., 1984;53(210):209-26.
    PMID: 6463196 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.qjmed.a067794
    Thirty-one patients with systemic lupus erythematosus had membranous lupus nephropathy (MLN). They were divided into two groups. Group I consisted of 13 patients who had pure MLN but the patients in Group 2 had segmental proliferation in up to 35 per cent of their glomeruli. The rest of the glomeruli had purely membranous change. The patients of Group 2 were no different from the other MLN patients in terms of age, sex and race. The extrarenal disease in both groups was extensive and severe. The renal disease was usually associated with the nephrotic syndrome or oedema but was asymptomatic throughout in one patient. Both renal and extrarenal features responded to treatment initially but relapses were frequent and often severe. Relapses often occurred as treatment was discontinued or medication reduced. Survival at six years in Group I was 62 per cent and in Group 2 was 50 per cent. Only one patient died with renal failure although five patients had impaired renal function at death. The chief causes of death were disease of the central nervous system and infection.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glomerulonephritis/complications*; Glomerulonephritis/drug therapy; Glomerulonephritis/mortality; Glomerulonephritis/pathology
  7. The changing pattern of primary glomerulonephritis in Singapore and other countries over the past 3 decades
    Woo KT, Chan CM, Mooi CY, -L-Choong H, Tan HK, Foo M, et al.
    Clin. Nephrol., 2010 Nov;74(5):372-83.
    PMID: 20979946
    This review of 2,586 renal biopsies over the past 3 decades in Singapore documents the changing pattern of glomerulonephritis (GN) from that of a third world country to that of a developed nation. In the 1st decade, mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis was the most common form of primary GN, just as it was in the surrounding Asian countries. In the 2nd decade, the prevalence of mesangial proliferative GN decreased with a rise in membranous, GN which is also seen in China and Thailand. In the 3rd decade, there was a dramatic increase in focal sclerosing glomerulosclerosis. This increase reflects aging and obesity in keeping with more developed countries like Australia, India, Thailand and the United States of America. IgA nephritis remains the most common GN. Apart from the geographical influence, other socioeconomic factors play a significant role in the evolution of the renal biopsy pattern. Mesangial proliferative GN remains prevalent in many Asian countries, but in Singapore the prevalence is decreasing just as it is in Japan, Korea and Malaysia. Worldwide, the prevalence of focal sclerosing glomerulosclerosis continues to increase in many countries.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glomerulonephritis/epidemiology*; Glomerulonephritis/pathology; Glomerulonephritis, IGA/epidemiology; Glomerulonephritis, IGA/pathology; Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative/epidemiology; Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative/pathology; Glomerulonephritis, Membranous/epidemiology; Glomerulonephritis, Membranous/pathology
  8. Fulltext Pattern of glomerular disease in Malaysia
    Cheong IK, Chong SM, Suleiman AB
    Med J Malaysia, 1981 Mar;36(1):3-7.
    PMID: 7321935
    This paper reviews the pattern of glomeruler disease from 163 renal biopsies performed at the Institute of Urology and Nephrology. Nephrotic syndrome formed the largest group of patients. There is a high prevalence of SLE nephritis in our community. The histopathologic findings in our series were comparable to those from Western countries except for the lower incidence of membranous and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glomerulonephritis/classification; Glomerulonephritis/pathology*
  9. Fulltext Extensive crescent formation in idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis. A case report
    Cheong IK, Chong SM, Singh N, Suleiman AB
    Med J Malaysia, 1981 Mar;36(1):8-10.
    PMID: 7321940
    We report this 21 years old Indian male with the nephrotic syndrome due to membranous nephropathy who later developed numerous epithelial crescents leading to a rapid loss of renal function. The pathogenesis of the crescentic transformation in this type of glomerulopathy is discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glomerulonephritis/complications; Glomerulonephritis/pathology*
  10. Membranous glomerulonephritis and chronic hepatitis
    Wang F, Menon A, Murugasu R, Prathap K
    Med J Malaysia, 1977 Sep;32(1):78-81.
    PMID: 609351
    Matched MeSH terms: Glomerulonephritis/etiology*; Glomerulonephritis/pathology
  11. Fulltext Molar pregnancy and glomerulonephritis
    Teh HS, Halim AG, Soehardy Z, Fauzi AR, Kong CT
    Med J Malaysia, 2006 Aug;61(3):361-2.
    PMID: 17240591 MyJurnal
    A 17-year-old, sexually active, single, nulliparous young woman presented to us with one week history suggestive of nephrotic syndrome. She was found to have a benign hydatidiform mole confirmed by histopathological examination after suction and curettage. Renal biopsy revealed focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. The renal pathology was most probably due to molar pregnancy due to the close temporal relationship. To our knowledge, this is the first case of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis associated with a gestation trophoblastic disease described in the literature.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glomerulonephritis/etiology*
  12. Fulltext Authors' Reply. A different viewpoint on pneumococcal glomerulonephritis in a healthy child
    Ismail IH, Zainudin Z, Othman N
    Singapore Med J, 2014 Sep;55(9):506.
    PMID: 25273938
    Matched MeSH terms: Glomerulonephritis/diagnosis*
  13. Immunotactoid glomerulopathy--an unusual deposition disease: report of the first Malaysian case
    Cheah PL, Looi LM, Ghazalli R, Chua CT
    Malays J Pathol, 1999 Jun;21(1):59-62.
    PMID: 10879280
    A 31-year-old Malay female presented with nephrotic syndrome without renal impairment. Renal biopsy features were in keeping with immunotactoid glomerulopathy (ITG). Non-Congophilic deposits were seen causing thickening of the glomerular capillary basement membrane with segmental accentuation, and widening of the mesangium. Immunofluorescence examination showed moderate amounts of IgG and C3 in the glomerular capillary walls with some in the mesangium. Ultrastructurally, 20-nm thick fibrils with microtubular organisation were present predominantly in the subendothelial region with similar fibrils in the mesangium. Although immunotactoid glomerulopathy and fibrillary glomerulonephritis (FG) have been recognised as entities with extracellular fibrillary material in the kidney, to date much remains to be clarified regarding these 2 conditions. While the renal biopsy findings in this patient are consistent with ITG, her clinical presentation is unlike that of usual ITG in that she is of a much younger age and has no associated haemopoietic disorder. Response to initial treatment of 8 weeks of prednisolone therapy was poor.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glomerulonephritis/complications; Glomerulonephritis/immunology*; Glomerulonephritis/pathology
  14. When water is thicker than blood: recognising a systemic cause of haemoptysis
    Wedge E, Abrahamson E, Tudor-Williams G, Nadel S, Deal J
    Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed, 2017 Aug;102(4):210-219.
    PMID: 27780827 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2015-308957
    The case of an 11-year-old child presenting with acute haemoptysis and breathlessness is described. The girl was Malaysian and had recently arrived in the UK. She subsequently deteriorated, developing respiratory failure. The course of the illness is described, with reference to the diagnostic process at each stage. The case demonstrates the importance of having a broad investigatory approach in acute haemoptysis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glomerulonephritis/complications; Glomerulonephritis/diagnosis*; Glomerulonephritis/therapy*
  15. Fulltext Long term outcome of immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy: A single center experience
    Mohd R, Mohammad Kazmin NE, Abdul Cader R, Abd Shukor N, Wong YP, Shah SA, et al.
    PLoS One, 2021;16(4):e0249592.
    PMID: 33831052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249592
    INTRODUCTION: IgA nephropathy (IgAN) has a heterogeneous presentation and the progression to end stage renal disease (ESRD) is often influenced by demographics, ethnicity, as well as choice of treatment regimen. In this study, we investigated the long term survival of IgAN patients in our center and the factors affecting it.

    METHODS: This study included all biopsy-proven IgAN patients with ≥ 1year follow-up. Patients with diabetes mellitus at diagnosis and secondary IgAN were excluded. Medical records were reviewed for demographics, clinical presentation, blood pressure, 24-hour urine protein, serum creatinine, renal biopsy and treatment received. The primary outcome was defined as combined event of 50% estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) reduction or ESRD.

    RESULTS: We included 130 (74 females; 56 males) patients of mean age 38.0 ± 14.0 years and median eGFR of 75.2 (interquartile range (IQR) 49.3-101.4) ml/min/1.73m2. Eighty-four (64.6%) were hypertensive at presentation, 35 (26.9%) had nephrotic syndrome and 57 (43.8%) had nephrotic range proteinuria (NRP). Median follow-up duration was 7.5 (IQR 4.0-13.0) years. It was noted that 18 (13.8%) developed ESRD and 34 (26.2%) reached the primary outcome. Annual eGFR decline was -2.1 (IQR -5.3 to -0.1) ml/min/1.73m2/year, with median survival of 20 years. Survival rates from the combined event (50% decrease in eGFR or ESRD) at 10, 20 and 30 years were 80%, 53% and 25%, while survival from ESRD were 87%, 73% and 65%, respectively. In the univariate analysis, time-average proteinuria (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.41, 95% CI 1.77-3.30), eGFR <45ml/min/1.73m2 at biopsy (HR = 2.35, 95% CI 1.03-5.32), hypertension (HR = 2.81, 95% CI 1.16-6.80), mean arterial pressure (HR = 1.02, 95% CI 1.01-1.04), tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis score (HR = 3.77, 95% CI 1.84-7.73), and cellular/fibrocellular crescent score (HR = 2.44, 95% CI 1.19-5.00) were found to be significant. Whereas only time-average proteinuria (TA-proteinuria) remained as a significant predictor in the multivariate analysis (HR = 2.23, 95% CI 1.57-3.16).

    CONCLUSION: In our cohort, TA-proteinuria was the most important predictor in the progression of IgAN, irrespective of degree of proteinuria at presentation.

    Matched MeSH terms: Glomerulonephritis, IGA/blood; Glomerulonephritis, IGA/drug therapy; Glomerulonephritis, IGA/pathology*
  16. Fulltext Long term outcome of renal allografts in patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy
    Ng YS, Vathsala A, Chew ST, Chiang GS, Woo KT
    Med J Malaysia, 2007 Jun;62(2):109-13.
    PMID: 18705440 MyJurnal
    Recurrent glomerular disease is an important cause of late allograft loss in renal transplant recipients. Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide and its recurrence has been reported in allografts. The present study examined outcomes following renal transplantation (RTX) in 101 patients with ESRD due to biopsy-proven IgAN, in comparison to non-IgA patients, and evaluated the incidence of recurrence. The study population (mean age 34.8 +/- 7.7 years; males 62.2%; Chinese 88.3%) underwent RTX under CsA immunosuppression between November 1984 and December 2004; as two patients underwent retransplantation during the study period, 103 allografts (56.3% cadaveric) were included for retrospective analysis. At time of analysis on 1 January 2005, 78 (75.7%) renal allografts (IgAN RTX) were functioning, of which 51 (49.5%) had normal serum creatinine, 27 (26.2%) had chronic allograft dysfunction, while 25 had graft losses, either due to patient death with functioning grafts (5.8%) or withdrawal to dialysis (18.5%). Persistent microscopic haematuria, not attributable to other causes or proteinuria > 1 g/day occurred in 42.7% and 13.6% of allografts respectively. Of 29 allografts biopsied for evaluation of proteinuria and/or renal dysfunction post-RTX, 8 (27.6%) had IgAN (overall histological recurrence, 7.8%). Of these, three had graft loss due to recurrent IgAN, three had elevated serum creatinine, while two had normal serum creatinine. Overall five and ten year patient survivals for IgAN RTX were 95.3% and 82.2%, and five and ten year actuarial graft survivals were 82.3% and 67.8% respectively. Five and ten year patient and graft survivals for IgAN RTX were not significantly different from that for non-IgAN RTX. In summary, RTX patients with IgAN have a low incidence of documented histological recurrence and recurrence contributing to graft loss occurs in only 2.9%. These results suggest that RTX is an excellent modality of renal replacement therapy in this population.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glomerulonephritis, IGA/surgery*
  17. Fulltext Subclinical acquired syphilis masquerading as membranous glomerulonephritis
    Soehardy Z, Hayati SN, Rozita M, Rohana AG, Halim AG, Norella K, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2006 Oct;61(4):484-6.
    PMID: 17243528 MyJurnal
    Membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) is one of the common forms of nephrotic syndrome in the adult population. The majority of MGN are idiopathic, but the secondary forms can be seen in the setting of autoimmune disease, neoplasia, infection and following exposure to certain therapeutic agents. Histologically, MGN is an immunologically mediated disease in which immune complexes deposit in the subepithelial space. Syphilis is a venereal disease that can also be acquired by exposure to infected blood. Untreated syphilis may progress and develop renal complications such as membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) or diffuse endocapillary glomerulonephritis with or without crescent formation. Today, with increasing awareness of sexually transmitted diseases especially HIV infection coupled by the practice of protected sexual intercourse and advancement of medicine, we have seen fewer and fewer cases of acquired syphilis. Furthermore, majority will present with typical syphilitic symptoms of such as chancre, rash, fever and lymph node enlargement in which case the diagnosis is easily obtained. We are reporting a case of acquired syphilis masquerading as membranous glomerulonephritis without typical syphilitic symptoms.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glomerulonephritis, Membranous/diagnosis*
  18. Fulltext Analgesic nephropathy as a cause of end-stage renal disease in Malaysia
    Segasothy M, Suleiman AB, Hasnah A, Salbiah N, Shaharom CM, Siti Sabzah H, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 1986 Jun;41(2):134-8.
    PMID: 3821608
    We questioned 180 patients with end-stage renal disease on maintenance haemodialysis, chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and those who had undergone renal transplantation at the Department of Nephrology, General Hospital, Kuala Lumpur. Twelve patients (6.7%) had consumed excessive quantities ofanalgesics prior to the institution of long-term dialysis or transplantation. Primary renal disease was considered to be analgesic nephropathy in seven patients (3.9%); in five patients (2.8%), analgesic abuse could have been a contributory factor to end-stage renal failure. Analgesic nephropathy is hence an uncommon cause of end-stage renal disease in Malaysia. However, it is important to be aware of the problem and to institute preventive measures as the cost of treatment for end-stage renal disease is prohibitive.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glomerulonephritis/chemically induced
  19. Fulltext Outcome of patients with chronic renal failure: review of patients presenting over a one-year period
    Suleiman AB, Jeyaindran S, Morad Z, Kong CT
    Med J Malaysia, 1984 Sep;39(3):225-8.
    PMID: 6544924
    More than half of 174 patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) treated by the Department of Nephrology, General Hospital Kuala Lumpur in 1982 presented for the first time in uraemia, with no known renal disease in the past. Although about half of all patients seen in 1982 were treated by dialysis or transplantation, the great majority of the estimated number of patients developing ESRD in Malaysia in 1982 did not receive definitive treatment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glomerulonephritis/complications
  20. Tophaceous gout in young patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
    Veerapen K, Schumacher HR, van Linthoudt D, Neilson EG, Wang F
    J Rheumatol, 1993 Apr;20(4):721-4.
    PMID: 8496872
    Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and gout have been associated infrequently. We describe 3 young adults with SLE who developed tophaceous gout relatively early in the course of their disease. All were underexcretors of uric acid but were studied after the development of renal disease; 2 were treated with diuretics. In 2 cases, gout became obvious while lupus was quiescent.
    Matched MeSH terms: Glomerulonephritis/complications
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